Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Borneo Studies in History, Society and Culture pp 125–158Cite as

Devolved, Diverse, Distinct? Hunter-Gatherer Research in Borneo

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

Part of the book series: Asia in Transition ((AT,volume 4))

Abstract

In this chapter, past and present research on Borneo hunter-gatherers is reviewed briefly, followed by a general discussion of the category referred to as the hunter-gatherers of Borneo, their presumed origin/s, their distinctiveness, or their inclusion in wider sociopolitical contexts. It is suggested that our descriptions, besides emphasising techno-economic factors, often emanate from rather simple dichotomies, where people and subsistence strategies are sorted into more or less ideal and homogenous types. Today, however, no simple picture of Borneo hunter-gatherers, past or present, can be put forward. Not only is our knowledge of hunter-gatherers in Borneo limited, it covers a very thin layer of time. Even though the huge data gap that exists between historic and prehistoric hunter-gatherers will never be bridged, present and future research in social or natural sciences (e.g. anthropology, archaeology, linguistics, palynology, paleobiology and genetics) will almost certainly generate an increasingly complex and ambiguous picture of Borneo hunter-gatherers, transcending any single grand theory and thereby reshaping and enriching our perception of the past, as well as the present.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   149.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    The concept of hunter-gatherers is used in this chapter as a heuristic device. Although there are several alternative terms, with a similar meaning, frequently used in the Borneo literature, e.g. ‘nomads’, ‘foragers’ or even ‘forest dwellers’, the concept of hunter-gatherers is probably the most well known and widely used.

  2. 2.

    If we include the agricultural ‘Orang Batin Kubu’, or ‘Kubu jinak’ (tame Kubu), the overall population figures for Kubu would reach close to 20,000 people (Sager 2008: 11).

  3. 3.

    The Soach (i.e. former hunter-gatherers of Cambodia), are an intermediate category between Negrito and non-Negrito, according to David Bulbeck (2013: 96). For more information and additional references, see Peter Sercombe and Bernard Sellato (2007) and Robert L. Winzeler (2011).

  4. 4.

    According to Harmut Hildebrand, the earliest known sources describing Borneo hunter-gatherers appeared in 1790 and in 1814. The latter source is the first one mentioning the name ‘Punan’ (although misspelt as ‘Puman’).

  5. 5.

    For a more complete review of the literature on Borneo nomads, see Hildebrand (1982) and the introductory chapter to Sercombe and Sellato (2007).

  6. 6.

    As mentioned in an obituary in the Guardian on 16 January 2007, Needham (1921–1980) ‘placed an embargo on both his Oxford BLitt thesis and his DPhil thesis’. For a short summary of his thesis, see Needham (1972).

  7. 7.

    Johannes Nicolaisen (1921–1980) may have had the intention of writing a monograph on the Penan, but this was made impossible by his untimely death in 1980.

  8. 8.

    Tom Harrisson died in an accident in 1976, at the age of 65.

  9. 9.

    According to Huw Barton (2009), the economic return rates from sago palms (3600 kcal/h) are significantly higher than those from swidden rice fields (400–1500 kcal/h). In reference to the Kelabit, Barton states that ‘the point of growing rice is … to show exceptional ability. If they wanted only to survive, they could make sago or grow root crops’ (ibid.).

  10. 10.

    The Bukit of the Meratus range of South Kalimantan are not considered as belonging to the category of hunter-gatherers, although the question of their origins is enigmatic and ‘indeed an intriguing one’ (Sillander 2004: 40). In their marginality, however, they have very much in common with groups of hunter-gatherers in Borneo.

  11. 11.

    See also Rousseau (1990: 242), who mentions the enslavement of groups of hunter-gatherers in Borneo.

  12. 12.

    Eastern and Western Penan speak different dialects of the same language. Brosius (1988: 84) has described these two dialects as ‘significantly different’ but ‘mutually intelligible’.

  13. 13.

    The only languages spoken by groups of Borneo hunter-gatherers that do not contain the lexical items identified by Sellato are, as far as we know, those of the Eastern/Western Penan and the Punan Kelai/Segah. They are thus not part of this ‘old Punan linguistic entity’.

  14. 14.

    For more detail on the complex issue of the Negritos, see the special issue of Human Ecology (2013) 85(1/3), edited by Phillip Endicott. http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/human_biology/toc/hub.85.1-3.html.

  15. 15.

    The ideas presented by Stephen Oppenheimer are partly inspired by Wilhelm Solheim’s (1996, 2006) Nusantao maritime trading and communication network, a hypothesis that he developed 40 years ago, although modified and developed continuously since then.

  16. 16.

    The Kajang may have no historical tradition of ever having been nomadic (Brosius 1992: 56), but they are referred to as a ‘composite ethnic group’ by Sellato (1994a: 212), and an example of the historically common amalgamation of groups of hunter-gatherers and (non-stratified) horticulturalists: ‘The sharing of geographical space, of ancient ties, and probably of the same lingua franca, and the threat of common enemies contribute to the formation of an ethnic “melting pot” in which nomads and horticulturalists blend’ (ibid.).

References

  • Adelaar, K. Alexander. 1995. Borneo as a cross-roads for comparative Austronesian linguistics. In The Austronesians: historical and comparative perspectives, eds. Peter S. Bellwood, James J. Fox, and Darrell T. Tryon, pp. 75–95. Canberra: Australian National University, Department of Anthropology, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ames, Kenneth M. 2004. Book review essay: Supposing hunter-gatherer variability. American Antiquity 69(2):364–374.

    Google Scholar 

  • Appell-Warren, Laura P. 1985. Resettlement of the Bulusu´ and Punan in Indonesian Borneo: policy and history. Sarawak Museum Journal 17:10–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Appell, George N. 1983. Ethnic groups in the northeast region on Indonesian Borneo and their social organization. Borneo Research Bulletin 15(1):38–45.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arnold, Guy. 1956. Prehistory of Usun Apau. Sarawak Museum Journal 7:166–189.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arnold, Guy. 1957. Nomads of the Borneo jungle. Country Life 14 February.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arnold, Guy. 1958. Nomadic Penan of the upper Rejang (Plieran), Sarawak. Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 31(1):40–82.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arnold, Guy. 1959. Longhouse and jungle: an expedition to Sarawak. London: Chatto and Windus.

    Google Scholar 

  • Avé, Jan B., and Victor T. King. 1986. Borneo: the people of the weeping forest: tradition and change in Borneo. Leiden: National Museum of Ethnology.

