Skip to main content

The Legal System Proposed by the Westernization Group Featured by “Zhong Ti Xi Yong”

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
The History of Chinese Legal Civilization
  • 335 Accesses

Abstract

Since the second Opium War in 1861, China was confronted with a much more perilous political situation. At that time, some open-minded and high-rank bureaucrats in the ruling group who supported learning from the west began to look for ways of saving China through Westernization, which, in fact, was a further development and concrete implementation of the thought of “Shi Yi Zhi Yi” (learning the advanced technology from ‘barbarians’ in order to subdue them).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    “Xian Feng Chao” (The Reign of the Emperor of Xianfeng) in Chou Ban Yi Wu Shi Mo (The Beginning and End of Making Preparations for “Yi Wu”or The Foreign Affairs), Vol. 71, p.18.

  2. 2.

    “Li Wen Zhong Gong Peng Liao Han Gao” (Letters of the Colleagues of Li Hongzhang), Vol. 25, p. 34.

  3. 3.

    “Tong Zhi Chao” (The Reign of Emperor Tongzhi) in Chou Ban Yi Wu Shi Mo (The Beginning and End of Making Preparations for “Yi Wu”or The Foreign Affairs), Vol. 25, p. 10.

  4. 4.

    Shao Shi Wei Yan (Honest Advice of Mr. Shao).

  5. 5.

    “Hai Jun Han Gao” (Letters about Navy) in Li Wen Zhong Gong Quan Ji (The Complete Works of Mr. Li Hongzhang), Vol. 1, p. 29.

  6. 6.

    “Shu Zha” (Letters) in “Fu He Ou Geng Zhong Cheng” (Congratulations to Viceroy Yu Geng) in Zeng Wen Gong Zheng Quan Ji (The Collected Works of Zeng Guofan), Vol. 1.

  7. 7.

    “Jia Xun” (Family Instructions) in “Ri Ke Si Tiao” (Four Epigrams A Day) in Zeng Wen Gong Zheng Quan Ji (The Collected Works of Zeng Guofan), Vol. 2.

  8. 8.

    “Fu Chen Yang Ren Zhu Xiao Ji Cai Liao Yun Jin Zhe” (Memorial to the Emperor about the Restatement of Asking Foreign Powers to Assist in Suppressing Rebellion and Transportation of Materials to Tianjin) in Zeng Wen Gong Zheng Quan Ji (The Collected Works of Zeng Guofan), Vol. 15.

  9. 9.

    “Jin Ling Chu Jun SHui Shi Zhao Zhong Ci Ji” (The Record of Nanjing Naval Force of Chu Army in Zhao Zhong Temple) in Zeng Wen Gong Zheng Quan Ji (The Collected Works of Zeng Guofan), Vol. 4.

  10. 10.

    Qing Guan Xu Chao Zhong Ri Jiao She Shi Liao (The Historical Materials Concerning Sino-Japanese Relations in the Reign of Emperor Guangxu), Vol. 18.

  11. 11.

    Qing Guan Xu Chao Zhong Ri Jiao She Shi Liao (The Historical Materials Concerning Sino-Japanese Relations in the Reign of Emperor Guangxu), Vol. 8.

  12. 12.

    Liang Qichao, Lun Li Hong Zhang (On Li Hongzhang).

  13. 13.

    Quoted from Sun Zhong Li Nian Pu Chang Bian (The Complete Chronicles of Premier Sun Yat-sen).

  14. 14.

    Sun Zhong Shan Quan Ji (The Complete Works of Sun Yat-sen), Vol. 1.

  15. 15.

    See Footnote 14.

  16. 16.

    “Chaung Li Cun Gu Xue Tang Zhe” (The Memorial to the Emperor about Establishing Cun Gu School) in Zhang Wen Xiang Gong Quan Ji (The Complete Works of Mr. Zhang Wenxiang), Vol. 68.

  17. 17.

