Abstract
There have been strong calls from the higher education community for greater reciprocal, collaborative and mutually enriching relationships between the community and the academy. Underpinning the PACE initiative for example, is the "principle of reciprocity”, a “commitment to mutually beneficial learning and engagement” and an overall aim that students make a “valuable and valued contribution to partners and the communities they serve” (PACE, PACE Strategic Plan 2014 to 2016, 2014). What is it, however, that higher education institutions, practitioners, and scholars mean by such calls and commitments to service, mutual benefit, and reciprocity? The agenda and goals of community engagement in higher education remain somewhat ambiguous, as these guiding concepts are understood and interpreted in diverse and problematic ways by different actors and institutions. This chapter invites the higher education community to deconstruct key terms used to describe community engagement activities and relationships, and encourages critical reflection on our attempts to enact them through our research and practice.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
Community-based service-learning (CBSL) is used to describe community-engagements activities within the higher education context that integrate experiential learning and academic goals with organized activities designed to meet the objectives of community partners.
- 2.
While the dichotomy of community-university is useful to analyze academic practice and to advance discussion, the author recognizes both groups as heterogeneous, multi-dimensional (politically, socially, economically), complex, overlapping, fluid and dynamic.
References
Alfini, N., & Chambers, R. (2007). Words count: Taking a count of the changing language of British aid. Development in Practice, 17(4–5), 492–504.
Baker-Boosamra, M., Guevara, J. A., & Balfour, D. L. (2006). From service to solidarity: Evaluation and recommendations for international service learning. Journal of Public Affairs Education, 12(4), 479–500.
Birdshall, J. T. (2005). Community voice: Community partners reflect in service-learning. Journal of Civic Commitment, 5. Retrieved from http://www.servicelearning.org/library/resource/7077
Blouin, D. D., & Perry, E. M. (2009). Whom does service learning really serve? Community-based organizations’ perspectives on service learning. Teaching Sociology, 37(2), 120–135.
Bringle, R. G., & Clayton, P. H. (2012). Civic education through service-learning: What, how, and why? In L. McIlraith, A. Lyons, & R. Munck (Eds.), Higher education and civic engagement: Comparative perspectives (pp. 101–124). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Bringle, R. G., & Hatcher, J. A. (2002). Campus-community partnerships: The terms of engagement. Journal of Social Issues, 58(3), 503–516.
Butin, D. W. (2003). Of what use is it? Multiple conceptualizations of service learning within education. The Teachers College Record, 105(9), 1674–1692.
Butin, D. W. (2010). Service-learning in theory and practice: The future of community engagement in higher education. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Butterwick, S. (2011). Travels with feminist community-based research: Reflections on social location, class relations, and negotiating reciprocity. In G. Creese & W. Frisby (Eds.), Feminist community research: Case studies and methodologies (pp. 58–74). Vancouver: UBS Press.
Crabtree, R. D. (2008). Theoretical foundations for international service-learning. Michigan Journal of Community Service Learning, 15(1), 18–36.
Crabtree, R. D. (2013). The intended and unintended consequences of international service-learning. Journal of Higher Education Outreach and Engagement, 17(2), 43–66.
Cruz, N. (1990). A challenge to the notion of service. In J. C. Kendall (Ed.), Combining service and learning: A resource book for community and public service (pp. 321–323). Raleigh: National Society for Internships and Experiential Education.
Cruz, N. I., & Giles, D. E. (2000). Where’s the community in service-learning research. Michigan Journal of Community Service Learning, 7(1), 28-34.
Cushman, E. (1996). The rhetorician as an agent of social change. College Composition and Communication, 47, 7–28. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/358271
Cushman, E., Powell, K. M., & Takayoshi, P. (2004). Response to “accepting the roles created for us: The ethics of reciprocity”. College Composition and Communication, 56(1), 150–156.
d’Arlach, L., Sánchez, B., & Feuer, R. (2009). Voices from the community: A case for reciprocity in service-learning. Michigan Journal of Community Service Learning, 16(1), 5–16.
Dostilio, L. D., Brackmann, S. M., Edwards, K. E., Harrison, B., Kliewer, B. W., & Clayton, P. H. (2012). Reciprocity: Saying what we mean and meaning what we say. Michigan Journal of Community Service Learning, 19(1), 17–32.
Eby, J. W. (1998). Why service-learning is bad. Retrieved from http://glennblalock.org/~gblalock/glennblalock/wiki/uploads/ACSM1110f09/whySLbad.pdf
Enos, S., & Morton, K. (2003). Developing a theory and practice of campus-community partnerships. In B. Jacoby and Associates (Eds.), Building partnerships for service-learning (pp. 20–41). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Fox, D. J. (2002). Service learning and self-reflectivity in rural Jamaica. Practicing Anthropology, 24(2), 2–7.