    Google Scholar 

  • Babcock, Tim G. 1974. Indigenous ethnicity in Sarawak. Sarawak Museum Journal (22)43:191–202.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bahuchet, Serge, and Henri Guillaume. 1982. Aka-Farmer relations in the northwest Congo basin. In Politics and history in band societies, eds. Eleanor Leacock, and Richard Lee, 189–211. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bailey, Robert C., Genevieve Head, Mark Jenike, Bruce Owen, Robert Rechtman, and Elzbieta Zechenter. 1989. Hunting and gathering in the tropical rain forest: is it possible? American Anthropologist 91(1):59–82.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barker, Graeme. 2005. The archaeology of foraging and farming at Niah Caves, Sarawak. Asian Perspectives 44(1):90–106.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barker, Graeme. 2008. Footsteps and marks: transitions to farming in the rainforests of island Southeast Asia. New Haven, CT: Yale University Agrarian Studies Colloquium Series 3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barker, Graeme, and Monica Janowski, eds. 2011. Why cultivate? Anthropological and archaeological approaches to foraging-farming transitions in Southeast Asia. Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barth, Fredrik. 1969. Introduction. In Ethnic groups and boundaries, ed. Fredrik Barth, 99–38. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barton, Huw. 2009. The social landscape of rice within vegecultural systems in Borneo. Current Anthropology (50)5:673–675.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barton, Huw. 2012. The reversed fortunes of sago and rice, Oryza sativa, in the rainforests of Sarawak, Borneo. Quaternary International 249:96–104.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barton, Huw., and Denham, T. 2011. Prehistoric vegeculture and social life in island Southeast Asia and Melanesia. In Why cultivate? Anthropological and archaeological approaches to foraging-farming transitions in Southeast Asia, eds. Graeme Barker, and Monica Janowski, 17–25. Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beer, Jenne H. de, and Melanie J. MacDermott. 1989. The economic value of Non-Timber Forest Products in Southeast Asia, with emphasis on Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand. Amsterdam: Netherlands Committee for IUCN.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bellwood, Peter. 1992. The prehistory of Borneo. Borneo Research Bulletin 24:7–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bellwood, Peter. 2007 [1985]. Prehistory of the Indo-Malaysian Archipelago, rev. ed. Canberra: ANU EPress.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bellwood, Peter. 2009. Reply: Rethinking the origin of agriculture. Current Anthropology 50(5):707–708.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bending, Tim. 2006. Penan histories: contentious narratives in upriver Sarawak. Leiden: KITLV Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Benjamin, Geoffrey. 1986. Between isthmus and island: reflections on Malayan palaeo-sociology. Working Paper 71. Singapore: National University of Singapore, Department of Sociology.

    Google Scholar 

  • Benjamin, Geoffrey. 2013. Indigenous migrations, Southeast Asia. In The encyclopedia of global human migration, ed. Immanuel Ness, Online edition. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Biesbrouck, Karen, Stefan Elders, and Gerda Rossel, eds. 1999. Central African hunter-gatherers in a multidisciplinary perspective: challenging elusiveness. Leiden: Research School for Asian, African, and Amerindian Studies (CNWS) Leiden University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Black, Ian. 1985. The ‘Lastposten’: Eastern Kalimantan and the Dutch in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 16(2): 281–291.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blust, Robert. 1976. Austronesian culture history: Some linguistic inferences and the relations to the archaeological record. World Archaeology 8(1):19–43.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blust, Robert. 1989. Comments. Current Anthropology 30(1):53–54.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blust, Robert. 1996. Austronesian cultural history: the window from language. Transactions of American Philosophical Society 86(5):28–35.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bock, Carl. 1881. The headhunters of Borneo. London: Sampson Low, Marston, Searle and Rivington.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boedhihartono, A. Klintuni. 2004. Dilemme à Malinau, Bornéo: être ou ne pas être un chasseur-cueilleur Punan. Evolution et transformation d’une communauté de chasseurs-cueilleurs. PhD thesis, Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boedhihartono, A. Klintuni. 2008. Punan hunter-gatherers and the Heart of Borneo initiative. In Reflections on the heart of Borneo, eds. Gerard A. Persoon, and Manon Osseweijer, 159–174. Wageningen: Tropenbos International.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brosius, J. Peter. 1986. River, forest and mountain: the Penan Geng landscape. Sarawak Museum Journal 36(57):173–184.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brosius, J. Peter. 1988. A separate reality: comments on Hoffman’s The Punan: hunters and gatherers of Borneo. Borneo Research Bulletin 20(2):81–106.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brosius, J. Peter. 1989a. The Penan encounter with development in Sarawak, East Malaysia. Paper presented at the Economic Change and Development in Southeast Asia: Local Issues, Midwest Conference on Asian Affairs, 28–29 October.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brosius, J. Peter. 1989b. Landscape and society in Borneo: Penan hunter-gatherers of Sarawak. Paper presented at the Rainforest: Life in a Canopied World, the University Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania, 4 February.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brosius, J. Peter. 1990. Penan hunter-gatherers of Sarawak, East Malaysia. AnthroQuest 42:1–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brosius, J. Peter. 1991. Foraging in tropical rain forests: the case of the Penan of Sarawak, East Malaysia (Borneo). Human Ecology 19(2):123–150.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brosius, J. Peter. 1992. The axiological presence of death: Penan Gang death-names. 2 vols. PhD thesis, University of Michigan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brosius, J. Peter. 1993. Between development and deforestation: negotiating citizenship in a commodified landscape. Akademia 42/43:87–104.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brosius, J. Peter. 1995. Bornean forest trade in historical and regional perspective: the case of Penan hunter-gatherers of Sarawak. In Society and non-timber forest products in tropical Asia, ed. Jefferson Fox, 13–26. Honolulu: East-West Center Occasional Papers Environmental Series 19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brosius, J. Peter. 1997. Endangered forest, endangered people: environmentalist representations of indigenous knowledge. Human Ecology 25(1):47–69.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brosius, J. Peter. 1999a. Analyses and interventions: anthropological engagements with environmentalism. Current Anthropology 40(3):277–309.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brosius, J. Peter. 1999b. Locations and representations: writing in the political present in Sarawak, East Malaysia. Identities 6(2/3):345–386.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brosius, J. Peter. 1999c. Green dots, pink hearts: displacing politics from the Malaysian rain forest. American Anthropologist 101(1):36–57.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brosius, J. Peter. 2006. Between politics and poetics: narratives of dispossession in Sarawak, Malaysia. In Reimagining political ecology, eds. Aletta Biersack and James B. Greenberg, 281–322. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brosius, J. Peter. 2007. Prior transcripts, divergent paths: resistance and acquiescence to logging in Sarawak, East Malaysia. In Beyond the green myth: Borneo’s hunter-gatherers in the twenty-first century, eds. Peter Sercombe, and Bernard Sellato, 289–333. Copenhagen: NIAS Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brunton, Ron. 1990. The cultural instability of egalitarian societies. Man n.s. 24(4):673–681.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bulbeck, David. 2013. Craniodental affinities of Southeast Asia’s ‘Negritos’ and the concordance with their genetic affinities. Human Biology 85(1/3):95–134.