    “Cai Xi Xue Yi” (Opinions on Adopting the Western Learning) in Jiao Bin Lu Kang Yi (Protest from Jiao Bin Lu).

  18. 18.

    “Shu Xin Qi” (Letter 7), “Sept. 5th of the 3rd year in the Reign of Emperor Tongzhi” in Zeng Guo Fan Quan Ji (The Collected Works of Zeng Guofan).

  19. 19.

    “Ba” (Postscript) in Jiao Bin Lu Kang Yi (Protests from Xiao Bin Lu).

  20. 20.

    “Ju Wai Pang Guan Lun” (The Bystander’s View) in “Tong Zhi Chao” (The Reign of Emperor Tongzhi) in Chou Ban Yi Wu Shi Mo (The Beginning and End of Making Preparations for “Yi Wu”or The Foreign Affairs), Vol. 40.

  21. 21.

    Shi Shi Xin Lun (New Commentaries on Current Affairs).

  22. 22.

    “Gao Bai” (Confession) in Ge Zhi Hui Bian (Collections of Researches), Autumn of the 5th Year.

  23. 23.

    “Xi Xue” (Western Studies) in Sheng Shi Wei Yan (Crisis Awareness in Heyday).

  24. 24.

    “Wu Xu Bian Fa” (Wu Xu Reform) in Zhong Guo Xian Dai Shi Cong Kan (Series of Collections on Modern Chinese History), Vol. 2.

  25. 25.

    Zou Gao (The Memorials to the Emperor) in Zhang Zhi Dong Quan Ji (The Complete Works of Zhang Zhidong), Vol. 47.

  26. 26.

    “Xun Xu” (In Proper Order) inQuan Xue Pian (Exhortation to Study).

  27. 27.

    Zhang Zhidong, “Xun Xu” (In Proper Order) in Quan Xue Pian (Exhortation to Study) in Zhang Zhi Dong Quan Ji (The Complete Works of Zhang Zhidong) (Book 12), Hebei People’s Publishing House, 1998, p. 9725.

  28. 28.

    “Bian Fa” (Reform) in Quan Xue Pian (Exhortation to Study).

  29. 29.

    “Hui Tong” (Blending Harmoniously and Understanding thoroughly) in Quan Xue Pian (Exhortation to Study).

  30. 30.

    “Bian Fa” (Reform) in Quan Xue Pian (Exhortation to Study).

  31. 31.

    “Xun Xu” (In Proper Order) in Quan Xue Pian (Exhortation to Study).

  32. 32.

    “Yu Zhang Zhi Dong Shu” (A Letter to Zhang Zhidong) in Wu Xu Bian Fa (Wu Xu Reform) (Book 2).

  33. 33.

    “Xu” (Preface) in Quan Xue Pian (Exhortation to Study).

  34. 34.

    “Xin Zheng Zhen Quan” (The Real Interpretations of the New Adminstration) in Hou Quan Xue Pian (Post-Exhortation to Study), Vol. 5.

  35. 35.

    “Xin Zheng Zhen Quan” (The Real Interpretations of the New Adminstration) in Kang Shuo Shu Hou (Postscript of Kang Youwei), Vol. 4.

  36. 36.

    “Di Qiu Di Yi Shou Jiu Dang” (The First Conservative Party on the Earth) in “Zi You Shu” (On Freedom) in Yin Bing Shi Wen Ji (The Collected Works of Yin Bing Shi) (Part 2), Vol. 45.

  37. 37.

    “Xu” (Preface) in Quan Xue Pian (Exhortation to Study).

  38. 38.

    “Zun Zhi Fu Yi Xin Bian Xing Shi Min Shi Su Song Fa Zhe” (Memorial to the Emperor about Reviewing the New Criminal and Civil Procedure Law) in Zhang Wen Xiang Gong Quan Ji (The Complete Works of Mr. Zhang Wenxiang), Vol. 69.

