Abstract
The last two decades has witnessed accumulating evidences in favour of oxidative stress as a causative link between normal brain aging and several neuropathological conditions. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) is considered a major factor contributing to decline in brain function with aging. Cognitive impairment and oxidative stress are common occurrences in old age and are often traceable to events such as increased lipid peroxidation and protein oxidations in specific cognitive regions of the brain, the hippocampus and cerebral cortex. With the advent of various cognitive tests, oxidative pathology is further confirmed by behavioural changes in animal and humans as well. While much of the biomedical research is concentrating on methods to cure aging related neurodegeneration and cognitive decline, biogerontologists are seeking something larger with a view to finding ways to prevent it at its root. Here we discuss and highlight the possibilities of curtailing the cognitive deficits during normal and pathological aging through evidences in favour of vitamin and non-vitamin supplements—in an effort to run the biological clock backwards and extend healthy brain function.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Alamed J, Wilcock DM, Diamond DM, Gordon MN, Morgan D (2006) Two-day radial-arm water maze learning and memory task; robust resolution of amyloid-related memory deficits in transgenic mice. Nature protocols 1(4):1671–1679
Aliev G, Palacios HH, Walrafe B, Lipsitt AE, Obrenovich ME, Morales L (2009) Brain mitochondria as a primary target in development of treatment strategies for Alzheimer’s disease. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 41:1989–2004
Alvin V, Terry Jr. (2009) Spatial navigation (Water Maze) tasks. In: JJ Buccafusco (ed) Methods of behavior analysis in neuroscience, Chap. 13. CRC Press, Boca Raton FL
Ames BN, Liu J (2004) Delaying the mitochondrial decay of aging with acetylcarnitine. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1033:108–116
Anand S, Asha Devi S, Ravi kiran T (2014) Differential expression of the cerebral cortex proteome in physically trained adult rats. Brain Res Bull 104:88–91
Asha Devi S, Manjula KR (2014) Intermittent cold-induced hippocampal oxidative stress is associated with changes in the plasma lipid composition and is modifiable by vitamins C and E in old rats. Neurochem Int 74:46–52
Asha Devi S, Manjula KR, Subramanyam MVV (2012) Protective role of vitamins E and C against oxidative stress caused by intermittent cold exposure in aging rat’s frontoparietal cortex. Neurosci Letts 529:155–160
Asha Devi S, Ravi Kiran T (2004) Responses of antioxidant enzymes of the cerebral cortex and hippocampus to exercise and vitamin E. Neurobiol Aging 25:501–508
Asha Devi S, Jolitha N, Ishii N (2006) Grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE) and antioxidant defense in the brain of adult rats. Med Sci Monitor 12:124–129
Asha Devi S, Sagar Chandrasekhar BK, Manjula KR, Ishii N (2011) Grape seed proanthocyanidin lowers brain oxidative stress in adult and middle-aged rats. Exp Gerontol 46:958–964
Astur RS, Taylor LB, Mamelak AN, Philpott L, Sutherland RJ (2002) Humans with hippocampus damage display severe spatial memory impairments in a virtual Morris water task. Behavioural Brain Res 132:77–84
Astur RS, Tropp J, Sava S, Constable RT, Markus EJ (2004) Sex differences and correlations in a virtual Morris water task, a virtual radial arm maze, and mental rotation. Behavioural Brain Res 151:103–115
Baraibar MA, Hyzewicz J, Rogowska-Wrzesinska A, Laudouce R, Roepstorff P, Mouly V, Friguet B (2011) Oxidative stress-induced proteome alterations target different cellular pathways in human myoblasts. Free Radic Biol Med 51:1522–1532
Barnes CA (1979) Memory deficits associated with senescence: a neurophysiological and behavioral study in the rat. J Comp Physiol Psychol 93:74–104
Beckman KB, Ames BN (1998) The free radical theory of aging matures. Physiol Rev 78:547–581