    Google Scholar 

  • Césard, Nicolas. 2007. A sociohistorical transition: trade in forest products and bride-price among the Punan Tubu of Eastern Kalimantan. Anthropos 102(2):455–477.

    Google Scholar 

  • Césard, Nicolas. 2009. Des objets en partage. Produits forestiers, prestations matrimoniales et transformations sociales chez les Punan Tubu, Kalimantan-Est. Indonésie. PhD thesis, Ecole des hautes études en sciences sociales.

    Google Scholar 

  • Césard, Nicolas. 2013. Acculturation or continuity? The adoption of marriage payments among the Punan Tubu Indonesia. Paper presented at the 10th Conference on Hunting and Gathering Societies CHaGS, Liverpool, 25–28 June.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chan, Henry. 2007b. History and the Punan Vuhang: response to economic and resource tenure change. In Beyond the green myth: Borneo’s hunter-gatherers in the twenty-first century, eds. Peter Sercombe, and Bernard Sellato, 192–226. Copenhagen: NIAS Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chan, Henry. 2007a. Survival in the rainforest: change and resilience among the Punan Vuhang of eastern Sarawak, Malaysia. Helsinki: Helsinki University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen, Paul C.Y. 1990. Penans: the nomads of Sarawak. Petaling Jaya: Pelanduk Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chin, S.C. 1985. Agriculture and resource utilization in a lowland rainforest Kenyah community. Sarawak Museum Journal 35(56):1–322. Special Monograph 4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis, Wade. 1992. Bruno Manser and the Penan struggle for the Borneo rain forest. The Gettysburg Review 5(4):613–625.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis, Wade, and Thom Henley. 1991. Penan: voice for the Borneo rainforest. Vancouver: Western Canada Wilderness Committee–Wild Campaign.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis, Wade, Ian Mackenzie, and Shane Kennedy. 1995. Nomads of the dawn: the Penan of the Borneo rain forest. San Francisco: Pomegranate Artbooks.

    Google Scholar 

  • Donohue, Mark, and Tim Denham. 2010. Farming and language in island Southeast Asia: reframing Austronesian history. Current Anthropology 51(2):223–256.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dove, Michael R. 1993. Uncertainty, humility, and adaptation in the tropical forest: the agricultural augury of the Kantu. Ethnology 32(2):145–167.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eghenter, Cristina, and Bernard Sellato. 2003. Introduction. In Social science research and conservation management in the interior of Borneo: unravelling past and present interactions of people and forests, eds. Cristina Eghenter, Bernard Sellato, and G. Simon Devung, 1–34. Bogor: Center for International Forestry Research.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eghenter, Cristina, Bernard Sellato, and G. Simon Devung, eds. 2003. Social science research and conservation management in the interior of Borneo: unravelling past and present interactions of people and forests. Bogor: Center for International Forestry Research.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ellen, Roy. 1988. Foraging, starch extraction and the sedentary lifestyle in the lowland rainforest of central Seram. In Hunters and gatherers. vol. 1: History, evolution and social change, eds. Tim Ingold, David Riches, and James Woodburn, 117–134. Oxford: Berg.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ellen, Roy. 2011. Sago as a buffer against subsistence stress and as a currency of inter-island trade networks in eastern Indonesia. In Why cultivate? Anthropological and archaeological approaches to foraging-farming transitions in Southeast Asia, eds. Graeme Barker, and Monica Janowski, 47–60. Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ellis, D.B. 1972. A study of the Punan Busang. Sarawak Museum Journal 40/41:235–299.

    Google Scholar 

  • Elshout, Jacob M. 1926. De Kenja-Dajaks uit het Apokajan gebied: bijdragen tot de Kennis von Centraal-Borneo. ‘s-Gravenhage: Nijhoff.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fox, Robert. 1952. The Pinatubo Negritos: their useful plants and material culture. Philippine Journal of Science 81(3/4):173–391.

    Google Scholar 

  • Freeman, J.D. 1955. Iban agriculture: a report on the shifting cultivation of hill rice by the Iban of Sarawak. London: Her Majesty’s Stationary Office, Colonial Research Studies 18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Furness, William Henry. 1979 [1902]. The home-life of the Borneo head-hunters: its festivals and folk-lore. New York: AMS Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gardner, Peter M. 1993. Dimensions of subsistence foraging in South India. Ethnology 32(2):109–144.

    Google Scholar 

  • Geddes, W.R. 1954. The Land Dayaks of Sarawak. London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, Colonial Research Studies 14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Griffin, P. Bion. 1984. Forager resource and land use in the humid tropics: the Agta of northeastern Luzon, the Philippines. In Past and present in hunter gatherer studies, ed. Carmel Schrire, 95–121. Orlando: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guerreiro, Antonio J. 1985. An ethnological survey of the Kelai River area, Kabupaten Berau, East Kalimantan. Borneo Research Bulletin 18(2):106–120.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guerreiro, Antonio J. 2004. A rejoinder to Herwig Zahorka’s ‘Basap cave dwellers in Mangkalihat’ and some additional notes on the Basap and resettlement in East Kalimantan. Borneo Research Bulletin 35:83–98.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haddon, Alfred C. 1901. Headhunters: black, white and brown. London: Methuen.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harrisson, Tom. 1949. Notes on some nomadic Punans. Sarawak Museum Journal 5(1):130–146.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harrisson, Tom. 1959. World within: a Borneo story. London: Cresset.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harrisson, Tom. 1975. Further notes on Sarawak and Kalimantan Punan (and Penan). Borneo Research Bulletin 7(1):3–4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hayden, Brian. 2011. Rice: the first Asian luxury food? In Why cultivate? Anthropological and archaeological approaches to foraging-farming transitions in Southeast Asia, eds. Graeme Barker, and Monica Janowski, 75–94. Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research.

    Google Scholar 

  • Headland, Thomas N. 1987. The wild yam question: How well could independent hunter-gatherers live in a tropical rainforest environment? Human Ecology 15(4):463–491.

