Law Under Bhutto’s Socialism (1970–1980s)

Azeem, Muhammad

doi:10.1007/978-981-10-3845-7_3

Muhammad Azeem³

Part of the book series: International Law and the Global South ((ILGS))

241 Accesses

Abstract

This chapter describes the 1970–1980s and the relationship of law to the next two phases of modernization—socialist and Islamic revival. It begins with how the intention of exclusion of subalterns in the project of capitalist modernization had to retreat in the face of popular upsurge of the workers, peasants and students in 1968, a moment which brought Prime Minister ZA Bhutto to power. The courts, however, resisted socialist modernization. This chapter shows this through the court’s reluctant, cautious and even confused decisions under the leadership of Chief Justice Hamood-ur-Rehman (1968–1975). This period lasted until 1973, when Bhutto started losing popular support finally the overthrow of his regime in 1977 by military dictator Zia. This happened with the full entry of US hegemonic bloc in Pakistan after the Russian invasion in Afghanistan and Iranian revolution of 1979. It completely pushed back the aspirations of socialist modernization. Slowly, the working class diffused in ‘public’ of Public Interest Litigation of Haleem CJ (1981–1989) and structural changes for them became ‘basic needs’. Soon after this, the rising middle class brought legalism and the charity of funded NGOs in 1990s. I call it the rise of liberal legal project in Pakistan along with the already present quasi-liberal arrangement as mentioned above.

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Notes

1.
E Ahmad, Pakistan: Signpost to a Police State, J. Contemp. Asia (1974) 423, available at <http://www.bitsonline.net/eqbal/articles_by_eqbal_view_13B7A1E1.htm>, last visited 24 February 2014.
2.
S Taseer, Bhutto: A Political Biography (Ithaca Press, London, 1979) 193.
3.
GA Heeger, Politics in the Post-Military State: Some Reflections on the Pakistani Experience, World Polit. (1977) 254.
4.
SJ Burki, Is Pakistan’s Past Relevant for Its Economic Future?, in, C Baxter & CH Kennedy (eds) Pakistan: 1997 (Westview Press, Boulder, 1998) 17, 18.
5.
SA Burki, A Revisionist History of Pakistan (Vanguard, Lahore, 1998) 69.
6.
Ibid 71.
7.
P Musharraf, In the Line of Fire: A Memoir (Free Press, New York, 2006) 58.
8.
M Hussain & A Hussain, Pakistan: Problems of Governance (Vanguard, Lahore, 1993) 125.
9.
PR Newberg, Judging the State: Courts and Constitutional Politics in Pakistan (Cambridge University Press, New Delhi, 1995) 120.
10.
H Khan, Constitutional and Political History of Pakistan, 2^nd edn (Oxford University Press, Karachi, 2009) 340.
11.
PLD (1977) Journal Section 253.
12.
KM Ishaque, Independence of Judiciary, PLJ (1975) Magazine Section 5, 15.
13.
Z Shaheed, The Labour Movement in Pakistan: Organization and Leadership in 1970s (Oxford University Press, Karachi, 2007); See also A Amjad, Labour Legislation and Trade: Unions in India and Pakistan (Oxford University Press, Karachi, 2001).
14.
C Baxter (ed), Diaries of Field Marshal Mohammad Ayub Khan: 1966-1972 (Oxford University Press, Karachi, 2007).
15.
Ibid 129.
16.
Ibid 143, entry of Sep 1967.
17.
Ibid 328, entry of Sep 8, 1969.
18.
Ibid 333, 337, 343, 417, 418, entries of 02 and 07 October, and 02 Dec 2, 1969.
19.
Ibid 326, entry of Aug 30, 1969.
20.
Ibid 359, entry of Jan 26, 1970.
21.
H Alavi, The State in Post-Colonial Societies: Pakistan and Bangladesh, 74 New Left Rev. (1972) 59, 66.
22.
Ibid 79.
23.
H Alavi, Bangladesh and the Crisis of Pakistan, Social Rev. (1971) 289, 310.
24.
Alavi, supra note 21, 77.
25.
Ibid 80.
26.
Alavi, supra note 23, 294.
27.
Foundation Documents of the Pakistan People’s Party, Lahore, November 1967.
28.
SA Hussain, The Discourse and Politics of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto (Macmillan, London, 1992) 80.
29.
ZA Bhutto (1968), Political Situation in Pakistan, in, H Jalal & K Hasan (eds) Zulfikar Ali Bhutto (1969): The Politics of the People: Awakening the People, 1966-69, vol 2 (Classic, Lahore, 1969) 89, 91, Pamphlet, April, 1968.
30.
Bhutto (1967), My Debut in Journalism, supra note 29, 22, 28. The Pakistan Observer, Dacca, 12 January, 1967.
31.
Bhutto (1968), Role of Women, supra note 29, 51, 55, an address to PPP Women Workers Lahore, January 29, 1968.
32.
Bhutto (1968), Starting with a Clean Slate, supra note 29, 43, 46, an address to the Muzaffargarh Bar Association, January 17, 1968.
33.
Bhutto (1969), The Struggle Continues, supra note 29, 186, 193. Speech at a Meeting, Peshawar, November 5, 1968.
34.
Bhutto (1968), Starting with a Clean Slate, supra note 29, 43, 45. Address to the Muzaffargarh Bar Association, January 17, 1968.
35.
Ibid 43, 47. Address to the Muzaffargarh Bar Association, January 17, 1968.
36.