Frisby, W., & Creese, G. (2011). Unpacking relationships in feminist community research: Crosscutting themes. In G. Creese & W. Frisby (Eds.), Feminist community research: Case studies and methodologies (pp. 1–15). Vancouver: UBS Press.
Ginwright, S., & Cammarota, J. (2002). New terrain in youth development: The promise of a social justice approach. Social Justice, 29(4), 82–95.
Hammersley, L., Bilous, R., James, S. W., Trau, A. M., & Suchet-Pearson, S. (2014). Challenging ideals of reciprocity in undergraduate teaching: The unexpected benefits of unpredictable cross-cultural fieldwork. Journal of Geography in Higher Education, 38(2), 208–218.
Harrison, J., MacGibbon, L., & Morton, M. (2001). Regimes of trustworthiness in qualitative research: Rigors of reciprocity. Qualitative Inquiry, 7, 323–345.
Henry, S. E., & Breyfogle, M. L. (2006). Toward a new framework of “server” and “served”: De(and re)constructing reciprocity in service-learning pedagogy. International Journal of Teaching and Learning in Higher Education, 18(1), 27.
Hessler, H. B. (2000). Composing an institutional identity: The terms of community service in higher education. Language and Learning across the Disciplines, 4(3), 27–42.
Howitt, R. (1998). Scale as relation: Musical metaphors of geographical scale. Area, 30, 49–58.
Huisman, K. (2008). “Does this mean you’re not going to come visit me anymore?”: An inquiry into an ethics of reciprocity and positionality in feminist ethnographic research*. Sociological Inquiry, 78(3), 372–396.
Jameson, J. K., Clayton, P. H., & Jaeger, A. J. (2011). Community engaged scholarship as mutually transformative partnerships. In L. Harter, J. Hamel-Lambert, & J. Millesen (Eds.), Participatory partnerships for social action and research (pp. 259–277). Dubuque: Kendall Hunt.
Johnson, M. (2009). Post-reciprocity: In defence of the “post” perspective. Frontiers: The Interdisciplinary Journal of Study Abroad, 18, 181–186.
Kendall, J. (Ed.). (1990). Combining service and learning: A resource book for community and public service (Vol. 1). Raleigh: National Society for Internships and Experiential Education.
Kiely, R. (2004, Spring). A chameleon with a complex: Searching for transformation in international service-learning. Michigan Journal of Community Service Learning, 5–20.
Kiely, R., & Hartman, R. (2011). Qualitative research methodology and international service learning: Concepts, characteristics, methods, approaches, and best practices. In R. G. Bringle, J. A. Hatcher, & S. G. Jones (Eds.), International service learning: Conceptual frameworks and research (pp. 291–318). Sterling: Stylus.
King, J. (2004). Service-learning as a site for critical pedagogy: A case for collaboration, caring and defamiliarization across borders. The Journal of Experiential Education, 26(3), 121–137.
Kirsch, G. (1999). Ethical dilemmas in feminist research: The politics of location, interpretation, and publication. Albany: State University of New York Press.
Lather, P. (1986). Research as praxis. Harvard Educational Review, 56(3), 257–278.
Leiderman, S., Furco, A., Zapf, J., & Goss, M. (2002). Building Partnerships with College Campuses: Community Perspectives. Washington, DC: Council of Independent Colleges.
Lloyd, K., Clark, L., Hammersley, L., Baker, M., Powell, A., & Rawlings-Sanaei, F. (2014). Unintended outcomes? Building organisational capacity with PACE international partners. Paper presented at the ACEN national conference on work integrated learning: Building capacity, 29 Sept–3 Oct, Tweed Heads.
Lowery, D., May, D. L., Duchane, K. A., Coulter-Kern, R., Bryant, D., Morris, P. V., Pomery, J. G., & Bellner, M. (2006, Spring). A logic model service-learning: Tensions and issues for further consideration. Michigan Journal of Service Learning, 47–60.
Macquarie University. (2014). Our university: A framing of futures. Retrieved April 10, 2015, from http://www.mq.edu.au/our-university/
Maiter, S., Simich, L., Jacobson, N., & Wise, J. (2008). Reciprocity: An ethic for community-based participatory action research. Action Research, 6(3), 305–325.
Mansuri, G., & Rao, V. (2004). Community-based and-driven development: A critical review. The World Bank Research Observer, 19(1), 1–39.