    Google Scholar 

  • Headland, Thomas N., and Lawrence Reid. 1989. Hunter-gatherers and their neighbors from prehistory to the present. Current Anthropology 30(1):43–51.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hildebrand, Harmut K. 1982. Die Wildbeutergruppen Borneos. Munich: Minerva Publikation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoffman, Carl L. 1981. Some notes on the origin of the ‘Punan’ of Borneo. Borneo Research Bulletin 13(2):71–75.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoffman, Carl L. 1982. Implications of economics: the wild Punan of Borneo. Paper to the 81st Annual Meeting of the American Anthropological Association, Washington, DC, 3–7 December.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoffman, Carl L. 1983a. Punan. PhD thesis, University of Pennsylvania.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoffman, Carl L. 1983b. An essay on the Punan religion. Borneo Research Bulletin 15(1):30–33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoffman, Carl L. 1984. Punan foragers in the trading networks of Southeast Asia. In Past and present in hunter gatherer studies, ed. Carmel Schrire, 123–150. Orlando: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoffman, Carl L. 1986. The Punan: hunters and gatherers of Borneo. Ann Arbor, MI: UMI Research Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holmsen, Katherine. 2006. Out of the forest and into the market: social and economic transformations in a Bornean foraging society. PhD thesis, University of Arizona.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hose, Charles, and William McDougall. 1993 [1912]. The pagan tribes of Borneo, New York: Oxford University Press, 2 vols.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hühne, W.H. 1959. A doctor among ‘nomadic’ Punans. Sarawak Museum Journal 9(13/14):195–202.

    Google Scholar 

  • Janowski, Monica, and Graeme Barker, eds. 2011. Why cultivate? Anthropological and archaeological approaches to foraging-farming transitions in Southeast Asia. Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaboy, Tuton. 1974. The Penan Aput. In The peoples of central Borneo, ed. Jérôme Rousseau, special issue of Sarawak Museum Journal 22(43):287–293.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaskija, Lars. 1988. Carl Hoffman and the Punan of Borneo. Borneo Research Bulletin 20(2):121–129.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaskija, Lars. 1995. Punan Malinau: the persistency of an ‘unstable’ culture. MPhil thesis, Uppsala University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaskija, Lars. 1998. The Punan of Borneo: cultural fluidity and persistency in a forest people. In Voices of the land: identity and ecology in the margins, ed. Alf Hornborg, and Mikael Kurkiala, vol. 1, 321–360. Lund: Lund University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaskija, Lars. 2002. Claiming the forest: Punan local histories and recent developments in Bulungan, East Kalimantan. Bogor: Center for International Forestry Research.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaskija, Lars. 2007. Stuck at the bottom: opportunity structures and Punan Malinau identity. In Beyond the green myth: Borneo’s hunter-gatherers in the twenty-first century, eds. Peter Sercombe, and Bernard Sellato, 135–159. Copenhagen: NIAS Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaskija, Lars. 2011. Encapsulation and solidarity in northeast Borneo: Punan of the Malinau area. In Anarchic solidarity: autonomy, equality, and fellowship in Southeast Asia, eds. Thomas Gibson, and Kenneth Sillander, 202–225. New Haven, CT: Yale University Southeast Asia Studies Monograph 60.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaskija, Lars. 2012. Images of a forest people: Punan Malinau—identity, sociality and encapsulation in Borneo. Uppsala: Uppsala Studies in Cultural Anthropology 52.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaskija, Lars. 2013. Sociality and livelihood among Punan of Borneo. Paper presented at the 10th Conference on Hunting and Gathering Societies CHaGS, Liverpool, 25–28 June.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kato, Yumi. 2008. Ethnohistory of Sihan subsistence and their concern with sedentarisation. Paper presented at Borneo Research Council 9th Biennial International Conference, Universiti Malaysia Sabah.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kato, Yumi. 2011. Change and resilience of a hunter-gatherer society in Sarawak, Malaysia: a case study of the Sihan. PhD thesis, Kyoto University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kato, Yumi. 2013. Resilience and flexibility: history of hunter-gatherers’ relationships with their neighbors in Borneo. Paper presented at the 10th Conference on Hunting and Gathering Societies CHaGS, Liverpool, 25–28 June.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kedit, Peter M. 1978. The Gunung Mulu report: a human-ecological survey of nomadic/settled Penan within the Gunung Mulu National Park area, 4th/5th Divisions, Sarawak. Kuching: Sarawak Museum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kedit, Peter M. 1982. An ecological survey of the Penan. Sarawak Museum Journal 30(51):225–279.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kelly, Robert L. 1995. The foraging spectrum: diversity in hunter-gatherer lifeways. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kendell, Jeni, and Paul Tait. dirs. 1988. Blowpipes and bulldozers. VHS film. Nimbin, NSW: Gaia Films.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kent, Susan. 1992. The current forager controversy: real versus ideal views of hunter-gatherers. Man n.s. 27(1):45–70.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kent, Susan. ed. 1996. Cultural diversity among twentieth-century foragers: an African perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • King, Victor T. 1974. Notes on Punan and Bukat in West Kalimantan. Borneo Research Bulletin 6(2):39–42.

    Google Scholar 

  • King, Victor T. 1975a. A note on Bukitan in West Kalimantan. Sarawak Gazette 101(1403):2–3.

    Google Scholar 

  • King, Victor T. 1975b. Bukitan in Enthoven: a further note. Sarawak Gazette 101(1407):94–95.

    Google Scholar 

  • King, Victor T. 1979. Research on former nomads in West Kalimantan. Bulletin of the International Committee on Urgent Anthropological and Ethnological Research 21:89–98.

    Google Scholar 

  • King, Victor T. 1982. Ethnicity in Borneo: an anthropological problem. In Ethnicity in Southeast Asia, eds. V.T. King, and W.D. Wilder, special issue of Southeast Asian Journal of Social Science 10(1):23–43.

    Google Scholar 

  • King, Victor T. 1985. Symbols of social differentiation: a comparative investigation of signs, the signified and symbolic meanings in Borneo. Anthropos 80:125–152.

