Abstract
The paper focuses on a comparison of cultural emotion models and schemas of pride in British English and Polish. We use the concepts of cultural pride/duma models, which employ pride/duma clusters, and the more schematic pride/duma schemas. Pride/duma and a number of other lexical items from the clusters are instantiations of pride/duma models and schemas. We propose that such models and schemas comprise emotion clusters rather than single emotions. In the present study we include not only British English pride and its widely accepted Polish equivalent duma, but also hubristic pride, which is represented in Polish by próżność and pycha. While próżność is most frequently rendered as English vanity, pycha—sharing equivalence space with the more positive duma—can be considered close to English pride in some contexts. All of these meanings are blended with other emotions in the cluster such as contempt, conceit and slight, and immersed in cultural dimensions (e.g., individualism and collectivism, religion), which, together, shape culture-specific models of pride. Three different research methods, the questionnaire-based GRID instrument, online emotions sorting task, and a cognitive analysis of monolingual and translational corpus data, are used to identify cross-linguistic and cross-cultural similarities and differences. Each of these points to different cultural-linguistic schemas of pride/duma in English and Polish, particularly with reference to divergent polarity marking in duma/pride items (more negative in English), while overlaps between Polish and English complex cultural models involve similarities between pride and duma construal in their basic metaphoricity and Source Domains.
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- 1.
There are six basic emotions—anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness and surprise—that are classified as basic emotions as a consequence of their distinct non-verbal expressions that have universal recognition (Tracy and Robins 2008).
- 2.
It should be noted that a dimension similar to individualism versus collectivism exists at the personal, psychological level. As Triandis et al. (1988) observe, “allocentrism versus idiocentrism is a within-culture variable that corresponds to collectivism versus individualism at the cultural level” (p. 323). Although allocentrism versus idiocentrism is an important individual variable, it is beyond the scope of our focus on culture in the present chapter.
- 3.
The procedure presented here focuses on pride as the present study centres on this emotion. To gain a broader understanding of the full procedure involving the complete set of 24 emotion terms, it should be noted that each participant rated four emotion terms, which were randomly chosen from the 24 emotion terms, on the 144 emotion features. This means that all 24 emotion terms were rated on the 144 emotion features.
- 4.
Another Emotion Event scenario might involve two individuals, with one experiencing admiration/adoration of the other, and the latter experiencing pride because of this.
- 5.
Conceit and pride are members of the same PRIDE emotion cluster and they share part of the conceptual content. The differences between them are of a cognitive-interactional and of a quantitative nature: pride, apart from the core sense of feeling that one is better/more important than others, typically involves elements of the feeling of consideration for others, while conceit prototypically lacks such consideration and refers to excessive, self-admiring pride. However, in practical contexts both lexical items are sometimes used interchangeably as pragmatic synonyms.
- 6.
The source of each corpus example used in this chapter can be consulted at pelcra.clarin-pl.eu.
- 7.
Both of the adjectives próżny and pyszny are polysemous (próżny—between ‘excessively (unjustified) proud’ and ‘empty’; and pyszny—‘negatively proud, elevated, (in some contexts) magnificent’, and ‘tasty’ in some others). The phrases pełen pychy ‘full of (negative) pride’ and those with a replaced word order such as czlowiek próżny (lit. ‘a man vain/empty’), which eliminate these ambiguities, can be used in Polish instead.
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Appendices
Appendix A: GRID Features that Characterise the valence Dimension
Negative valence | Positive valence |
|---|---|
In itself unpleasant for somebody else | Wanted to sing and dance |
Felt negative | Consequences positive for person |
Consequences negative for self | Smiled |
Frowned | Felt at ease |
Incongruent with own standards | Felt good |
Stopped what doing | Felt positive |
Felt inhibited | In itself pleasant for the person |
Wanted to break contact with others | Wanted the ongoing situation to last or be repeated |
Felt bad | Wanted to submit to the situation as it is |
Pushed things away | Wanted to be near or close to people or things |
Wanted to undo what was happening | Wanted to get totally absorbed in the situation |
Wanted to prevent or stop sensory contact | Wanted to be tender, sweet, and kind |
Treated unjustly | Wanted to go on with what he or she was doing |
Pressed lips | Muscles relaxing (whole body) |
Wanted to destroy whatever was close | Felt calm |
Withdrew from people or things | Consequences positive for somebody else |
Wanted to oppose | Important and relevant for person s goals |
Wanted to flee | Wanted to comply to someone else’s wishes |
Wanted to do damage, hit, or say something that hurts | Wanted to comply with |
Wanted to run away | Felt in control |
Violated laws or socially accepted norms | Moved toward people or things |
Irrevocable loss | Felt energetic |
Felt powerless | Important and relevant for goals of somebody else |
Wanted to hide from others | Wanted to be at centre of attention |
Produced a short utterance | Felt strong |
felt exhausted | Consequences able to live with |
In danger | Wanted to show off |
Wanted to withdraw into her/himself | Felt warm |
Felt nervous | Felt powerful |
Tried to control the intensity of the emotional feeling | Wanted to be seen |
Felt restless | Wanted to take care of another person or cause |
Muscles tensing (whole body) | Confirmed expectations |
Felt out of control | Caused by the person’s own behaviour |
In itself unpleasant for somebody else | Felt dominant |
Wanted to be hurt as little as possible | Had an urge to be attentive |
Felt weak | Produced a long utterance |
Consequences negative for somebody else | Familiar |
Felt tired | |
Felt cold | |
Got pale | |
Inconsistent with expectations | |
Had stomach troubles | |
Produced speech disturbances | |
Needed help and support | |
Had a trembling voice | |
Hid the emotion from others by smiling | |
Lacked motivation to pay attention to what going on |
Appendix B: GRID Features that Characterise the power Dimension
Low power | High power |
|---|---|
Felt submissive | Wanted to tackle the situation |
Wanted to hand over the initiative to somebody else | Had an assertive voice |
Wanted to do nothing | Wanted to control the situation |
Fell silent | Wanted to take initiative her/himself |
Decreased the volume of voice | Wanted to act, whatever action it might be |
Wanted to make up for what she or he had done | Had a loud voice |
Felt weak limbs | Spoke faster |
Closed her or his eyes | Had an urge to be active |
Spoke slower | Wanted to move |
Lacked the motivation to do anything | Moved against people or things |
Had a lump in throat | |
Will be changed in a lasting way |
Appendix C: GRID Features that Characterise the arousal Dimension
Low arousal | High arousal |
|---|---|
Had no bodily symptoms at all | Breathing getting faster |
Did not show any changes in gestures | Heartbeat getting faster |
Did not show any changes in face | Sweat |
Did not show any changes in vocal expression | Perspired, or had moist hands |
Breathing slowing down | Felt hot |
Heartbeat slowing down | Felt shivers |
Was in an intense emotional state | |
Produced abrupt body movements |
Appendix D: GRID Features that Characterise the novelty Dimension
Low novelty | High novelty |
|---|---|
Experienced the emotional state for a long time | Unpredictable |
Consequences predictable | Had the jaw drop |
Caused by chance | |
Suddenly | |
Had eyebrows go up | |
Required an immediate response | |
Opened her or his eyes widely |
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Wilson, P.A., Lewandowska-Tomaszczyk, B. (2017). Pride in British English and Polish: A Cultural-Linguistic Perspective. In: Sharifian, F. (eds) Advances in Cultural Linguistics. Cultural Linguistics. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-4056-6_12
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