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Human Microbiome: Implications on Health and Disease

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Genome Analysis and Human Health

Abstract

Human body is a chimera of 40 trillion native cells and 60 trillion foreign cells in the form of microbes colonizing its various organ systems. The sum-total of microorganisms that colonize the human body- collectively referred to as ‘human microbiome or human microbiota’ house majority of the well over 2 million genes present in the human body that has only about 22000 genes of its own, suggesting that the human microbiome might be playing a critical role in its physiology, health and behaviour. It is now clear that the microbiota is acquired within the first 48 hours of birth and the diversity of microbiota is greatly influenced by the mode of birth, genetics, age, sex, stress, nutrition and dietary habit of the individuals. Micro-organisms are known to dwell in almost every part of human body, of which most widely studied micro-habitats include skin, mouth, digestive tract and gut. With the completion of Human Microbiome Project and ongoing research, it has been reported that the changes in human microbiome is associated with obesity, cancer, mental health disorders, asthma and autism. However, many questions are yet to be answered as to whether changes in the composition of microbiota forms the aetiology or is a direct result of a disease. The advancements in research methodologies and emerging field of culture-independent metagenomics approaches are not only likely to enhance our comprehensive understanding on the role of human microbiome on our health but also pave way to treatment of life threatening life-style diseases as well as non-genetic behavioural disorders.

Princy Hira and Utkarsh Sood contributed equally with all other contributors.

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Acknowledgements

P.H., U.S., V.G., N.N. and N.K.M. gratefully acknowledge Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) and University Grant Commission (UGC) for providing research scholarships. We also gratefully acknowledge Department of Biotechnology (DBT), Government of India (under project BT/PR3301/BCE/08/875/2011) for providing infrastructural support.

Competing Interests

No competing interests to be disclosed.

Dr. Rup Lal

Dr. Rup Lal is an eminent professor of the University of Delhi, Delhi. His primary research interests include microbial diversity at pesticide-polluted sites, genetic and biochemistry of hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) degradation, and development of HCH bioremediation technology. Prof. Rup Lal is also interested in the evolution of lin genes and genetic manipulation of rifamycin producer Amycolatopsis mediterranei. His group has already sequenced genomes of Amycolatopsis mediterranei S699, Thermus sp. RL, Acinetobacter sp. HA, and Sphingobium indicum B90A.

Dr. Mallikarjun Shakarad

Dr. Mallikarjun Shakarad is a professor at the Department of Zoology, University of Delhi. His area of expertise is in the evolution of life histories in insect systems and the influence of microbiota in altering the health span and life histories in higher animal systems.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India

    Princy Hira, Utkarsh Sood, Vipin Gupta, Namita Nayyar, Nitish Kumar Mahato, Rup Lal & Mallikarjun Shakarad

  2. CSIR Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mall Road, Delhi, 110007, India

    Yogendra Singh

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  1. Department of Cytogenetics, National Reference Laboratory, Dr Lal PathLabs, New Delhi, India

    Leena Rawal

  2. Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India

    Sher Ali

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Hira, P. et al. (2017). Human Microbiome: Implications on Health and Disease. In: Rawal, L., Ali, S. (eds) Genome Analysis and Human Health. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-4298-0_8

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