ZA Bhutto (1965), Asian African Solidarity, in, The Quest for Peace: Selection from Speeches and Writings 1963-65 (Classic, Lahore, 1965) 31, 38. Address at the Afro-Asian Seminar, Lahore, Feb 11 1965.
37.
Supra note 28, 108.
38.
Ibid 37.
39.
Bhutto (1968), Why People’s Party?, supra note 29, 153, 154. Speech at Party Meeting, Peshawar, October 27, 1968.
40.
Bhutto, A New Class of Landlords, supra note 29, 80, 82. Address at Larkana Bar Association, March 12, 1968.
41.
Bhutto (1968), Political Situation in Pakistan, supra note 29, 89, 91. A Pamphlet, April, 1968.
42.
Bhutto (1968), Revolution Brewing, supra note 29, 159 at 160. Speech at Ismalia College, Peshawar, October 28, 1968.
43.
Bhutto (1969), Why Ayub Fell?, supra note 29, 232, 234. Address at the District Bar Association, Hyderabad, June 26, 1969.
44.
Bhutto, Address to Nawabshah Bar Association, supra note 29, 161, 63.
45.
The examples are when Nehru faced famine, he asked for cooperation from the people but he did not accept terms against India’s national interest. Same was Nasser facing a ban on the supply of wheat, see Bhutto (1967), On Accusation by the Ayub Regime, supra note 29, 38, 39. Address to Young Lawyers’ Circle, Lahore 25 February 1967.
46.
Bhutto (1965), The Role of Great Powers, supra note 29, 24, 25. Address to the Foreign Press Association, London, May 6, 1965.
47.
Not the Cornelius court (my comments), see Bhutto (1968), The Government, supra note 29, 119. Address at Sind Convention, Hyderabad, September 21, 1968.
48.
A non-Muslim citizen of an ‘Islamic state.’
49.
R Braibanti, Chief Justice Cornelius of Pakistan: An Analysis with Letters and Speeches (Oxford University Press, Karachi, 1999) 18.
50.
JA Rahim, Outline of a Federal Constitution for Pakistan (Pakistan People’s Party Political Series No. 4, Lahore, 1969) 22.
51.
Rahim, supra note 50, 9.
52.
Rahim, supra note 50, 21.
53.
Rahim, supra note 50, 51.
54.
Rahim, supra note 50, 52.
55.
Rahim, supra note 50, 61.
56.
ZA Bhutto, The Great Tragedy (Pakistan People’s Party Publication, Karachi, 1971) 3.
57.
Bhutto (1965), supra note 36, 31, 39. Address at the Afro-Asian Seminar, Lahore, 11 February 1965.
58.
Hussain, supra note 28, 254.
59.
SM Haider used US Supreme Court decisions on racial segregation of Blacks. SM Haider, Equality before Law and Equal Protection of Laws as a Legal Doctrine for the Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, PLD (1971) Journal Section 65.
60.
SM Haider, Judicial Review and Public Administration in Pakistan, PLD (1969) Journal Section 98; SM Haider, Contribution of Mr. Justice A. R. Cornelius to the Expansion of Judicial Review and Public Liberties, PLD (1970) Journal Section 39; SM Haider, Evolving Doctrine of Judicial Review in Pakistan, PLD (1969) Journal Section 157.
61.
SM Haider, Judicial Review, Natural Rights and Legislative Action, PLD (1970) Journal Section 66.
62.
CB Lombardi, Can Islamizing a Legal System Even Help Promote Liberal Democracy?: A View From Pakistan, 7:3 U. St. Thomas L.J (2010) 649.
63.
SM Haider, Contribution of Mr. Justice AR Cornelius to Administrative Law, PLD (1969) Journal Section 55; SM Haider, Plea for Administrative Tribunals: Scheme visualized by Mr. Justice AR Cornelius, PLD (1969) Journal Section 164; SM Haider, French Administrative Law: A Mode, PLD (1970) Journal Section 25. He advocated how Cornelius advanced this idea in 1960 onward; SM Haider, A Framework of Administrative Law for Pakistan, PLD (1970) Journal Section 98. Finally, he wrote a book to develop this idea fully. SM Haider, Public Administration and Administrative Law (Law Times Publications, Lahore, 1973).
64.
AR Cornelius, Speech at the Inauguration of International Seminar on Administrative Law, Journal Section, PLD (1971) Journal Section 30; AR Cornelius, Fundamental Rights under Shari’at, PLD (1970) Journal Section 144, an address delivered at the first orientation course in Administrative Law instituted by the Ministry of Law, and conducted by Dr. S. M. Haider of Pakistan Academy for Rural Development.
65.
H Rahman, Significant Features of Islamic Jurisprudence & Need to Re-establish Tradition of Original Thinking, PLD (1969) Journal Section 48, a speech delivered at the reception of the International Muslim Jurists Organization, Karachi on January 01, 1969.
66.
Ibid.
67.
T Kamran, Democracy and Governance in Pakistan (South Asian Partnership-Pakistan, Lahore, 2008) 70.
68.
F Mohammed, Pakistani Labourers Post-Eighteenth Amendment: Recognizing Rights after the Devolution of Power, 9:2 Loy. U. Chi. L.J. (2012) 265, 274.
69.
CH Kennedy, Bureaucracy in Pakistan (Oxford University Press, Karachi, 1988) 77.
70.
Jurisdiction of Courts (Removal of Doubts) Order, 1969, and Presidential Order 3 of 1969, PLD 1969 Central Statutes 119.
71.
Judges (Declaration of Assets) Order, 1969; PLD 1969 Central Statutes 120.
