Abstract
Resilience has four roles in the economics literature. Most generally, it is noted as an attribute of the economy in studies of economic shocks (see, e.g., Dhawan and Jeske, How resilient is the modern economy to energy price shocks? Econ Rev, Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta, Third Quarter, pp 21–32, 2006). In ecological economics, it is a major focus of analysis as a key attribute necessary for sustainability (see, e.g., Folke C, Glob Environ Chang 16(3):253–267, 2006). Some attempts have been made to extend this research to the socioeconomic arena and have it overlap with the study of institutions (see, e.g., Levin S, Environ Dev Econ. Special Issue on Resilience and Sustainability 3(2):221–235, 1998). In the disaster literature, it has been an important dimension of hazard economic loss estimation and terrorist consequence analysis (Rose A, J Homeland Secur Emerg Manag 6(1):6, 2009a).
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Notes
- 1.
Cutter (2016) has offered some different definitions of static and dynamic in a more general resilience context. She refers to dynamic properties in terms of resilience as a process and static conditions as relating to measurable outcomes. This distinction is useful and is made in this volume. This is not so much difference in consistency between Cutter’s definitions and mine, but a matter of emphasis. In this volume, I emphasize that resilience is a process and agree that it could be labeled as dynamic because process is performed over time. However, the focus of this volume is on post-disaster implementation of the improved resilience capacity that the process engenders. Outcomes, however, can be either static or dynamic. If examined in the context of the influence of actions at a given point in time, and mathematical and economic terms, they would be characterized as static; however, if examined in terms of their effects over time, they typically would be referred to as dynamic in these disciplines.
- 2.
Geographer Cutter (2016) and I also differ on the meaning of inherent and adaptive resilience. She refers to the former as pertaining to baseline conditions, with the implication that these refer to pre-disaster, and the latter as pertaining to the post-disaster context. Again, this is less a matter of differences than emphasis. The definition of inherent resilience refers to the fact that it is already embodied in the economy (and broader community), but focuses on implementation of these capabilities after the disaster strikes. As to adaptive resilience, Cutter refers to it as the ability “… to learn from and respond to changes precipitated by some hazard event (p. 744).” In this volume, we emphasize that adaptive resilience refers to ingenuity or improvisation, which can be stimulated by a learning process but is not necessarily limited to that stimulus. The response aspect pertains to both static and dynamic resilience in this volume.
Sociologist Tierney (2014; p. 173) makes distinctions between inherent and adaptive resilience that also differ somewhat from those presented in this volume. She states: “the concept of inherent resilience refers to conditions, characteristics, and properties of analytic units that are associated with absorptive capacity that can potentially be mobilized to enhance coping capacity when disasters occur. Adaptive resilience involves the activation of that potential and actual disaster situations were strategies that overcome disaster induced problems as they manifest themselves.” Tierney’s definition of adaptive resilience is nearly the same as that presented in this volume. However, her definition of inherent resilience is broader and refers not only to its role in bouncing back, but also in relation to the resilience properties of resistance, robustness and redundancy, the latter two being half of the four cornerstones of the framework presented by Bruneau et al. (2003), to which Tierney was one of the contributors. Robustness refers to the ability to withstand a shock, and resistance typically is accorded the same definition or the slightly more subtle additional meaning of being able to deflect it. They are only indirectly related to bouncing back. Redundancy is an inherent aspect of resilience in the framework in this volume as well, however.
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Rose, A. (2017). Economic Resilience. In: Defining and Measuring Economic Resilience from a Societal, Environmental and Security Perspective. Integrated Disaster Risk Management. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-1533-5_4
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