    Google Scholar 

  • King, Victor T. 1993. The peoples of Borneo. Oxford: Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Klimut, K.A., and Rajindra K. Puri. 2007. The Punan from the Tubu’ River, East Kalimantan: a native voice on past, present, and future circumstances. In Beyond the green myth: Borneo’s hunter-gatherers in the twenty-first century, eds. Peter Sercombe, and Bernard Sellato, 110–134. Copenhagen: NIAS Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koizumi, Miyako, and Kuniyasu Momose. 2007. Penan Benalui wild-plant use, classification, and nomenclature. Current Anthropology 48(3):454–459.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koizumi, Miyako, Dollop Mamung, and Patrice Levang. 2012. Hunter-gatherers’ culture, a major hindrance to a settled agricultural life: the case of the Penan Benalui of East Kalimantan. Forests, Trees and Livelihoods 21(1):1–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Langub, Jayl. 1974. Adaptation to a settled life by the Punan of the Belaga Sub-District. In The Peoples of Central Borneo, ed. Jérôme Rousseau, special issue of Sarawak Museum Journal 22(43):295–301.

    Google Scholar 

  • Langub, Jayl. 1975. Distribution of Penan and Punan in the Belaga District. Borneo Research Bulletin 7(2):45–48.

    Google Scholar 

  • Langub, Jayl. 1988. The Penan strategy. In People of the tropical rain forest, eds. Julie Sloan Denslow, and Christine Padoch, 207–208. Berkeley: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Langub, Jayl. 1989. Some aspects of life of the Penan. Sarawak Museum Journal 40(61):169–185.

    Google Scholar 

  • Langub, Jayl. 1993. Hunting and gathering: a view from within. In Change and development in Borneo, ed. Vinson H. Sutlive, 101–109. Williamsburg, VA: Borneo Research Council, Proceedings Series 1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Langub, Jayl. 1996a. Penan response to change and development. In Borneo in transition: people, forests, conservation, and development, eds. Christine Padoch, and Nancy Lee Peluso, 103–120. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Langub, Jayl. 1996b. Penan and their surroundings. In Penan and their surroundings, ed. Hood Salleh, 1–13. Bangi: Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Institute for the Environment and Development.

    Google Scholar 

  • Langub, Jayl. 2001. Suket: Penan folk stories. Suket Penan. Kota Samarahan: Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Institute of East Asian Studies, Oral Literature Series 2.

    Google Scholar 

  • Langub, Jayl. 2004 [1999]. Leadership among the Penan of Belaga District in Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo. Contributions to Southeast Asian ethnography 12:187–217.

    Google Scholar 

  • Langub, Jayl. 2008. Penan and the Pulong Tau National Park: historical links and contemporary life. Borneo Research Bulletin 39:104–127.

    Google Scholar 

  • Langub, Jayl., and Monica Janowski. 2011. Footprints and marks in the forest: the Penan and the Kelabit of Borneo. In Why cultivate? Anthropological and archaeological approaches to foraging-farming transitions in Southeast Asia, eds. Graeme Barker, and Monica Janowski, 121–132. Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lau, D. 1987. Penans, the vanishing nomads of Borneo. Kota Kinabalu: Inter-State.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leach, Edmund R. 1950. Social science research in Sarawak. London: His Majesty’s Stationery Office.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leach, Edmund R. 1954. Political systems of highland Burma. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levang, Patrice, Saoduon Sitorus, and Edmond Dounias. 2007. City life in the midst of the forest: a Punan hunter-gatherer’s vision of conservation and development. Ecology and Society 12(1).

    Google Scholar 

  • Li, Tania Murray. 2004. Marginality, power and production: analysing upland transformations. In Transforming the Indonesian uplands: marginality, power and production, ed. Tania Murray Li, 1–44. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lindblad, J. Thomas. 1988. Between Dayak and Dutch: the economic history of Southeast Kalimantan, 1880–1942. Dordrecht: Foris, KITLV, Verhandelingen 134.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lourandos, Harry. 1997. Continent of hunter-gatherers: new perspectives in Australian prehistory. New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lumholtz, Carl. 1920. Through central Borneo: an account of two years’ travel in the land of the head-hunters between the years 1913 and 1917, 2 vols. London: T.F. Unwin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lundqvist, Eric. 1949. Dajak. Stockholm: Folket i Bilds Förlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lye Tuck-Po. 2013. Making friends in the rainforest: ‘Negrito’ adaptation to risk and uncertainty. Human Biology 85(1): Article 19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Magenda, Burhan. 1991. East Kalimantan: the decline of a commercial aristocracy. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University, Southeast Asia Program, Modern Indonesia Project, Monograph Series 70.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mamung, Dollop. 1998. Kamus Punan-Indonesia. Bah Ngguh Punan Tufu’. Kamus Bahasa Punan Tubu [A Punan Tubi and Indonesian dictionary]. Samarinda: Pusat Kebudayaan dan Alam Kalimantan, WWF-Indonesia, Proyek Kayan Mentarang.

    Google Scholar 

  • Manser, Bruno. 1992. Stimmen aus dem Regenwald: Zeugnisse eines bedrohten Volkes. Bern: Zytglogge Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Manser, Bruno. 1996. Voices from the rainforest: testimonies of a threatened people. Petaling Jaya: Bruno Manser Foundation and Institute for Social Analysis.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morris, H.S. 1953. Report on a Melanau sago producing community in Sarawak. London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office.

    Google Scholar 

  • Needham, Rodney. 1953. The social organisation of the Penan: a Southeast Asia people. DPhil thesis, Oxford University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Needham, Rodney. 1954a. Penan and Punan. Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 27(1):73–83.

    Google Scholar 

  • Needham, Rodney. 1954b. The system of teknonyms and death-names of the Penan. Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 10(4):416–431.

    Google Scholar 

  • Needham, Rodney. 1954c. Reference to the dead among the Penan. Man n.s. 54:10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Needham, Rodney. 1954d. A note on the blood pact in Borneo. Man n.s. 54:90–91.

    Google Scholar 

  • Needham, Rodney. 1955. Punan Ba. Journal Malayan Branch Royal Asiatic Society 28(1):124–136.

    Google Scholar 

  • Needham, Rodney. 1959. Mourning-terms. Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 115(1):58–89.

    Google Scholar 

  • Needham, Rodney. 1964. Blood, thunder and mockery of animals. Sociologus 14(2):136–149.

    Google Scholar 

  • Needham, Rodney. 1965. Death-names and solidarity in Penan society. Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 121(1):58–76.

    Google Scholar 

  • Needham, Rodney. 1966. Age, category and descent. Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 122(1):1–35.

    Google Scholar 

  • Needham, Rodney. 1971. Penan friendship-names. In The translation of culture: essays to E.E Evans-Pritchard, ed. T.O. Beidelman, 203–230. London: Tavistock.