72.
President v Justice Shaukat Ali, PLD 1971 SC 585.
73.
M Waseem, Politics and the State in Pakistan, 3^rd edn (NIHCR, Islamabad, 2007) 234.
74.
Supra note 70.
75.
ZA Bhutto, The Third World: New Directions (Quartet Books, London, 1977) 14.
76.
Ibid 20.
77.
Ibid 22.
78.
Ibid 22.
79.
Ibid 86.
80.
LJ White, Industrial Concentration and Economic Power in Pakistan (Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1974) 3.
81.
Waseem, supra note 73, 302.
82.
Martial Law Regulation 114, 1972, Removal from Service (Special Provisions) Regulation No. 114, 1972, PLD 1972 Central Statutes 387.
83.
572 from Sindh, 251 from Punjab, 109 from NWFP, 393 from the center, while none from Baluchistan.
84.
Hussain, supra note 28, 119.
85.
Newberg, supra note 9, 132.
86.
Provisional Constitution Order, (1969), PLD 1969 Central Statutes 41.
87.
Asma Jilani v Government of the Punjab, PLD 1972 SC 139.
88.
The Report of Hamood-ur-Rehman Commission of Inquiry into 1971 War: As Declassified by the Government of Pakistan (Vanguard, Lahore, 2001) 352.
89.
Supra note 87, 181.
90.
Supra note 87, 204.
91.
Supra note 87, 207.
92.
Right wing leaders.
93.
The State v Zia-ur-Rahman and others, PLD 1973 SC 49, 63.
94.
Ibid 66.
95.
Ibid 69.
96.
Ibid 61.
97.
Ibid 76.
98.
M Munir, Highways and Bye-ways of Life (Law Publishing Company, Lahore, 1978) 258.
99.
Rahman, The Concept of State in Islam, infra note 100, 214, an address delivered at a Sham-e-Hamdard function 1980 as well as at the Pakistan Administrative Staff College, Lahore.
100.
H Rahman, Reflections on Islam (Islamic Book Foundation, Lahore, 1983) 173.
101.
Rahman, The Kingdom of God on Earth, supra note 100, 36, a presidential address read at Iqbal Day function held under the auspicious of the Central Iqbal Committee in April 1967.
102.
Rahman, Muhammad (Peace Be Upon Him): The Last Prophet of Allah, supra note 100, an address read at an Eid-e-Milad-un-Nabi function held at the Assembly Chambers Lahore in January 1979.
103.
Rahman, The Rule of Law and Civil Rights in Islam, supra note 100, 176, a speech delivered at a Symposium arranged by the Civil Rights Forum on April 03, 1974.
104.
AK Brohi, Women and Family in an Age of Affluence, in, K Ahmad (ed) Islam in the Modern World, 2^nd edn (Publishers United Ltd., Lahore, 1975) 125.
105.
Rahman, The Position of Women in Islam, supra note 100, 239, a presidential address at a conference of the Federation of Business & Professional Women Club, Karachi on August 15, 1975.
106.
Economic Reforms Order, 1972, President’s Order I of 1972, PLD 1972 Central Statutes 86.
107.
The Land Reforms Regulation, 1972, Martial Law Regulation No. 115, 1972, PLD 1972 Central Statutes 388.
108.
Martial Law Regulation No. 118, 1972, PLD 1972 Central Statutes 441. The courts were not happy with this and then, in 1987, reacted to this nationalization. In Board of Foreign Mission of Presbyterian Church v Govt of the Punjab, PLJ 1987 SC 464, the SC found that in the nationalization of the high quality education provider institutions only the management of the schools is transferred and not the property.
109.
Supra note 82.
110.
AK. Brohi (Allah Buksh Brohi), was a known jurist and was also involved as a prosecutor in Pindi Conspiracy case. See AK Brohi, Reflections on Islamic Socialism, in, H Mehdi (ed) Essays on Pakistan (Progressive Publishers, Lahore, 1970); AK Brohi, Iqbalian Ijtihad and the Concept of Islamic Socialism Iqbal Rev. (1968) as cited by S Toor, The State of Islam: Culture and Cold War Politics in Pakistan (Pluto Press, London, 2011).
111.
M Munir, Change-over and Thereafter, in, NH Chaudhry (ed) Chief Justice Muhammad Munir: His life, Writings and Judgments (Research Society of Pakistan, Lahore, 1973), published in Pakistan Times of 3 March 1969.
112.
Munir, supra note 98, 228.
113.
Munir, CJSC (Ret, as he then was), Stateless and Classless Society, supra note 111, 173, published in Pakistan Times on 23^rd and 24^th January 1972.
114.
M Shahabuddin, Recollection and Reflections: Being a Summary View on Religion and Social Life in the Sub-continent of Indo-Pakistan (PLD Publishers, Lahore, 1972) 177.
115.
S Anwar-ul-Haq, CJSC (Ret, as he then was), You can Legislate against Prejudice, infra note 229, 357, 359.
116.
NS Shah, Memoirs and Reflections (Alhamra Printing, Islamabad, 2002) 166.
117.
SA Shah, CJSC (Ret, as he then was), Law Courts in a Glass House: An Autobiography (Oxford University Press, Karachi, 2001) 57.
118.
A Mian, CJSC (Ret, as he then was), A Judge Speaks Out: An Autobiography (Oxford University Press, Karachi, 2004) 80.
119.
Brohi, The Concept of Islamic Socialism, supra note 104, 94, an address on Iqbal Day celebrations on 23 April 23, 1967.
120.