  39. 39.

    Tao Yuan Wen Lu Wai Bian (Supplementary Essays of Wang Tao).

  40. 40.

    Tao Yuan Chi Du (Wang Tao’s Essays).

  41. 41.

    “Shu Xin” (Letters) in Li Wen Zhong Gong Quan Shu (The Complete Works of Mr. Li Wenzhong).

  42. 42.

    “Li Hong Zhang Zhuan” (The Biography of Li Hongzhang) in Qing Shi Gao (The Draft of the History of Qing Dynasty).

  43. 43.

    “Peng Liao Han Gao” (Letters to Friends) in Li Wen Zhong Gong Quan Ji (The Complete Works of Mr. Li Hongzhang), Vol. 10, p. 28.

  44. 44.

    Qing Dai Si Ming Ren Jia Shu (Letters Home of Four Celebrities of Qing Dynasty), p. 144.

  45. 45.

    “Zou Gao” (The Memorials to the Emperor) in Li Wen Zhong Gong Quan Ji (The Complete Works of Mr. Li Hongzhang), Vol. 19, pp. 44–45.

  46. 46.

    Li Hong Zhang Chi Du (Li Hongzhang’s Essays), p. 63.

  47. 47.

    “Tong Zhi Chao” (The Reign of Emperor Tongzhi) in Chou Ban Yi Wu Shi Mo (The Beginning and End of Making Preparations for “Yi Wu” or The Foreign Affairs), Vol. 25, p. 40.

  48. 48.

    “Peng Liao Han Gao” (Letters to Friends) in Li Wen Zhong Gong Quan Ji (The Complete Works of Mr. Li Hongzhang), Vol. 10, pp. 22–23.

  49. 49.

    “Zou Gao” (The Memorials to the Emperor) in Li Wen Zhong Gong Quan Ji (The Complete Works of Mr. Li Hongzhang), Vol. 3, p. 12.

  50. 50.

    “See Footnote 49.

  51. 51.

    “Zou Gao” (The Memorials to the Emperor) in Li Wen Zhong Gong Quan Ji (The Complete Works of Mr. Li Hongzhang), Vol. 19.

  52. 52.

    Zheng Guan Ying Ji (Collections of Zheng Guanying), Vol. 1, p. 734.

  53. 53.

    Liang Qichao, Yin Bing Shi Wen Ji (The Collected Works of Yin Bing Shi), Vol. 40, p. 8.

  54. 54.

    “Peng Liao Han Gao” (Letters to Friends) in Li Wen Zhong Gong Quan Ji (The Complete Works of Mr. Li Hongzhang), Vol. 6.

  55. 55.

    “Peng Liao Han Gao” (Letters to Friends) in Li Wen Zhong Gong Quan Ji (The Complete Works of Mr. Li Hongzhang), Vol. 5, p. 34.

  56. 56.

    Yun Ling, “Qing Mo Xi Fang Fa Lv Fa Xue De Shu Ru Ji YING Xiang” (Introduction of Western Laws, Legal Ideas and Its Influence in the Late Qing Dynasty) in Reviews on the Legal History, Vol. 3.

  57. 57.

    Guo Songtao, Tiao Yi Hai Fang Shi Yi (The Proposal on Coastal Defense).

  58. 58.

    “Zun Zhi Chou Yi Bian Fa Jin Ni Zheng Dun Zhong Fa Shi Er Tiao Zhe” (Memorial to the Emperor about Twelve Articles of Deliberation on the Reform of Chinese Laws according to the Emperor’s Decree) in Zhang Wen Xiang Gong Quan Ji (The Complete Works of Mr. Zhang Wenxiang), Vol. 53.

  59. 59.

    “Zou Gao” (The Memorials to the Emperor) in Li Wen Zhong Gong Quan Ji (The Complete Works of Mr. Li Hongzhang).

  60. 60.

    See Footnote 50.

  61. 61.