McFarlane, C. (2006). Knowledge, learning and development: A post-rationalist approach. Progress in Development Studies, 6(4), 287–305.
McKnight, J. (1995). The careless society: Community and its counterfeits. New York: Basic Books.
Mitchell, T. D. (2008). Traditional vs. critical service-learning: Engaging the literature to differentiate two models. Michigan Journal of Community Service Learning, 14(2), 50–65.
Morton, K. (1995). The irony of service: Charity, project, and social change in service-learning. Michigan Journal of Community Service Learning, 2, 19–32.
Oldfield, S. (2008). Who is serving whom? Partners, process, and products in service-learning projects in South African urban geography. Journal of Geography in Higher Education, 32(2), 269–285.
PACE. (2014). PACE Strategic Plan 2014 to 2016. Macquarie University.
Pompa, L. (2002). Service-learning as crucible: Reflections on immersion, context, power, and transformation. Michigan Journal of Community Service Learning, 9(1), 67–76.
Porter, M., & Monard, K. (2001). Ayni in the global village: Building relationships of reciprocity through international service-learning. Michigan Journal of Community Service Learning, 8(1), 5–17.
Powell, K. M., & Takayoshi, P. (2003). Accepting roles created for us: The ethics of reciprocity. College Composition and Communication, 54, 394–422. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/3594171
Puma, J., Bennett, L., Cutforth, N., Tombari, C., & Stein, P. (2009). A case study of a community-based participatory evaluation research (CBPER) project: Reflections on promising practices and shortcomings. Michigan Journal of Community Service Learning, 15(2), 34–47.
Rhodes, N. (1997). Campus compact: The project for public and community service. Journal of Public Service and Outreach, 2(1), 56–61.
Robinson, J. W., & Green, G. P. (2011). Developing communities. In J. W. Robinson Jr. & G. P. Green (Eds.), Introduction to community development: Theory, practice, and service-learning (pp. 1–9). Los Angeles: Sage.
Saltmarsh, J., & Hartley, M. (2011). “To serve a larger purpose”: Engagement for democracy and the transformation of higher education. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
Saltmarsh, J., Hartley, M., & Clayton, P. H. (2009). Democratic engagement white paper. Boston: New England Resource Center for Higher Education.
Sandy, M., & Holland, B. A. (2006). Different worlds and common ground: Community partner perspectives on campus-community partnerships. Michigan Journal of Community Service Learning, 13(1), 30–43.
Seidel, R., & Zlotkowski, E. (1993, May–June). Common ground: From service-learning to community-learning. Experiential Education, 10, 15.
Simons, L., & Clearly, B. (2006). The influence of service-learning on students’ personal and social development. College Teaching, 54, 307–319.
Stanton, T. K. (2000, Fall). Bringing reciprocity to service-learning research and practice [Special issue]. Michigan Journal of Community Service Learning, 119–123.
Steinman, E. (2011). “Making space”: Lessons from collaborations with tribal nations. Michigan Journal of Community Service Learning, 18(1), 5–18.
Taylor, J. (2002). Metaphors we serve by: Investigating the conceptual metaphors framing national and community service and service-learning. Michigan Journal of Community Service Learning, 9(1), 45–57.
Tonkin, H. (2011). A research agenda for international service learning. In R. G. Bringle, J. A. Hatcher, & S. G. Jones (Eds.), International service learning: Conceptual frameworks and research (pp. 191–224). Sterling: Stylus.
Ward, K., & Wolf-Wendel, L. (2000). Community-centered service learning: Moving from doing for to doing with. American Behavioral Scientist, 43(5), 767–780.
Weems, L. (2006). Unsettling politics, locating ethics: Representations of reciprocity in postpositivist inquiry. Qualitative Inquiry, 12, 994–1011.
Weerts, D. J., & Sandmann, L. R. (2008). Building a two-way street: Challenges and opportunities for community engagement at research universities. The Review of Higher Education, 32(1), 73–106.
Wright, S., Suchet-Pearson, S., & Lloyd, K. (2007). An interwoven learning exchange: Transforming research–teaching relationships in the top end, Northern Australia. Geographical Research, 45, 150–157.
Zigo, D. (2001). Rethinking reciprocity: Collaboration in labor as a path toward equalizing power in classroom research. Qualitative Studies in Education, 14, 351–365.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 Springer Science+Business Media Singapore
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Hammersley, L. (2017). Language Matters: Reciprocity and Its Multiple Meanings. In: Sachs, J., Clark, L. (eds) Learning Through Community Engagement. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0999-0_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0999-0_8
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-10-0997-6
Online ISBN: 978-981-10-0999-0
eBook Packages: EducationEducation (R0)