Benavides SH, Monserrat AJ, Farina S, Porta EA (2002) Sequential histochemical studies of neuronal lipofuscin in human cerebral cortex from the first to ninth decade of life. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 34:219–231
Bevins RA, Besheer J (2006) Object recognition in rats and mice: a one-trial non-matching-to-sample learning task to study ‘recognition memory. Nat Protoc 1:1306–1311
Blair RJR, Mitchell DGV (2009) Psychopathy, attention and emotion. Psychological Med. 39:543–555
Boveris A, Navarro A (2008) Brain mitochondrial dysfunction in aging. IUBMB Life 60:308–314
Bratic A, Larsson N (2013) The role of mitochondria in aging. J Clin Invest 123:951–957
Bromley-Brits K, Deng Y, Song W (2011) Morris water maze test for learning and memory deficits in Alzheimer’s disease model mice. J Vis Exp 53:e2920
Brunk UT, Terman A (2002) The mitochondrial-lysosomal axis theory of aging: accumulation of damaged mitochondria as a result of imperfect autophagocytosis. Eur J Biochem 269:1996–2002
Carnero A (2013) Markers of cellular senescence. Methods Mol Biol 965:63–81
Carroll JB, Southwell AL, Graham RK, Lerch JP, Ehrnhoefer DE, Cao LP, Zhang WN, Deng Y, Bissada N, Henkelman RM, Hayden MR (2011) Mice lacking caspase-2 are protected from behavioral changes, but not pathology, in the YAC128 model of Huntington disease. Mol Neurodegener 6:59–62
Clark RE, Broadbent NJ, Squire LR (2005) Hippocampus and remote spatial memory in rats. Hippocampus 15:260–272
Deacon RM, Rawlins JN (2005) Hippocampal lesions, species-typical behaviours and anxiety in mice. Behav Brain Res 156:241–249
Deloncle R, Guillard O, Bind JL, Delaval J, Fleury N, Mauco G, Lesage G (2006) Free radical generation of protease resistant prion after substitution of manganese for copper in bovine brain homogenate. Neurotoxicol 27:437–444
Deshane J, Chaves L, Sarikonda KV, Isbell S, Wilson L Kirk M, Grubbs C, Barnes S, Meleth, S, Kim H (2004) Proteomic analysis of rat brain protein modulations by grape seed extract. J Agric Food Chem 52:7872–7883
Demetrius LA, Driver J (2013) Alzheimer’s as a metabolic disease. Biogeron 14:641–649
Dolu N, Khan A, Dokutan S (2015) Effect of vitamin E administration on learning of the young male rats. J Exp Neurosci 9:81–85
Egerton A, Reid L, McKerchar CE, Morris BJ, Pratt JA (2005) Impairment in perceptual attentional set-shifting following PCP administration: a rodent model of set-shifting deficits in schizophrenia. Psychopharmacol 179:77–84
Engelhart MJ, Geerlings MI, Ruitenberg A, van Swieten JC, Hofman A, Witteman JC, Breteler MM (2002) Dietary intake of antioxidants and risk of Alzheimer disease. JAMA 287(24):3223–3229
Faizi M, Bader PL, Saw N, Nguyen TV, Beraki S, Wyss-Coray T, Longo FM, Shamloo M (2012) Thy1-hAPPLond/Swe+mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease displays broad behavioral deficits in sensorimotor, cognitive and social function. Brain Behav 2:142–154
Ferruzzi MG et al. (2009) Bioavailability of gallic acid and catechins from grape seed polyphenol extract is improved by repeated dosing in rats: implications for treatment in Alzheimer’s disease. J Alzheimer’s Dis 18(1):113–124.
Finger EC, Marsh AA, Buzas B, Kamel N, Rhodes R, Vythilingham M, Pine DS, Goldman D, Blair JR (2007) The Impact of tryptophan depletion and 5-HTTLPR genotype on passive avoidance and response reversal instrumental learning tasks. Neuropsychopharmacol 32:206–215
Floyd RA, Hensley K (2002) Oxidative stress in brain aging. Implications for therapeutics of neurodegenerative diseases. Neurobiol Aging 23:795–807
Fujisaki K, Tsuruya K, Yamato M, Toyonaga J, Noguchi H, Nakano T, Taniguchi M, Tokumoto M, Hirakata H, Kitazono1 T (2014) Cerebral oxidative stress induces spatial working memory dysfunction in uremic mice: neuroprotective effect of tempol. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 29:529–538
Ganguly R, Guha D (2008) Alteration of brain monoamines & EEG wave pattern in rat model of Alzheimer’s disease & protection by Moringa oleifera. Ind J Med Res 128:744–751
Geng YQ, Guan IT, Xu XH, Fu YC (2010) Senescence-associated beta-galactosidase activity expression inn aging hippocampal neurons. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 396:866–869