    Yang Wu Yun Dong (The Westernization Movement), Vol. 1, p. 53.

  62. 62.

    See Footnote 50.

  63. 63.

    Zhang Zhidong, Shang Hai Qiang Xue Hui Zhang Cheng (Regulation for the Society for Study of National Strengthening in Shanghai).

  64. 64.

    Yang Wu Yun Dong (The Westernization Movement), Vol. 1, pp. 120–130.

  65. 65.

    See Footnote 64.

  66. 66.

    Yang Wu Yun Dong (The Westernization Movement), Vol. 1, p. 41.

  67. 67.

    “Peng Liao Han Gao” (Letters to Friends) in Li Wen Zhong Gong Quan Ji (The Complete Works of Mr. Li Hongzhang), Vol. 19, p. 42.

  68. 68.

    Shu Chengxin, Zhong Guo Jin Dai Jiao Yu Shi Liao (The Historical Material of Modern Chinese Education) (Book 1), People’s Education Press, 1981.

  69. 69.

    “Xian Feng Chao” (The Reign of the Emperor of Xianfeng) in Chou Ban Yi Wu Shi Mo (The Beginning and End of Making Preparations for “Yi Wu” or The Foreign Affairs), Vol. 71.

  70. 70.

    “Xian Feng Chao” (The Reign of the Emperor of Xianfeng) in Chou Ban Yi Wu Shi Mo (The Beginning and End of Making Preparations for “Yi Wu”or The Foreign Affairs), Vol. 71.

  71. 71.

    Academia Sinica Institute of Modern History, Xian Feng Dao Guang ChaoChou Ban Yi Wu Shi Mo Bu Yi (Addendum to the Beginning and End of Making Preparations for “Yi Wu” or the Foreign Affairs in the Reign of the Emperor of Xianfeng and Daoguang) (Book 1), Vol. 4, Academia Sinica, 1982, p. 680.

  72. 72.

    Shan Shiyuan, “Meng Sen Xu” (The Preface of Meng Sen) in Zong Li Ya Men Da Chen Nian Biao (The Chronicle of the Minister of the Office in Charge of Affairs of all Nations).

  73. 73.

     William Alexander Parsons Martin, Hua Jia Ji Yi (A Cycle of Cathay or China, South and North with Personal Reminiscences).

  74. 74.

    See Footnote 73.

  75. 75.

    “Tong Zhi Chao” (The Reign of Emperor Tongzhi) in Chou Ban Yi Wu Shi Mo (The Beginning and End of Making Preparations for “Yi Wu” or The Foreign Affairs), Vol. 27.

  76. 76.

    Quoted from Zhong Guo Guo Ji Fa Nian Kan (The Chinese Yearbook of International Law), 1991, p. 30.

  77. 77.

    Liang Qichao, “Xi Xue Shu Mu Biao” (A List of Books about Western Studies) in “Wu Xu Bian Fa” (Wu Xu Reform), Vol. 1.

  78. 78.

    Zheng Guan Ying Ji (Collections of Zheng Guanying) (Book 1), p. 67.

  79. 79.

    Tao Yuan Wen Lu Wai Bian (Supplementary Essays of Wang Tao), Vol. 3.

  80. 80.

    Zheng Guan Ying Ji (Collections of Zheng Guanying) (Book 1), p. 190.

  81. 81.

    “Zou Gao” (The Memorials to the Emperor) in Li Wen Zhong Gong Quan Ji (The Complete Works of Mr. Li Hongzhang), Vol. 39.

  82. 82.

    “Zou Gao” (The Memorials to the Emperor) in Li Wen Zhong Gong Quan Ji (The Complete Works of Mr. Li Hongzhang), Vol. 38.

  83. 83.

    Tao Yuan Wen Lu Wai Bian (Supplementary Essays of Wang Tao), Vol. 3.

  84. 84.

    See Footnote 81.

  85. 85.

