Abstract
The Central Asian countries as referred to in this chapter are Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan and Tajikistan; these countries are adjacent to Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China to the east, Iran and Afghanistan to the south, Russia to the north, and Russia and Azerbaijan to the west across the Caspian Sea; the total area is about 4,000,000 square kilometers, and the population is about 60 million.
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Notes
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From March 1992 to October 1994, the President of Uzbekistan, Islam Karimov, visited China twice, and Ukraine signed a joint communiqué and China-Uzbekistan declaration on the fundamental principles of mutual relations and intensifying and developing the mutually beneficial cooperation with the Chinese leaders. In May 1992, the President of Kyrgyzstan, Askar Akayev, and Prime Minister Jum Aliyev paid a visit to China, and the two sides signed eight documents of cooperation such as the governmental loan agreement on China providing goods to Kyrgyzstan. In November 1992, the President of Turkmenistan, Saparmurat Niyazov, paid his first official visit to China, and the two sides signed a joint communiqué and other documents. In March 1993 and September 1996, the Head of State of Tajikistan, Emomalii Rahmon, paid an official visit to China in his capacity as the Chairman and President of the Supreme Soviet, and the two sides signed documents such as the declaration on the basic principles of mutual relations between China and Tajikistan and the Joint Declaration. In October 1993 and September 1995, the President of Kazakhstan, Nursultan Nazarbayev, paid a State visit to China twice, and signed a joint statement regarding the basis of friendly relations between China and Kazakhstan and a joint statement on the further development and the intensification of friendly relations with President Jiang Zemin.
- 3.
Thrassy N. Marketos. China’s Energy Geopolitics: The Shanghai Cooperation Organization and Central Asia. Routledge, 2009, p. 11.
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Thrassy N. Marketos. China’s Energy Geopolitics: The Shanghai Cooperation Organization and Central Asia. Routledge, 2009, p. 20.
- 5.
“The whole story of the diplomatic relations between China and the Soviet Union: China’s diplomacy in a turmoil”. http://bbs.china.com.cn/viewthread.php?action=printable&tid=496628&agMode=1&com.trs.idm.gSessionId=42611EAD114215A0720384E77B620B85.
- 6.
“The whole story of the diplomatic relations between China and the Soviet Union: China’s diplomacy in a turmoil”. http://bbs.china.com.cn/viewthread.php?action=printable&tid=496628&agMode=1&com.trs.idm.gSessionId=42611EAD114215A0720384E77B620B85.
- 7.
Xing Guangcheng: “Relations between China and Central Asian countries.” http://src-h.slav.hokudai.ac.jp/publictn/85/9CA-Chinese.pdf.
- 8.
According to the views of Russia, the fiscal subsidy provided by the central government of the Soviet Union for the Central Asian countries accounted for 40% of the budget revenues of these countries. A.B. Tоркунов(ред.), Cовременные международные отношения, Mосква, 1998г., с.438 (Yu 2007: 69).
- 9.
A.B. Tоркунов(ред.), Cовременные международные отношения, Mосква,1998г., с.438 (Yu 2007: 69).
- 10.
S. Neil MacFarlane. Russia, the West and European Security. Survival, Vol. 35, No. 3, Autumn 1993 (Yu 2007: 69).
- 11.
Д.Mалышева, Центральная Aзия мусульманский вызов России?Mеждународная экономика и международные отношения, No.12, 1993г., (Yu 2007: 69).
- 12.
Д.Mалышева, Центральная Aзия мусульманский вызов России?Mеждународная экономика и международные отношения, No.12,1993г., (Yu 2007: 69).
- 13.
Website of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China. http://www.fmprc.gov.cn.
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- 15.
S. Talbott, Deputy Secretary of State, Address at the Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies, A Farewell to Flashman: American Policy in Caucasia and Central Asia, July 21, 1997, http://www.state.gov/www/regions/nis/970721talbott.html.
- 16.