Brohi, The Concept of Islamic Socialism, supra note 104, 99, an essay contributed to the Daily Press in 1970.
121.
Brohi, The Concept of Islamic Socialism, supra note 104, 105, an essay contributed to the Daily Press in 1970.
122.
AK Brohi, Law as an Instrument of Peaceful Change, PLD (1970) Journal Section 8, a lecture delivered at Banker’s Staff College, Karachi on December 1, 1969.
123.
Brohi, The Concept of Islamic Socialism, supra note 104, 111, an essay contributed to the Daily Press in 1970.
124.
Brohi, Quintessence of the Islamic Way of Life, supra note 104, 44, an address delivered at the All-Pakistan Islamic Studies Conference, held at the University of Peshawar on March 28, 1964.
125.
A number of judges of the superior courts came from the chamber of the writer. Justice Abdul Qadir Sheikh, Justice Amir Raza, Justice Nasir Aslam Zahid, Justice Majida Rizvi, Justice Nizam Ahmad, Justice Sabihuddin Ahmad, Justice Ghulam Nabi Soomro, Justice Mujeebullah Siddiqui, Justice Amir Hani Muslim, and Justice Mushtaq Memon. The writer’s father was DIG of Bombay Sind Presidency before partition. At the age of 32, he was appointed Additional Advocate General of West Pakistan in 1958, and Advocate General in 1964. He became the project Director of Islamic Research Institute and was the member of Council of Islamic Ideology (1969-72) and again from 1977-80 (which is Zia regime, and note that he had no such post during Bhutto’s regime). He taught Seerut-un-Nabi (the life of the prophet, a trend as one of Zia’s steps to promote Islamization) during 1976-77 in Sind University. The writer was clearly embedded in the Cornelius tradition.
126.
For example, KM Ishaque, Islamic Principles of Economic Management (Economist Research Unit, Karachi, 1982).
127.
KM Ishaque, Constitutional Limitations: An Essay on Limits on Exercise of Political Power (Pakistan Publishing House, Karachi, 1972) 1.
128.
Supra note 12, 7.
129.
CM Shafqat, Constitutional Development in Pakistan, PLJ (1984) Magazine Section 41, 55-56. The writer is not only skeptical about this constitutional position of the president, but is sarcastic about it. At the time of writing, he was a Law Consultant at Cornelius, Lane & Mufti in Pakistan. This law association and its tradition is directly linked to Cornelius CJ.
130.
A.K. Brohi was the lawyer of Zia (Federation), Yahya Bakhtiar was appearing on behalf of Bhutto. A. K. Brohi was made Federal Minister for Law and Parliamentary Affairs by Zia.
131.
L Hailsham, The Listener (October 21, 1976).
132.
AK Brohi, Disenchantment with Parliamentary Democracy, XXIX PLD (1977) Journal Section 81.
133.
AG Chaudhry, Undesirability of Parliamentary Democracy, PLJ (1995) Magazine Section 99. He wrote this essay in the background of his dissatisfaction with the parliamentary democracy in 1990s in Pakistan, which was polluted with horse-trading and political defection as a result of patronage.
134.
KM Bhukhari J, The Role of Judiciary in a Developing Country, XXVIII PLD (1976) Journal Section 5, 6, a paper read at the Pakistan’s Jurists Conference, 1975. The writer was a justice of Lahore High Court at that time.
135.
Article 175(2), The Constitution of Islamic Republic of Pakistan, 1973.
136.
Constitution (Fourth Amendment) Act 1975, Act LXXI of 1975, PLD 1975 Central Statues 337.
137.
Khan, supra note 10, 317.
138.
Newberg, supra note 9, 139.
139.
Ibid 141.
140.
H Rahman, CJSC, Presidential Address to Second Pakistan Jurist Conference 09-12 January 1975, PLD (1975) Journal Section 8.
141.
H Rahman, CJSC, My Concept of Rule of Law and Civil Rights, XXVI PLD (1974) Journal Section 84, 85.
142.
This declining power of the judiciary is evident from Ch Zahoor Elahi, MNA v the State, PLD 1977 SC 273, where the Justice Yaqub Ali accepted the exclusion of jurisdiction of court over offences under amendments in Defence of Pakistan Rules in 1976. Cases illustrating this situation are Sher Ali and others v Sheikh Zahoor Ahmad, PLD 1977 SC 545; Niaz Ahmad Khan v Province of Sind and others, PLD 1977 Karachi 604.
143.
PLD (1975) Journal Section 1, 2.
144.
PLD (1975) Journal Section 4, 5.
145.
Ibid.
146.
PLD (1975) Journal Section 8, 9.
147.
PLD (1975) Journal Section, 8, 10, 11.
148.
Liversidge v Sir John Anderson, L R 1942 AC 206.
149.
Liaqat Ali v Govt of Sind and another, PLD 1973 Karachi 78, 93.
150.
Govt of West Pakistan v Haider Bux Jatoi, PLD 1969 SC 210.
151.
Abdul Hamid Khan v The District Magistrate, Larkana, PLD 1973 Karachi 344, 351.
152.
Nawab Begum v The Govt of Punjab (Home Secretary) and another, PLD 1974 Lahore 344, 346.
153.
Abdus Sattar Khan Niazi v The State, PLD 1974 Lahore 324.
154.
Here some army officers, planning an aborted coup against Bhutto, were tried by a military court. They came before the LHC and SC on the ground that they were retired and should not be tried by the military courts. SC refused relief and stated that ordinary courts should not interfere with military courts. See infra note 151.
155.