    Zeng Jize, Chu Shi Ying Fa E Guo Ri Ji (Diaries about the Diplomatic Missions to Britain, France and Russia), Yuelu Press, 1985, p. 199.

  86. 86.

    Tao Yuan Wen Lu Wai Bian (Supplementary Essays of Wang Tao), Vol. 3.

  87. 87.

    Chou Yang Chu Yi (On Preparations for Westernization Movement), Vol. 1.

  88. 88.

    “Shang Zong Li Ge Guo Shi Wu Ya Men” (A Memorial to the Office in Charge of Affairs of all Nations) in Zuo Wen Xiang Gong Shu Du Jie Yao (Excerpts of Letters of Mr. Zuo Zongtang), Vol. 23.

  89. 89.

    “Wai Bu Han Gao” (Draft Letters from outside) in Li Wen Zhong Gong Quan Ji (The Complete Works of Mr. Li Hongzhang), Vol. 24, p. 2.

  90. 90.

    Zheng Guan Ying Ji (Collections of Zheng Guanying) (Book 1), p. 545.

  91. 91.

    Tao Yuan Wen Lu Wai Bian (Supplementary Essays of Wang Tao).

  92. 92.

    “Shang Zong Li Ge Guo Shi Wu Ya Men” (A Memorial to the Office in Charge of Affairs of all Nations) in Zuo Wen Xiang Gong Shu Du Jie Yao (Excerpts of Letters of Mr. Zuo Zongtang), Vol. 23.

  93. 93.

    “Dian Zou Er” (The Second Memorial by Telegraph) in Liu Kunyi Yi Ji (The Posthumous Works of Liu Kunyi).

  94. 94.

    “Peng Liao Han Gao” (Letters to Friends) in Li Wen Zhong Gong Quan Ji (The Complete Works of Mr. Li Hongzhang), Vol. 11.

  95. 95.

    “Zou Gao” (The Memorials to the Emperor) in Li Wen Zhong Gong Quan Ji (The Complete Works of Mr. Li Hongzhang), Vol. 29.

  96. 96.

    Xue Fucheng, Lun Zhong Guo Zai Gong Fa Wai Zhi Hai (On the Harmfullness of China’s Staying outside the System of Public Law).

  97. 97.

    Zhang Wen Xiang Gong Quan Ji (The Complete Works of Mr. Zhang Wenxiang), Vol. 23.

  98. 98.

    “Zou Gao” (The Memorials to the Emperor) in Li Wen Zhong Gong Quan Ji (The Complete Works of Mr. Li Hongzhang), Vol. 20.

  99. 99.

    “Gou Mai Chuan Pao” (Purchasing Ships and Artillery) in “Hai Fang Dang” (The Archive of Coastal Defence) in Zong Shu Shou Zeng Guo Fan Han Fu Hu Shang Ni Lian She Xin Lun Chaun Gong Si Zhang Cheng (The Letter Received from Zeng Guofan by the General Administration and Attached with The Regulation of the New Joint Ship Company by Shanghai Merchants) (26th May, the 6th year of the reign of Emperor Tongzhi), pp. 872–875.

  100. 100.

    “Gou Mai Chuan Pao” (Purchasing Ships and Artillery) in “Hai Fang Dang” (The Archive of Coastal Defence) in Zong Shu Shou Zeng Guo Fan Han Fu Hu Shang Ni Lian She Xin Lun Chaun Gong Si Zhang Cheng (The Letter Received from Zeng Guofan by the General Administration and Attached with The Regulation of the New Joint Ship Company by Shanghai Merchants) (26th May, the 6th year of the Reign of Emperor Tongzhi), p. 876.

  101. 101.

    Weng Tonghe, Weng Wen Gong Gong Ri Ji (Dairy of Weng Tonghe).

  102. 102.

    Yang Wu Yun Dong (The Westernization Movement), Vol. 2, pp. 569–570.