Giaccone G, Orsi L, Cupidi C, Tagliavini F (2011) Lipofuscin hypothesis of Alzheimer’s disease. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 1:292–296
Giasson BI, Duda JE, Murray IV, Chen Q, Souza JM, Hurtig HI, Ischiropoulos H, Trojanowski JQ, Lee VM (2000) Oxidative damage linked to neurodegeneration by selective alpha-synuclein nitration in synucleinopathy lesions. Science 290:985–989
Glickman SE, Jensen GD (1961) The effects of hunger and thirst on Y-maze exploration. J Comp Physiol Psychol 54:83–85
Gómez-Ramos P, Morán A (2007) Ultrastructural localization of intracellular Aß-peptide in Alzheimer disease brains. J Alzheimer’s Dis 11:53–59
Grodstein F, Chen J, Willett WA (2003) High dose antioxidant supplements and cognitive function in community-dwelling elderly women. Am J Clin Nutr 77:975–985
Grundman M, Delaney P (2002) Antioxidant strategies for Alzheimer’s disease. Proc Nutr Soc 61:191–202
Handley SL, Mithani S (1984) Effects of α-adrenoreceptor agonists and antagonists in a maze-exploration model of ‘fear’-motivated behaviour. Naunyn-Schmeideberg’s Arch Pharmacol 327:1–5
Hasan M, Tripathi S, Mahdi AA, Mitra K, Negi MPL (2009) Lipofuscin, lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status in discrete regions of the aged rat brain. Proc Indian Natl Acad Sci 75:173–181
Hollensworth SB, Shen CC, Sim JE, Spitz DR, Wilson GL, Ledoux SP (2002) Glial cell type-specific responses to menadione-induced oxidative stress. Free Radic Biol Med 28:1161–1174
Horner AE, Heath CJ, Hvoslef-Eide M, Kent BA, Kim CH, Nilsson SRO, Alsiö J, Charlotte A Oomen CA, Lisa M Saksida, Bussey TJ (2013) The touchscreen operant platform for testing learning and memory in rats and mice. Nat Protoc 8:1961–1984
Hossein N, Alaei H, Reisi P, Radahmad M (2013) The effect of treadmill running on passive avoidance learning in animal model of Alzheimer disease. Int J Prevent Med. 4:187–192
Jacobson T, Kent BQ, Yang F, Burwell RD (2014) Automated Visual Cognitive Tasks for Recording Neural Activity Using a Floor Projection Maze. J Vis Exp Feb 20(84):e51316. doi:10.3791/51316
Ji ES, Kim YM, Shin MS, Kim CJ, Lee KS, Kim K, Ha J, Chung YR (2015) Treadmill exercise enhances spatial learning ability through suppressing hippocampal apoptosis in Huntington’s disease rats. J Exerc Rehab 11:133–139
Jolitha AB, Subramanyam MVV, Asha Devi S (2006) Modification by vitamin E and exercise of oxidative stress in regions of aging rat brain: Studies on superoxide dismutase isoenzymes and protein oxidation status. Exp Geront 41:753–763
Jolitha AB, Subramanyam MVV, Asha Devi S (2009) Age-related responses of the rat cerebral cortex; influence of vitamin E and exercise on the cholinergic system. Biogeron 10:53–63
Kan S, Asha Devi S, Kawashima S (1991) Effect of vitamin E on the accumulation of fluorescent material in cultured cerebral cortical cells of mice. Exp Gerontol 26:365–374
Kim J, Harada R, Kobayashi M, Kobahasi N, Soda K (2010) The inhibitory effect of pyrroloquinoline quinine on the amyloid formation and cytotoxicity of truncated alpha-synnuclein. Mol Neurodegener 5:20–28
Landfield PW, Thibault O, Mazzanti ML, Porter NM, Kerr DS (1992) Mechanisms of neuronal death in brain and alzheimer’s disease: Role of endocrine-mediated calcium dyshomeostasis. J Neurobiol 23:1247–1260
Lin MT, Beal MF (2006) Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in neurodegenerative diseases. Nature 443:787–795
Lione LA, Carter RJ, Hunt MJ, Bates GP, Morton AJ, Dunnett SB (1999) Selective discrimination learning impairments in mice expressing the human Huntington’s disease Mutationm. J Neurosci 19:10428–10437
Manjula KR, Subramanyam MVV, Asha Devi S (2013) Protection against oxidative stress caused by intermittent cold exposure by combined supplementation with vitamin E and C in the aging rat hypothalamus. Neurochem Res 38:876–885
Markesberry WE, Carney JN (1999) Oxidative stress in Alzheimer’s disease. Brain Pathol 9:133–146
Masaki KH, Losonezy KG, Izmirlian G, Foley DJ, Ross GW, Petrovitch H, Havlik R, White LR (2000) Association of vitamin E and C supplement use with cognitive function and dementia in elderly men. Neurology 54:1265–1272