F B Ali v the State, PLD 1975 SC 506, 521.
156.
This case is discussed in chapter three of this book. It was a detention case of many politicians in a protest against Taskent Declaration. Lahore High Court found the detention orders bona fide, whereas SC accepted the appeal of Nawabzada Nusrullah Khan, but rejected that of Sardar Shoukat Hayat Khan and Jilani. See Malik Ghulam Jilani v The Govt of West Pakistan, PLD 1967 SC 373.
157.
Some other important cases of this nature were Zafar Iqbal v Province of Sind and 2 others, PLD 1973 Karachi 316; Abdul Hamid Khan v the District Magistrate, Larkana and 2 others, PLD 1973 Karachi 344; and Liaqat Ali v Government of Sind through Secretory Home Department, PLD 1973 Karachi 78.
158.
Khan Muhammad Safdar v the State and another, PLD 1974 Lahore 200; and Mrs. Habiba Jilani v the Federation of Pakistan through secretary, Interior Ministry, PLD 1974 Lahore 153.
159.
Messrs Mamukanjan Cotton Factory v The Punjab Province and others, PLD 1975 SC 50.
160.
Code of Criminal Procedure (Amendment) Ordinance, 1975, PLD 1973 Central Statutes 57; Code of Criminal Procedure (Amendment) Act 1976 (Act XIII OF 1976), PLD 1976 Central Statutes 175 – Section 498A was added to the Code of Criminal Procedure.
161.
Constitution (Fourth Amendment) Act, 1975 (Act LXXI of 1975), PLD 1975 Central Statutes 337.
162.
Constitution (Fifth Amendment) Act, 1976 (Act LXII of 1976), PLD 1976 Central Statutes 538.
163.
As discussed by Hamid Khan, though in a negative tone. See supra note 10, 298.
164.
The Constitution (Third Amendment), 1975, Act XXII of 1975, PLD 1975.
165.
Infra note 166, 77, 86.
166.
Islamic Republic of Pakistan v Abdul Wali Khan, PLD 1976 SC 57.
167.
SS Pirzada, Evolution of Pakistan (Royal Book Company, Karachi, 1963).
168.
SS Pirzada, Evolution of Pakistan, 2 ^nd edn (Royal Book Company, Karachi, 1995) PREFACE.
169.
Brohi, Islam Meets the Challenge of Modernism, supra note 104, 87, a lecture delivered at the Pakistan Military Academy Kakul in 1979.
170.
AK Brohi, What is Islamic Culture?, in, A Faith to Live by (National Hijra Council, Islamabad, 1984) 201, an address delivered at the Fifteenth Century Hijra National Conference on History and Culture, Islamabad, Pakistan (July, 03, 1980).
171.
Supra note 166, 181.
172.
Burki, supra note 5, 5.
173.
Reply Yahya Bakhtiar while addressing to the advocates at Lahore on 28 October, 1976, PLD 1976 Journal Section 270, 274.
174.
AU Qasmi, The Ahmadis and the Politics of Religious Exclusion in Pakistan (Anthem Press, London, 2015).
175.
Khan, supra note 10, 293.
176.
Waseem, supra note 73, 346.
177.
But the question can be asked: why the working class also turned against Bhutto? According to Kamran Asdar Ali “hopes [of the working class] were raised as Bhutto assumed control of the country.” KA Ali, The Strength of the Street Meets the Strength of the State: The 1972 Labour Struggle in Karachi, 37 Int. J. Middle East Stud. (2005) 83, 89.
178.
S Mujahid, The 1977 Pakistani Election as cited by Waseem, supra note 73, 332.
179.
S. Akbar Zaidi, Issues in Pakistan’s Economy (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2005) 105.
180.
AS Akhtar, Overdeveloping State: The Politics of Common Sense in Pakistan, 1971-2007 (Submitted to SOAS, University of London for the degree of PhD, 2008) 164.
181.
Hussain, supra note 28, 125.
182.
Waseem, supra note 73, 310.
183.
See SJ Burki, Twenty Years of the Civil Service of Pakistan: A Re-evaluation, 9 Asian Surv. (1969) 239; HA Rizvi, Military, State and Society in Pakistan (Macmillan, Basingstoke, 2000); Kennedy, supra note 69.
184.
ZA Bhutto, If I am Assassinated (Classics, Lahore, 1979) 54.
185.
R Raza, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto and Pakistan, 1967-77 (Oxford University Press, Karachi, 1977).
186.
Hussain, supra note 28, 205-207.
187.
In Punjab, there was fight among the Ramay and Khar groups in 1972. In 1970, Khar and Rao were rivals. There were bloody clashes among peasants and landlords and employers and workers. Sheikh Rasheed lost control and Khar was brought in. After much cruelty, Khar was removed and Ramay was brought in, but Khar soon started factionalism. He went to the extent of contacting opposition parties. The same thing happened in Sindh.
188.
Hussain, supra note 28, 212.
189.
Dervesh M. Arbey, Advocate v Federation of Pakistan, PLD 1977 Lahore 846.
190.
Proclamation of Marshal Law, July 05, 1977, PLD 1977 Central Statutes 326.
191.
Laws (Continuous in Force) (Amendment) Order, 1977, PLD 1977 Central Statutes 325.
192.
Laws (Continuance of Force) (Fifth Amendment) Order, 1977, PLD 1977 Central Statutes 441.
193.
Khan, supra note 10, 342.
194.
I Hussain, Pakistan: The Economy of an Elitist State (Oxford University Press, Karachi, 1999).
195.
Khan (1999), supra note 11, 343.