  103. 103.

    Xue Fucheng, Tuo Chou Tie Lu Shi Yi (Proper Handling of the Matters of Building Railways).

  104. 104.

    “Yi Shu Han Gao” (Letters of the Bureau of Translation) in Li Wen Zhong Gong Quan Ji (The Complete Works of Mr. Li Hongzhang), Vol. 12.

  105. 105.

    “Zou Gao” (The Memorials to the Emperor) in Li Wen Zhong Gong Quan Ji (The Complete Works of Mr. Li Hongzhang), Vol. 24.

  106. 106.

    Liu Zhuang Su Gong Zou Yi (The Memorials to the Emperor by Mr. Liu Mingchuan), Vol. 2.

  107. 107.

    Ma Jianzhong, Jie Zhai Yi Kai Tie Lu Lun (On Building Railways by Borrowing Money).

  108. 108.

    See Footnote 107.

  109. 109.

    Zhang Zhidong, Quan Xue Pian (Exhortation to Study).

  110. 110.

    Zou Gao (The Memorials to the Emperor) in Zhang Wen Xiang Gong Quan Ji (The Complete Works of Mr. Zhang Wenxiang), Vol. 153.

  111. 111.

    Jin Dai Tie Lu Shi Zi Liao (The Material on the History of Modern Railways), Vol. 1, Zhonghua Book Company, 1963, p. 203.

  112. 112.

    “Zou Gao” (The Memorials to the Emperor) in Li Wen Zhong Gong Quan Ji (The Complete Works of Mr. Li Hongzhang), Vol. 17, pp. 12–13.

  113. 113.

    Zhao Qing, Yi Menghong, Zhong Guo Jin Dai Jing Ji Si Xiang Zi Liao Xuan Ji (The Selected Materials of Modern Chinese Economic Thoughts), Zhonghua Book Company, 1982, pp. 383–384.

  114. 114.

    Yue Zahng Cheng An Hui Lan (Collections of Regulations and Settled Cases) (Passage 2) (Book 1), Vol. 33.

  115. 115.

    “Zou Gao” (The Memorials to the Emperor) in Li Wen Zhong Gong Quan Ji (The Complete Works of Mr. Li Hongzhang), Vol. 45.

  116. 116.

    “Peng Liao Han Gao” (Letters to Friends) in Li Wen Zhong Gong Quan Ji (The Complete Works of Mr. LiHongzhang), Vol. 39.

  117. 117.

    “Yi Shu Han Gao” (Letters of the Bureau of Translation) in Li Wen Zhong Gong Quan Ji (The Complete Works of Mr. Li Hongzhang), Vol. 20.

  118. 118.

    Liu Chun, Ying Mei Liang Guo Zai Hua Hang Yun De Jing Zheng (The Competition on Shipping in China between Britain and America).

  119. 119.

    “Yi Shu Han Gao” (Letters of the Bureau of Translation) in Li Wen Zhong Gong Quan Ji (The Complete Works of Mr. Li Hongzhang), Vol. 7.

  120. 120.

    “Yi Shu Han Gao” (Letters of the Bureau of Translation) in Li Wen Zhong Gong Quan Ji (The Complete Works of Mr. Li Hongzhang), Vol. 20.

  121. 121.

    “Gou Mai Chuan Pao” (Purchasing Ships and Artillery) (part 3) in “Hai Fang Dang” (The Archive of Coastal Defence) (A) inLi Hong Zhang Zhi Zong Shu Han (Letter from Li Hongzhang to the General Administration).

  122. 122.

    “Yi Shu Han Gao” (Letters of the Bureau of Translation) in Li Wen Zhong Gong Quan Ji (The Complete Works of Mr. Li Hongzhang), Vol. 7.

  123. 123.

    “Ji Yi Shu” (To the Translation Bureau) in “Dian Gao Shi Si” (The 14th Telegraph) in Li Wen Zhong Gong Quan Ji (The Complete Works of Mr. Li Hongzhang).