Meydani M (2002) Nutrition interventions in aging and age associated disease. Proc Nutr Soc 61:165–171
Miura Y, Kano M, Abe K, Urano S, Suzuki S, Toda T (2005) Age-dependent variations of cell response to oxidative stress: proteomic approach to protein expression and phosphorylation. Electrophoresis 26:2786–2796
Miquel J, Economos AC, Fleming J, Johnson JE (1980) Mitochondrial role in cell aging. Exp Gerontol 15:575–591
Morris R (1984) Developments of a water-maze procedure for studying spatial learning in the rat. J Neurosci Methods 11:47–60
Morris MC, Evans DA, Bienias JL, Tangney CC, Wilson RS (2002) Vitamin E and cognitive decline in older persons. Arch Neurol 59:1125–1132
Navarro A, Boveris A (2007) The mitochondrial energy transduction and the aging process. Am J Cell Physiol. 292:C670–C686
Navarro A, Sanchez del Pino MJ, Omez CG, Peralta JL, Boveris (2002) Behavioral dysfunction, brain oxidative stress, and impaired mitochondrial electron transfer in aging mice. Amer J Physiol 282:R985–R992
Ogren SO, Stidel O 2015. Passive avoidance. In: Stolerman IP (ed) Encyclopedia of psychopharmacology. Springer-Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 1220–1228
Ohwada K, Takeda H, Yamazaki M (2008) Pyrroloquinoline (PQQ) prevents cognitive deficit caused by oxidative stress in rats. J Clin Biochem Nutr 42:29–34
O’Leary TP, Brown RE (2009) Visuo-spatial learning and memory deficits on the Barnes maze in the 16-month-old APPswe/PS1dE9 mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease. Behav Brain Res 201:120–127
Olton DS, Samuelson RJ (1976) Remembrance of places passed: spatial memory in rats. J Exp Psych: Anim Behav Process 2(2):97–116. doi:10.1037/0097-7403.2.2.97
Pellow S, Chopin P, File SE, Briley M (1985) Validation of open: closed arm entries in an elevated plus-maze as a measure of anxiety in the rat. J Neurosci Methods 14:149–167
Petrosillo G, Benedictis VD, Ruggiero FM, Paradies G (2013) Decline in cytochrome c oxidase activity in rat-brain mitochondria with aging. Role of peroxidized cardiolipin and beneficial effect of melatonin. J Bioenerg Biomembr 45:431–440
Perluigi M, di Domenico F, Giorgia A, Schinina ME, Coccia R, Cini C, Bellia F, Cambria MT, Cornelius C, Butterfield DA, Calabrese V (2010) Redox proteomics in aging rat rain: involvement of mitochondrial reduced glutathione status and mitochondrial protein oxidation in the aging process. J Neurosci Res 88:3498–3507
Rajagopal L, Massey BW, Huang M, Oyamada Y, Meltzer HY (2014) The novel object recognition test in rodents in relation to cognitive impairment in Schizophrenia. Curr Pharmaceutical Design 20:1–11
Ramassamy C, Averill D, Beffert U, Therous L, Lussier-Cacan S, Cohn JS, Christen Y, Schoofs A, Davignon J, Poirier J (2000) Oxidative insults are associated with apolipoprotein E genotype in Alzheimer’s disease brain. Neurobiol Dis 7:23–37
Rodriguez JS, Zürcher NR, Bartlett TQ, Nathanielsz PW, Nijland MJ (2011) Delayed matching to sample task performance in juvenile baboons. J Neurosci Methods 196:258–263
Roger RD, Andrews TC, Graasby PM, Brooks DJ, Robbins TW (2000) Contrasting cortical and subcortical activations produced by attentional-set shifting and reversal learning in humans. J Cogn Neurosci 12:142–162
Scheggia D, Bebensee A, Weinberger DR, Papaleo F (2014) The ultimate intra-/extra-dimensional attentional set-shifting task for mice. Biol Psychiatry 75:660–670
Shulman RG, Rothman DL, Behar KL, Hyder F (2004) Energetic basis of brain activity implications for neuro imaging. Trends Neuro Sci 27:489–495
Shankar SK (2010) Biology of aging brain. Indian J Pathol Microbiol 53:595–604
Shoji H, Hagihara H, Takao K, Hattori S, Miyakawa T (2012) T-maze forced alternation and left-right discrimination tasks for assessing working and reference memory in mice. J Vis Exp 60:e3300
Siqueira IR, Fochesatto C, de Andrade A, Santos M, Hagen M, Bello-Klein A, Netto CA (2005) Total antioxidant capacity is impaired in different structures from aged rat brain. Int J Dev Neurosci 23:663–671
Staniek K, Nohl H (2000) Are mitochondria a permanent source of reactive oxygen species? Biochem Biophys Acta 146:268–275