196.
Begum Nusrat Bhuttoo v Chief of the Army Staff and Federation of Pakistan, PLD 1977 SC 657.
197.
Ibid 673.
198.
Ibid 723, 740 respectively; Reference of His Excellency the Governor-General, PLD 1955 FC 435.
199.
Ibid 723.
200.
Ibid 724, 762 respectively.
201.
D Conrad, In Defense of the Continuity of Law: Pakistan’s Courts in Crisis of State, in, WP Zingel, S Zingel & A Lallemant (eds) Pakistan in the 80s: Law & Constitution (Vanguard, Lahore, 1985) 123, 145.
202.
T Mahmud, Praetorianism and Common Law in Post-Colonial Settings: Judicial Responses to Constitutional Breakdowns in Pakistan, Utah L. Rev. (1993) 1225, 1228.
203.
Shahid-ur-Rahman, (1997) Who owns Pakistan, available at <http://www.scribd.com/doc/125960792/Who-Owns-Pakistan>, last visited Nov 21, 2013.
204.
A Siddiqa, Military Inc.: Inside Pakistan’s Military Economy (Oxford University Press, Karachi, 2007) 149.
205.
Report of the Civil Services Commission 1978-79 (Government of Pakistan, Islamabad, 1979).
206.
Establishment killed between 150-200 workers in colony textile for asking a bonus of three months. A Baqir, Pakistan’s Chicago: 1978 Massacre at Colony Textile Mills, available at <http://www.viewpointonline.net/component/content/article?id=1750:pakistans-chicago-1978-massacre-at-colony-textile-mills>, last visited April 18, 2016.
207.
Akhtar, supra note 180, 41.
208.
As Benazir called it. See infra note 218, 389.
209.
Known for his hostility against Bhutto and an old Muslim League supporter.
210.
Khan, supra note 10, 335.
211.
State v Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto and others, PLD 1978 Lahore 523.
212.
Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto v The state, PLD 1979 SC 53, All the judges in favour were from Punjab and three dissenting judges were from the other provinces.
213.
Khan, supra note 10, 335.
214.
Zulifqar Ali Bhutto v State, PLD 1979 SC 53.
215.
Zulifqar Ali Bhutto v the State, PLD 1979 SC 74.
216.
Bhutto, supra note 184, 37.
217.
Bhutto himself told this story. See Ibid.
218.
B Bhutto, Daughter of the East: An Autobiography, 2^nd edn (Simon & Schuster, London, 2007) 120.
219.
Bhutto, supra note 184, 6.
220.
Bhutto, supra note 218, 145.
221.
Khan, supra note 10, 336.
222.
State v Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, PLD 1978 Lahore 523.
223.
Mumtaz Ali Bhutto and another v The Deputy Martial Law Administrator, Sector I, Karachi and 2 others, PLD 1979 Karachi 307, 335.
224.
Mr. Justice M. Dilawar Mahmood’s judgments, in, M Farani (ed) Tyranny and Justice in Pakistan (1993): A selection of the Judgments of Mr. Justice M. DilawarMahmood delivered against Martial Law Orders (Idara Mutalia-e-Tareekh, Lahore, 1993); Syed Essa Noori v Deputy Commissioner, Turbet and 2 others, PLD 1979 Quetta 188; Satar Gul and another v Martial Administrator, Zone “B”, NWFP, Peshawar and 2 others, PLD 1979 Peshawar 119; Anwar Ali v Chief Martial Law Administrator and 3 others, PLD 1979 Karachi 804.
225.
Constitutional (Amendment) Order, 1980, PLD 1980 Central Statutes 89; Chief Martial Law Administrator - CMLA Order, 1979, Order Number 72, October 20, 1979, PLD 1979 Central Statutes 568; Chief Martial Law Administrator - CMLA Order, 1980, Order number 77, June 02, 1980, PLD 1980 Central Statutes 152.
226.
Provisional Constitutional Order, 1981, CMLA’s Order 1 of 1981, PLD 1981 Central Statutes 183.
227.
Tajjamal Hussain Malik v Federal Govt of Pakistan, PLD 1981 Lahore 462.
228.
Interview of Justice Anwarul Haq, The Muslim (08 March, 1985).
229.
S Anwar-ul-haq, Revolutionary Legality in Pakistan (Pakistan Writers’ Co-operative Society, Lahore, 1993) 31.
230.
Shah, supra note 117, 122.
231.
Khan, supra note 10, 342.
232.
RW Jones, The Military and Security in Pakistan, in, C Baxter (ed) Zia’s Pakistan (Vanguard, Lahore, 1985) 71.
233.
AG Chaudhry, Balancing the Constitution, PLJ (1994) Magazine Section 137.
234.
Article 58(2)(b) through 8^th amendment in the Constitution of Islamic Republic of Pakistan, 1973.
235.
Yaqoob Ali v Presiding Officer, Summary Military Court, Karachi, PLD 1985 Karachi 243.
236.
The worst punishment was lashes and only the poor were given the punishment. Musharraf observed this while serving as Martial Law Administrator as Lieutenant Colonel and he requested Major General Rafi Alam not to lash poor people. Musharraf, Supra note 7, 63.
237.
Waseem, supra note 73, 390.
238.