China and the Republic of Uzbekistan (hereinafter referred to as Uzbekistan) formally established diplomatic relations on January 2, 1992. On January 3, 1992, Chinese Foreign Trade Minister Li Lanqing and Vice Foreign Minister Tian Zengpei led a Chinese governmental delegation on a visit to Ukraine, and the two sides signed the “Economic and Trade Agreement between the Government of the People’s Republic of China and the Government of Uzbekistan” and exchanged their notes on the mutual establishment of a trade representative’s office. On July 2–3, 1996, President Jiang Zemin paid a state visit to Uzbekistan, and signed a cooperation agreement for rail transportation, an agreement for the avoidance of double taxation and an exchange of letters concerning the provision of aid to Uzbekistan. China and the Kyrgyz Republic (hereinafter referred to as Kyrgyzstan) formally established diplomatic relations on January 5, 1992, and Chinese Foreign Trade Minister Li Lanqing led a delegation on a visit to Kyrgyzstan, during which the two sides signed economic and trade agreements between the two governments, an agreement on the encouragement and reciprocal protection of investments, and an agreement on China’s providing Kyrgyzstan with a government loan for commodity goods. The two sides also exchanged notes on the mutual establishment of a trade representative’s office. According to information gathered from the website of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
- 17.
Quoted from Selected Works of Deng Xiaoping (Volume II), People’s Publishing House, 1993, p. 112.
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- 19.
Shi Guangsheng: “developmental process of China’s foreign economy and trade and its great achievements”. http://www.cofortune.com.cn/moftec_cn/50y/shi.html.
- 20.
See the website of the China Exim Bank for more details about preferential loans. http://www.eximbank.gov.cn/.
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“The Chinese government signed the agreement for preferential loans of 77 billion RMB for foreign aid.” http://news.china.com.cn/txt/2010-08/13/content_20702843.htm.
- 22.
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- 24.
“Diversification of the development of oil and gas in Central Asia is the trend”, International Business Daily February 5, 2007.
- 25.
U.S. Government Assistance to and Cooperation Activities with the New Independent States of the Former Soviet Union FY 2003 Annual Report, U.S. Department of State, January 2004.
- 26.
U.S. Government Assistance to and Cooperation Activities with the New Independent States of the Former Soviet Union FY 2003 Annual Report, U.S. Department of State, January 2004.
- 27.
Chinese Vice Minister of Commerce Yu Guangzhou accepted the interview with reports at the establishment ceremony of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization Business Council and the Business Forum. http://ozs.mofcom.gov.cn/column/print.shtml?/subject/shhzzz/subjectbb/200606/20060602433033.
- 28.
Zhao Huirong: “Relations between China and Central Asian countries”, Russia, EECA National Development Report (2009), the CASS Institute of Russia and EECA. http://euroasia.cass.cn/chinese/Production/Yellowbook2009/005.htm.
- 29.
Quoted from the “Annual Report 2002 of China Exim Bank”, page 22.
- 30.
“Annual Report 2008 of China Exim Bank”. http://www.eximbank.gov.cn/annual/2008.shtml.
- 31.
“The implementation of the information superhighway project in Yekaterinburg under the SCO”, Russian news website, http://rusnews.cn/guojiyaowen/guoji—sco/20080924/42278372.html. September 24, 2008 (Shi 2009: 53).
- 32.
Official website of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) Head Summit. http://www.scosummit2006.org/bjzl/2006-04/20/content_125.htm.
- 33.
Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (RFE/RL), Central Asia: China’s Mounting Influence, http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insight/articles/pp112304.shtml.
- 34.
Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (RFE/RL), Central Asia: China’s Mounting Influence, http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insight/articles/pp112304.shtml.
- 35.
“Sino-Kazakh cooperation model”, website of CNPC. http://www.oilnews.com.cn/zgsyb/system/2005/12/14/000292077.shtml.
- 36.
“Assets of the China Exim Bank exceed one trillion RMB”, China Collection & Auction Herald, July 22, 2010. http://finance.sina.com.cn/money/bank/bank_hydt/20100722/14048345625.shtml.
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Min, Z. (2017). China’s Aid Diplomacy to Central Asian Countries and Its Influence. In: Zhou, H., Xiong, H. (eds) China’s Foreign Aid. Research Series on the Chinese Dream and China’s Development Path. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-2128-2_5
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