    Google Scholar 

  • Needham, Rodney. 1972. Penan. In Ethnic groups of insular Southeast Asia, ed. Frank M. LeBar, vol. 1, 176–180. New Haven: Human Relations Area Files Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Needham, Rodney. 2007. Penan. In Beyond the green myth: Borneo’s hunter-gatherers in the twenty-first century, eds. Peter Sercombe, and Bernard Sellato, 50–60. Copenhagen: NIAS Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ngo, Mering. 1986. Orang Bukat: penghuni hutan lebat Kalimantan Barat [The bukat: dwellers of the deep forest of West Kalimantan]. Mutiara 37(7):15–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ngo, Mering. 2007. Nested disputes: building mediation procedures for the Punan in West Kalimantan. In Beyond the green myth: Borneo’s hunter-gatherers in the twenty-first century, eds. Peter Sercombe, and Bernard Sellato, 160–176. Copenhagen: NIAS Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nicolaisen, Ida. 1983. Change without development: the transformation of Punan Bah society. Sarawak Museum Journal 32(53):191–230.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nicolaisen, Ida. 1986. Pride and progress: Kajang response to economic change. Sarawak Museum Journal 36(57):75–116.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nicolaisen, Johannes. 1974/75. The Negritos of Casiguran Bay: problems of affluency, territoriality and human aggressiveness in hunting societies of Southeast Asia. Folk 16–17:401–434.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nicolaisen, Johannes. 1976a. The Penan of Sarawak: further notes on the neo-evolutionary concept of hunters. Folk 18:205–236.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nicolaisen, Johannes. 1976b. The Penan of the Seventh Division of Sarawak: past, present, and future. Sarawak Museum Journal 24(45):35–61.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nieuwenhuis, Anton W. 1904–1907. Quer durch Borneo: Ergebnsse seiner Reisen in den Jahren 1894, 1896–97 und 1898–1900. Leiden: Brill, 2 vols.

    Google Scholar 

  • Okushima, Mika. 2008. Ethnohistory of the Kayanic peoples in northeast Borneo (part 2): expansion, regional alliance groups, and Segai disturbances in the colonial era. Borneo Research Bulletin 39:184–238.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oppenheimer, Stephen. 1998. Eden in the east: the drowned continent of Southeast Asia. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oppenheimer, Stephen. 2006. Response to Peter Bellwood and Jared Diamond (2005): ‘On explicit “replacement” models in Island Southeast Asia: a reply to Stephen Oppenheimer’. World Archaeology 38(4):715–717.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pauwels, P.C. 1935. Poenan’s in de onderafdeeling Boeloengan [Punans in the subdistrict of Bulungan]. Koloniaal Tijdschrift 24:342–353.

    Google Scholar 

  • Persoon, Gerard A., and Manon Osseweijer, eds. 2008. Reflections on the heart of Borneo. Wageningen: Tropenbos International.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pfeffer, Pierre, and Caldecott, Julian. 1986. The bearded pig (Sus barbatus) in East Kalimantan and Sarawak. Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 59(2):81–100.

    Google Scholar 

  • Puri, Rajindra K. 1997a. Hunting knowledge of the Penan Benalui of East Kalimantan, Indonesia. PhD thesis, University of Hawaii.

    Google Scholar 

  • Puri, Rajindra K. 1997b. Penan Benalui knowledge and use of tree palms. In People and Plants of Kayan Mentarang, eds. Kim Worm Sørensen, and Belinda Morris, 194–226. London: WWF and UNESCO.

    Google Scholar 

  • Puri, Rajindra K. 1998. Assessment of the biodiversity of the Bulungan research forest in East Kalimantan: an introduction to the ethnoecology of the Punan Tubu. Bogor: Center for International Forestry Research and Wildlife Conservation Society.

    Google Scholar 

  • Puri, Rajindra K. 2001. Bulungan ethnobiology handbook. Bogor: Center for International Forestry Research, Prosea and East-West Center.

    Google Scholar 

  • Puri, Rajindra K. 2005. Deadly dances in the Bornean rainforest: hunting knowledge of the Penan Benalui. Leiden: KITLV Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rain, Andy, and Nick Rain. 1992. The Penan: Borneo’s hunters and gatherers. Kuala Lumpur: S. Abdul Majeed.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reid, Lawrence A. 2007. Historical linguistics and Philippine hunter-gatherers. In Piakandatu ami Dr. Howard P. McKaughan, eds. Loren Billings, and Nelleke Goudswaard, 6–32. Manila: Linguistic Society of the Philippines and SIL Philippines.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reid, Lawrence A. 2013. Who are the Philippine Negritos? Evidence from language. Human Biology 85(1/3):329–358.