The Objectives Resolution was passed by the first Constituent Assembly of Pakistan after independence in March 1949. According to this resolution, sovereignty belongs to Allah (God Almighty) and He delegates this authority to the State of Pakistan, which will be exercised by the representatives of the people. Judiciary used this article to enable itself to judicial activism for Islamic right to justice (examples are Akbar Ali v Secretary, Ministry of Defence, Rawalpindi, 1991 SCMR 2114; Hakim Khan v Government of Pakistan, PLD 1992 SC 595; Sakina Bibi v Federation of Pakistan, PLD 1992 Lahore 99). The point to be noted here is that judiciary played on the discourse of Islam by the military to control the masses. Secondly, it was the same tool as Cornelius wanted. That is why I called the judiciary under Zia as part of the Cornelius tradition.
239.
S Anwar-ul-Haq, At Full Court Reference on His Elevation as Chief Justice, Journal Section, PLD (1977) Journal Section 253, 254.
240.
PLD (1978) Journal Section 41, 42.
241.
PLD (1977) Journal Section 260; Full Court Reference on the Elevation of Mushtaq Hussian as CJLHC on 17/1/1978, PLD (1978) Journal Section 48.
242.
PLD (1979) Journal Section 1, 10.
243.
S Anwar-ul-haq, CJSC, Speech at the Judicial Year 1979-1980 Ceremony, PLD (1980) Journal Section 52, 54.
244.
S Anwar-ul-haq, Speech at the Inaugural Year 1980 on 27-9-1980, PLD (1980) Journal Section 137, 139.
245.
Speech by Sharif-ud-din Pirzada, PLD (1981) Journal Section 59, 60.
246.
S Pirzada, Addressing at the Death of Munir CJ and Rebutting His Position that Jinnah Wanted a Secular State, PLD (1981) Journal Section 78, 81.
247.
Dr Tanzil-ur-Rehman, Implementation of Shari’ah in an Islamic State - The Case of Pakistan, PLD (1981) Journal Section 87.
248.
M Haleem, CJSC, Speech at the Commencement of the Judicial Year 1981-82 on October 03, 1981, PLD (1981) Journal Section 26.
249.
J Iqbal, CJLHC, Islamization in Pakistan, PLD (1984) Journal Section 65.
250.
Islamic University was the idea of Brohi and he played a role as the founder rector of the university to implement the idea see Haleem CJSC, speech at the Full Court Reference of SC on the Demise of Brohi, PLD (1988) Journal Section 64, 66.
251.
SA Hussain, Inaugural Speech, PLD (1982) Journal Section 42.
252.
AR Alam, Public Interest Litigation and the Role of the Judiciary, International Jurists Conference, Islamabad, Pakistan (2006) 2 <http://www.supremecourt.gov.pk/ijc/ijc.htm>, last visited Nov 27, 2013; AR Alam, The Public Interest Litigation in Pakistan, Menski, Alam & Raza, infra note 254, 22.
253.
Benazir Bhutto v Federation of Pakistan, PLD 1988 SC 416.
254.
MK Raza, Reviewing the Law of Public Interest in Pakistan, in, W Menski, AR Alam & MK Raza (eds) Public Interest Litigation in Pakistan (Platinum Publishing limited, Lahore, 2000; and Pakistan Law House, Karachi, 2000) 64, 86.
255.
That seems to be the position of Nasim and Hamid. Their claim is that leadership of CJ Cornelius established the basis of the independence of the judiciary, and gave rulings about fundamental rights and civil liberties. This movement gave birth to judicial activism, liberal interpretation of the constitution and strengthened concepts of judicial review and due process of law. See Khan (2009), supra note 11, 187.
256.
W Menskie, Public Interest Litigation: A Strategy for the Future. The Fourth Cornelius Memorial Lecture, Menski, Alam & Raza, supra note 254, 106, 108.
257.
Supra note 253.
258.
M Haleem, Law, Justice and Society, PLD (1986) Journal Section 205.
259.
Haleem, supra note 258, 207.
260.
Haleem, supra note 258, 208.
261.
Haleem, supra note 258, 211.
262.
Haleem, supra note 258, 209.
263.
He seems very well aware of new trends in law, development and society. For example, he called the concept of human rights as the concept of new world order. See M Haleem, CJSC, The Domestic Application of International Human Rights Norms, PLD (1988) Journal Section 92, a paper read at the Judicial Colloquium held under the auspices of the Commonwealth Secretariat, London at Banglore (India) during 24 to 26 Feb 24-26 1988.
264.
Haleem, supra note 258, 210.
265.
Haleem, supra note 258, 220.
266.
Supra note 253, 542.
267.
Newberg, supra note 9, 204.
268.
K Khan, JLHC, Administrator and the Citizens, PLD (1983) Journal Section 190, 192.
269.
K Khan, JLHC, Judicial Review of Administrative Action, PLD (1983) Journal Section, 183, 185, 190.
270.
RMK Khan, CJAJK, Fifth Jurists Conference: (Fourth Session) Presidential Address, PLD (1986) Journal Section 217, 219.
271.
Ibid 221.
272.
GM Khan, CJFSC, Islamization of Laws in Pakistan, PLD (1986) Journal Section 249, 262.
273.
Khan, supra note 272, 264.
274.
Khan, supra note 272, 267.
275.
GM Khan, CJFSC, English Courts Followed God’s Law, A Speech Delivered at Barrister’s Dinner at Karachi on 28-1-1988, PLD (1988) Journal Section 245.
276.
KM Ishaque, The Moral Basis of Islamic Law: How does it Operate? PLD (1987) Journal Section 141, 142.
277.
NH Shah, JSC, Justice and Islam, PLD (1988) Journal Section 1; NH Shah, The Objectives Resolution and its Impact on the Administration of Justice in Pakistan, PLD (1987) Journal Section 186.
278.
NH Shah, Role of Iqbal in the Creation of Pakistan, PLD (1983) Journal Section 209.
279.
NH Shah, A Speech Delivered on the Convocation of Kinnaird College, Lahore on 7 March 1985.
280.
Raja Muhammad Khurshid Khan, CJAJK on Fourth Azad Jammu & Kashmir Judicial Conference on 8 April 1985.
281.
CH Kennedy, Islamization and Legal Reforms in Pakistan 1979-1989, 1 Pacific Aff. (1990) 62; CH Kennedy, Repugnancy to Islam - Who Decides? Islam and Legal Reforms in Pakistan, 4 Int'l & Comp. L.Q. (1992) 769; CH Kennedy, Pakistan’s Superior Courts and the Prohibition of Riba, in, RM Hathaway & W Lee (eds) Islamization and the Pakistani Economy (Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Washington, 2004); M Lau, The Role of Islam in the Legal System of Pakistan (Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, London, 2006).
282.
SM Haider, A Comparative Review of Supreme Court Leadership in United States of America and Pakistan, PLD (1988) Journal Section 54.
283.
SM Haider, American Constitution and Assimilation of Modern Legal Norms in Pakistan, PLD (1988) Journal Section 121.
284.
Bhutto, supra note 218, 165, 168.
285.
Bhutto, supra note 218, 242.
286.
Bhutto, supra note 218, 267.
287.
Waseem, supra note 73, 394.
288.
A Jalal, The State and Political Privilege in Pakistan, in, A Banuazizi & M Weiner (eds) The Politics of Social Transformation in Afghanistan, Iran and Pakistan (Syracuse University Press, Syracuse, 1994).
289.
In non- party elections of 1985, landlords won 66% of the national seats (158 out of 238) and, in 1988, landlords won 76% (156 out 207) seats. See S Shafqat, Democracy and Political Participation in Pakistan, in, S Mumtaz, JL Racine & I Ali (eds) Pakistan: The Contours of State and Society (Oxford University Press, Karachi, 2003).
290.
Qazalbash Waqf v Chief Land Commissioner, Punjab, Lahore and others, PLD 1981 FSC 23. In an appeal against this decision, in the Qazalbash Wakf case, the Supreme Court also declared land reforms un-Islamic see Qazalbash Waqf v Chief Land Commissioner, Punjab, Lahore and others, PLD 1990 SC 99. An appeal against this case is pending now on the grounds that the Supreme Court wrongly decided the issue in the Qazalbash Wakf case. The main ground raised is that there was an erroneous assumption of jurisdiction, that is, “it has affected Article 17 and Article 51 of the Constitution, rendered Article 24(3) (f), and Article 253 (1) and redundant and nugatory, and affected the jurisdiction of this honourable court [S. C.].” This simply means, according to the appellant, that the jurisdiction was wrongly assumed by the appellate court. The appellant’s counsel called it a ‘reluctant’ judgment because out of five judges, one judge dismissed the appeal, one expressed reservation on the assistance provided to the court, and one judge only declared a few provisions as un-Islamic.
291.
B Bhutto, Wither Pakistan: Dictatorship or Democracy? Dr. Iqbal Narejo (ed) (Al-Hamd Publications, Lahore, 2007) 35, 67.
292.
She described her struggle similar to that of Corazon Aquino against Ferdinand Marcos, indicating that the U.S. should help her like it was helping Aquino.
293.
Akhtar’s study is based on Harriss-White, Barbara (2003), see B Harriss-White, India Working: Essays on Society and Economy (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2003). Intermediate classes are internally differentiated across the dimensions of urban and rural, organized and unorganized, wage labourand self-employed. See Akhtar, supra note 180, 160.
294.
The military-bureaucratic oligarchy and three propertied classes - landlords, industrialists (the indigenous bourgeoisie), and foreign capital (metropolitan bourgeoisie).
295.
He differentiates between clientalism and patronage. Patronage is the exercise of the power of the patron unchallenged by dependents. Clientalism meant the dependent can negotiate and secure more benefit from the patron. Akhtar drew this distinction from C Clapham, Private Patronage and Public Power: Political Clientelism in the Modern State (St. Martin’s Press, London, 1982).
296.
Examples of intermediate classes are Arti, transporter, contractors.
297.
Landless wage labour, workers of small industry are included in this category. See Akhtar, supra note 71 at 169.
298.
Akhtar, supra note 180, 169.
299.
He concluded this on the basis of struggles in districts of Okara and Charsada.
300.
A Weigrod, Patronage and Parties in Political Structure: Patrons, Patronage, and Political Parties, 10:4 Comp Stud Soc Hist. (1968) 377.
301.
40% of total labour force (Government of Pakistan, 2007).
302.
JS Addleton, Undermining the Centre: The Gulf Migration and Pakistan (Oxford University Press, Karachi, 1992) 23.
303.
Burki, supra note 5, 79.
304.
N Poulantzas, On Social Classes, in, J Martin (ed) The Poulantzas Reader: Marxism, Law, and the State (Verso, London/New York, 2008) 186, 198.
305.
As Ishrat Hussian, the governor of the state bank put it. For him, countries which experienced ‘populist’ episodes were poor in macroeconomic policy, see Husain, supra note 194, 358.

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Shaikh Ahmad Hassan School of Law, Lahore University of Management Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
Muhammad Azeem

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Azeem, M. (2017). Law Under Bhutto’s Socialism (1970–1980s). In: Law, State and Inequality in Pakistan. International Law and the Global South. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-3845-7_3

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