Takatsu H, Owada K, Abe K, Nakano M, Urano S (2009) Effect of vitamin E on learning and memory deficit in aged rats. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 55:389–393
Talpos JC, McTighe SM, Dias R, Saksida LM, Bussey TJ (2010) Trial-unique, delayed nonmatching-to-location (TUNL): A novel, highly hippocampus-dependent automated touchscreen test of location memory and pattern separation. Neurobiol learning and Mem 94:341–352
Trimmer PA, Swerdlow RH, Parks JK, Keeney P, Bennett JP, Miller SW, Davis RE, Parker WD (2000) Abnormal mitochondrial morphology in sporadic Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s disease cybrid cell lines. Exp Neurol 162:37–50
Van Dongen MC, Van Rossum E, Kessels AG, Sielhorst HJ, Knipschild PG (2000) The efficacy of Ginkgo for elderly people with dementia and age-associated memory impairment: new results of a randomized clinical trial. J Am Geritarics Soc 48:1193–1194
VanGuilder HD, Freeman WM (2011) The hippocampal neuroproteome with aging and cognitive decline: past progress and future directions. Front in Aging Neurosci 3, article 8
Vohra BP, Sharma SP, Kansai VK (2001) Age-dependent variations in mitochondrial and cytosolic antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation in different regions of central nervous system of guinea pigs. Indian J Biochem Biophys 38:321–326
Walsh RN, Cummins RA (1976) The open-field test: a critical review. Psychological Bull 83:482–504
Walf AA, Frye CA (2007) The use of the elevated plus maze as an assay of anxiety-related behavior in rodents. Nat Protocol. 2:322–328
Weinreb O, Drigues N, Sagi Y, Reznick AZ, Amit T, Youdim MBH (2007) The application of proteomics and genomics to the study of age-related neurodegeneration and neuroprotection. Antioxid Redox Signal 9:169–179
Wiig KA, Burwell RD (1998) Memory impairment on a delayed non-matching-to-position task after lesions of the perirhinal cortex in the rat. Behav Neurosci 112:827–838
Yamada K, Takayanagi M, Kamei H, Naga T, Dohniwa M, Kobayash K, Yoshida S, Ohhara T, Takauma K, Nabeshima T (2005) Effects of memantine and donepezil on amyloid β-induced memory impairment in a delayed-matching to position task in rats. Behav Brain Res 162:191–199
Yang A, Liu T, Li S, Zhang X, Ding Q, Que H, Yan X, Wei k, Liu S 2008a Comparative proteomic analysis of brains of naturally aging mice. Neurosci 154:1107–1120
Yang JL, Weissman L, Bohr VL, Mattson MP (2008b) Mitochondrial DNA damage and repair in neurodegenerative disorders. DNA Repair 7:1110–1120
Yhnell E, Dunnett SB, Brooks SP (2015) The utilisation of operant delayed matching and non-matching to position for probing cognitive flexibility and working memory in mouse models of Huntington’s disease. J Neurosci Methods. doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2015.08.022
Youdim KA, Shukitt-hale B, Martin A, Wang H, Denisova NA, Bickford PC (2000) Short-term dietary supplementation of blueberry polyphenolics: beneficial effects on aging brain performance and peripheral tissue function. Nutr Neurosci 3:383–397
Acknowledgments
The studies cited in this article from author’s laboratory have been supported from research grants from the University Grants Commission (F.No. F.3-196/2001, SR-II and F.No.3-356/2007, SR 2008) and Indian Council of Medical Research (54/9/CFP/GER/20th NCD-II dt.10/7/2012). We are thankful to DST for providing Junior Research Fellowship to Mr. Abhijit Satpati under the PURSE programme (SR/S9/Z-23/2010/38© dt. 27.06.2011).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 Springer Science+Business Media Singapore
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Asha Devi, S., Satpati, A. (2017). Oxidative Stress and the Brain: An Insight into Cognitive Aging. In: Rath, P., Sharma, R., Prasad, S. (eds) Topics in Biomedical Gerontology. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-2155-8_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-2155-8_8
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-10-2154-1
Online ISBN: 978-981-10-2155-8
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)