    Google Scholar 

  • Röed, Jan, Björn Cederberg, Kristian Petri, and Fredrik von Krusenstjerna. 1990. Tong Tana: a journey into the heart of Borneo. VHS film. Stockholm: Roed-Krusenstjerna Film.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rousseau, Jérôme. 1984. Review article: Four theses on the nomads of central Borneo. Borneo Research Bulletin 16(2):85–95.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rousseau, Jérôme. 1990. Central Borneo: ethnic identity and social life in a stratified society. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sager, Steven. 2008. The sky is our roof, the earth our floor: Orang Rimba customs and religion in the Bukit Duabelas region of Jambi, Sumatra. PhD thesis, Australian National University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sandin, B. 1967–1968. The Beketans. Sarawak Museum Journal 15/16(30/31):32–33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sather, Clifford. 1971. Kinship and domestic relations among the Bajau Laut of northern Borneo, PhD thesis, Harvard University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sather, Clifford. 1978. The Bajau Laut. In Essays on Borneo societies, ed. Victor T. King, 172–192. London: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sather, Clifford. 1984. Sea and shore people: ethnicity and ethnic interaction in southeastern Sabah. Contributions to Southeast Asian Ethnography 3:3–27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sather, Clifford. 1995. Sea nomads and rainforest hunter-gatherers: foraging adaptations in the Indo-Malaysian archipelago. In The Austronesians: historical and comparative perspectives, eds. Peter S. Bellwood, James J. Fox, and Darrell T. Tryon, 229–268. Canberra: Department of Anthropology, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schneeberger, William F. 1979. Contributions to the ethnography of Central Northeast Borneo (parts of Kalimantan, Sarawak and Sabah). Berne: University of Berne, Institute of Ethnology.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schrire, Carmel. 1984. Wild surmises on savage thoughts. In Past and present in hunter gatherer studies, ed. Carmel Schrire, 1–26. Orlando: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scott, James C. 2013. Crops, towns, government. Review of The world until yesterday: what we can learn from traditional societies by Jared Diamond. London Review of Books 35(22):13–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seitz, Stefan. 1981. Die Penan in Sarawak und Brunei: ihre Kulturhistorische Einordnung und Gegenwärtige Situation. Paideuma 27:275–311.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seitz, Stefan. 1988. Die Penan Punan. In Borneo: Mensch und Kultur seit ihrer Steinzeit, ed. H. Harrer, 163–191. Innsbruck: Pinguin-Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seitz, Stefan. 2007. Game, pets, and animal husbandry among Penan and Punan groups. In Beyond the green myth: Borneo’s hunter-gatherers in the twenty-first century, eds. Peter Sercombe, and Bernard Sellato, 177–191. Copenhagen: NIAS Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sellato, Bernard. 1980. The upper Mahakam area. Borneo Research Bulletin 12(2):40–46.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sellato, Bernard. 1984. Collective memory and nomadism: ethno-historical investigations in Borneo. Indonesia 57:155–174.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sellato, Bernard. 1986. Les nomades forestiers de Bornéo et la sédentarisation: essai d’histoire économique et sociale. Thèse de Doctorat, Ecole des hautes études en sciences sociales, Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sellato, Bernard. 1988. The nomads of Borneo: Hoffman and ‘devolution’. Borneo Research Bulletin 20(2):106–120.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sellato, Bernard. 1989. Nomades et sédentarisation à Bornéo: histoire économique et sociale. Paris: Editions de l’Ecole des hautes études en sciences sociales.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sellato, Bernard. 1993a. The Punan question and the reconstruction of Borneo’s culture history. In Change and Development in Borneo, ed. Vinson H. Sutlive Jr., 47–82. Williamsburg, VA: Borneo Research Council.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sellato, Bernard. 1993b. Myth, history and modern cultural identity among hunter-gatherers: a Borneo case. Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 24(1):18–43.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sellato, Bernard. 1994a. Nomads of the Borneo rainforest: the economics, politics, and ideology of settling down. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sellato, Bernard. 1994b. Forêts tropicales et sociétés traditionnelles à Bornéo: vers une histoire régionale ‘en continu’ de l’environnement et des systèmes de subsistance. Ecologie Humaine 12(2):3–22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sellato, Bernard. 1995. The culture and conservation program in the Kayan Mentarang Conservation Area, East Kalimantan, Indonesia Borneo. Borneo Research Bulletin 26:54–68.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sellato, Bernard. 1999. L’ethnologue entre l’écologiste et le bon sauvage: de l’usage de la recherche en sciences humaines pour la praxis des ONG et le développement durable. In L’homme et la forêt tropicale, eds. Serge Bahuchet, Daniel Bley, Hélène Pagezy, and Nicole Vernazza-Licht, 89–98. Chateauneuf-de-Grasse: Editions de Bergier.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sellato, Bernard. 2001. Forest, resources and people in Bulungan: elements for a history of settlement, trade, and social dynamics in Borneo, 1880–2000. Bogor: Center for International Forestry Research.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sellato, Bernard. 2002. Innermost Borneo: studies in Dayak cultures. Singapore: Singapore University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sellato, Bernard. 2005. Forests for food, forests for trade, between sustainability and extractivism: the economic pragmatism of traditional peoples and the trade history of northern East Kalimantan. In Histories of the Borneo environment: economic, political, and social dimensions of change and continuity, ed. Reed L. Wadley, 61–86. Leiden: KITLV Press, Verhandelingen van het KITLV 231.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sellato, Bernard. 2007. Resourceful children of the forest: the Kalimantan Punan through the twentieth century. In Beyond the green myth: Borneo’s hunter-gatherers in the twenty-first century, eds. Peter Sercombe, and Bernard Sellato, 61–90. Copenhagen: NIAS Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sellato, Bernard, ed. 2012. Plaited arts from the Borneo rainforest. Singapore: NUS Press, Lontar Foundation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sellato, Bernard. 2015. Crafts, culture, and economics, between resilience and instability: borrowing from and trading to farmers among Borneo’s nomads. In The arts of hunter-gatherers: collecting, crafting, constructing, ed. Lye Tuck-Po, special edition of Hunter-Gatherer Research 1(2).

    Google Scholar 

  • Sercombe, Peter, and Bernard Sellato, eds. 2007. Beyond the green myth: Borneo’s hunter-gatherers in the twenty-first century. Copenhagen: NIAS Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sercombe, Peter. 1996. Ethnolinguistic change among the Penan of Brunei: some preliminary observations. Bijdragen tot de Land-, Taal- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië 15(22):257–274.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sercombe, Peter. 2007. Continuity and adaptation among the Penan of Brunei. In Beyond the green myth: Borneo’s hunter-gatherers in the twenty-first century, eds. Peter Sercombe, and Bernard Sellato, 227–261. Copenhagen: NIAS Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sercombe, Peter. 2013. Penan folk tales: themes, forms and functions. Paper presented at the 10th Conference on Hunting and Gathering Societies CHaGS, Liverpool, 25–28 June.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shapiro, Warren. 1998. Ideology, ‘history of religions’ and hunter-gatherer studies. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 4(3):489–510.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sillander, Kenneth. 2004. ‘Dayak’ and ‘Malay’ in southeast Borneo: some materials contesting the dichotomy. Suomen Antropologi 29(4):35–47.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simandjuntak, M. 1967. Masjarakat Punan ketjamatan Kelaij kabupaten Berau propinsi Kalimantan Timur [The Punan of Kelay District, Berau Regency, East Kalimantan]. Samarinda: Akademi Pemerintahan Dalam Negeri.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sinau, Marcus. 1970. Usaha meningkatkan taraf kehidupan dan penghidupan suku Dajak Punan ketjamatan Malinau Kabupaten Bulungan [The endeavour to upgrade the standard of life and livelihood of the Dayak Punan in Malinau District, Bulungun Regency]. Samarinda: Akademi Pemerintahan Dalam Negeri.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sitorus, Saodan, Patrice Levang, Edmond Dounias, Dollop Mamung, and Darif Abot. 2004. Potret Punan Kalimantan Timur: Sensus Punan 2002–2003. Bogor: Center for International Forestry Research.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sitsen, M.H.A. 1932. Memorie van overgave van de onderafdeeling Tidoengse landen. The Hague: Algemeen Rijksarchif.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sloan, C. 1972. A study of the Punan Busang, III: Punan hunting methods. Sarawak Museum Journal 20:262–269.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, Bruce D. 2001. Low-level food production. Journal of Archaeological Research 9(1):1–43.