  124. 124.

    “Za Zhu” (Miscellaneous Essays) in Zeng Wen Gong Zheng Quan Ji (The Collected Works of Zeng Guofan).

  125. 125.

    “Ri Ji” (Dairy) in Zeng Wen Gong Zheng Quan Ji (The Collected Works of Zeng Guofan).

  126. 126.

    “Wen Ji” (Collection of Essays) in Zeng Wen Gong Zheng Quan Ji (The Collected Works of Zeng Guofan).

  127. 127.

    See Footnote 124.

  128. 128.

    See Footnote 126.

  129. 129.

    See Footnote 126.

  130. 130.

    See Footnote 126.

  131. 131.

    “Shu Zha” (Letters) in Zeng Wen Gong Zheng Quan Ji (The Collected Works of Zeng Guofan).

  132. 132.

    See Footnote 124.

  133. 133.

    See Footnote 131.

  134. 134.

    Zou Gao (The Memorials to the Emperor) in Zeng Wen Gong Zheng Quan Ji (The Collected Works of Zeng Guofan).

  135. 135.

    See Footnote 134.

  136. 136.

    “Ren Xue” (Doctrine of Benevolence) in Tan Si Tong Quan Ji (The Complete Works of Tan Sitong).

  137. 137.

    “Jia Shu” (Home Letters) in Zeng Wen Gong Zheng Quan Ji (The Collected Works of Zeng Guofan).

  138. 138.

    Zou Gao (The Memorials to the Emperor) in Zeng Wen Gong Zheng Quan Ji (The Collected Works of Zeng Guofan).

  139. 139.

    “Shu Zha Xu Cha” (A Sequel of Letters) in Zeng Wen Gong Zheng Quan Ji (The Collected Works of Zeng Guofan).

  140. 140.

    Zeng Guo Fan Wei Kan Xin Gao (The Unpublished Letters by Zeng Guofan).

  141. 141.

    Zou Gao (The Memorials to the Emperor) in Li Wen Zhong Gong Quan Ji (The Complete Works of Mr. Li Hongzhang), Vol. 74.

  142. 142.

    Zhang Wen Xiang Gong Quan Ji (The Complete Works of Mr. Zhang Wenxiang), Vol. 6.

  143. 143.

    Zhang Wen Xiang Gong Quan Ji (The Complete Works of Mr. Zhang Wenxiang), Vol. 1.

  144. 144.

    See Footnote 142.

  145. 145.

    “Shi Ban Zhi Bu Ju Zhe” (A Memorial to the Emperor about the Tentative Establishment of Weaving Bureau) in “Zou Yi” (The Memorials to the Emperor) in Li Wen Zhong Gong Quan Ji (The Complete Works of Mr. Li Hongzhang).

  146. 146.

    Robert Hart, “Ju Wai Pang Guan Lun” (The Bystander’s View)in “Tong Zhi Chao” (The Reign of Emperor Tongzhi) in Chou Ban Yi Wu Shi Mo (The Beginning and End of Making Preparations forYi Wuor The Foreign Affairs), Vol. 4.

  147. 147.

    Guo Song Tao Ri Ji (The Diary of Guo Songtao) (Book 3).

  148. 148.

    Nobuhiro Nagai, Yang Wu Yun Dong Shi Qi De Guan Du Shang Ban (Government-Supervised and Merchant-Run System during the Westernization Movement).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jinfan Zhang .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 Springer Science+Business Media Singapore

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Zhang, J. (2020). The Legal System Proposed by the Westernization Group Featured by “Zhong Ti Xi Yong”. In: The History of Chinese Legal Civilization. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-1032-3_4

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-1032-3_4

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore

  • Print ISBN: 978-981-10-1030-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-981-10-1032-3

  • eBook Packages: Law and CriminologyLaw and Criminology (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics