Abstract
Large volcanic eruptions can trigger acoustic resonance between the Earth surface and the atmosphere. Some of the resonance waves leak upward into the ionosphere and trigger ionospheric disturbances (Afraimovich et al. 2010; Caudron et al. 2015; Nakashima et al. 2016; Shah and Jin 2015; Jin et al. 2010, 2011, 2014, 2017; Wang et al. 2009). The atmospheric–ionospheric anomalies can be detected by the atmospheric temperatures and ionospheric total electron content (TEC). A detailed method using GPS TEC was introduced by Jin et al. (2015) to study the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake and the 2011 Japan earthquake. The atmospheric–ionospheric disturbance triggered by volcanic eruptions can be observed as temperature and TEC anomalies. For example, The SO2 and temperature anomalies can be detected following the volcanic eruption (Okazaki and Heki 2012). Distinct TEC disturbances with an amplitude of 0.03–0.16 TECU were detected by GPS after 12 min of the eruption of the Asama volcano in Japan on September 1, 2004 and the velocity of the ionospheric anomalies was around 1.1 km/s (Heki 2006). The propagation speed of the anomalies was similar to the velocity of acoustic waves in the ionosphere.
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Jin, S., Jin, R., Liu, X. (2019). Volcano Atmospheric Disturbances. In: GNSS Atmospheric Seismology. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-3178-6_13
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