    Google Scholar 

  • Soares, P., J.A. Trejaut, Loo Jun-Hun, C. Hill, M. Mormina, C-L. Lee, Y-M. Chen, G. Hudjashov, P. Forster, V. Macaulay, D. Bulbeck, S. Oppenheimer, M. Lin, and M.B. Richards. 2008. Climate change and postglacial dispersals in Southeast Asia. Molecular Biology and Evolution 25(6):1209–1218.

    Google Scholar 

  • Solheim, Wilhelm G. 1996. Nusantao and north-south dispersals. In Indo-Pacific: the Chiang Mai papers, vol. 2, eds. Ian C. Glover, and Peter Bellwood, special issue of Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association 15(2):101–10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Solheim, Wilhelm G. 2006. Archaeology and culture in Southeast Asia: unraveling the Nusantao. Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sopher, David E. 1977 [1965]. The sea nomads: a study of the maritime boat people of Southeast Asia. Singapore: National Museum Publication.

    Google Scholar 

  • Soriente, Antonia. 2013. Undergoer voice in Borneo: Penan, Punan, Kenyah and Kayan languages. NUSA: Linguistic Studies of Languages in and around Indonesia, 54:175–203.

    Google Scholar 

  • Soriente, Antonia. Forthcoming. Hunter-gatherers of Borneo and the case study of the Penan Benalui. In Hunter-gatherers and linguistic history: a global perspective, eds. Tom Güldemann, Patrick McConvell, and Rich Rhodes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stolk, J.J. 1907. Opsporing van de zwervende stam der Penjabong-Poenan’s, op de waterscheiding der Barito met de Mahakam en Kapoeas (Midden-Borneo) in October 1905. Tijdschrift van het Koninklijk Nederlandsch Aardrijkskundig Genootschap 24:1–27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thambiah, Shanthi. 1995. Culture as adaptation: change among the Bhuket of Sarawak. PhD thesis, University of Hull.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thambiah, Shanthi. 1997. Household formation and egalitarian gender relations among the Bhuket of Central Borneo. Asian Journal of Women’s Studies 3(3):101–126.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thambiah, Shanthi. 2007. The emergence of the ethnic category Bhuket: diversity and the collective hunter-gatherer identity in Borneo. In Beyond the green myth: Borneo’s hunter-gatherers in the twenty-first century, eds. Peter Sercombe, and Bernard Sellato, 91–109. Copenhagen: NIAS Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tillema, H.F. 1939. Jagerstammen op Borneo [Hunting peoples of Borneo]. Onze Aarde 12:76–83, 135–142, 203–212, 228–232, 262–269.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsing, Anna Lowenhaupt. 1993. In the realm of the diamond queen: marginality in an out-of-the-way place. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Urquhart, I.A.N. 1951. Some notes on jungle Punans in Kapit District. Sarawak Museum Journal 5(3):495–533.

    Google Scholar 

  • Urquhart, I.A.N. 1957. Some Kenyah-Pennan relationships. Sarawak Museum Journal 8(10):113–116.

    Google Scholar 

  • Urquhart, I.A.N. 1959. Nomadic Punans and Pennans. In The peoples of Sarawak, ed. Tom Harrisson, 73–83. Kuching: Sarawak Museum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Voeks, Robert A. 1999. Environmental risk and ethnobotanical knowledge: foragers and farmers in northern Borneo. In Nature’s geography: new lessons for conservation in developing countries, eds. Karl S. Zimmerer, and Kenneth R. Young, 307–326. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Voeks, Robert A. 2004. Disturbance pharmacopoeias: medicine and myth from the humid tropics. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 94(4):868–888.

    Google Scholar 

  • Voeks, Robert A. 2007. Penan ethnobotany: subsistence strategy and breadth of knowledge. In Beyond the green myth: Borneo’s hunter-gatherers in the twenty-first century, eds. Peter Sercombe, and Bernard Sellato, 262–288. Copenhagen: NIAS Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Voeks, Robert A., and Peter Sercombe, P. 2000. The scope of hunter-gatherer ethnomedicine. Social Science and Medicine 51(5):679–690.

    Google Scholar 

  • Voris, Harold K. 2000. Maps of Pleistocene sea levels in Southeast Asia: shorelines, river systems and time durations. Journal of Biogeography 27(5):1153–1167.

    Google Scholar 

  • Warren, James Francis. 1981. The Sulu zone 1768–1898: the dynamics of external trade, slavery, and ethnicity in the transformation of a Southeast Asian maritime state. Singapore: Singapore University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whittier, Herbert L. 1973. Social organization and symbols of social differentiation: an ethnographic study of the Kenyah Dayak of East Kalimantan Borneo. PhD thesis, Michigan State University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whittier, Herbert L. 1974. The distribution of Punan in east Kalimantan. Borneo Research Bulletin 6(2):42–50, map.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilmsen, Edwin N. 1989. Land filled with flies: a political economy of the Kalahari. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Winzeler, Robert L. 2011. The peoples of Southeast Asia today: ethnography, ethnology, and change in a complex region. Plymouth: AltaMira Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolf, Eric R. 1982. Europe and the people without history. Berkeley: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Woodburn, James. 1988. African hunter-gatherer social organization: is it best understood as a product of encapsulation? In Hunters and gatherers, vol. 1: History, evolution and social change, eds. Tim Ingold, David Riches, and James Woodburn, 31–64. Oxford: Berg.

    Google Scholar 

  • Woodburn, James. 2000. Elusive Pygmies. A book review of Challenging elusiveness: Central African hunter-gatherers in a multidisciplinary perspective. Indigenous Affairs 2:78–83.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zuraina Majid. 1982. The west mouth, Niah, in the prehistory of Southeast Asia. Sarawak Museum Journal 31(52): Special Monograph 3.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden

    Lars Kaskija

Authors
  1. Lars Kaskija
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Lars Kaskija .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Distinguished Visiting Fellow, Institute of Asian Studies, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, Gadong, Brunei Darussalam

    Victor T. King

  2. Professor of Anthropology, Institute of Asian Studies and Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, Gadong, Brunei Darussalam

    Zawawi Ibrahim

  3. Lecturer at Geography and Development and Environmental Studies, Institute of Asian Studies and Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, University Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, Gadong, Brunei Darussalam

    Noor Hasharina Hassan

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer Science+Business Media Singapore

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Kaskija, L. (2017). Devolved, Diverse, Distinct? Hunter-Gatherer Research in Borneo. In: King, V., Ibrahim, Z., Hassan, N. (eds) Borneo Studies in History, Society and Culture. Asia in Transition, vol 4. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0672-2_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0672-2_6

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore

  • Print ISBN: 978-981-10-0671-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-981-10-0672-2

  • eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation