Abstract
The authors conducted an ISO 13785-2 modified large-scale facade fire tests in Tokyo University of Science and tentatively proposed the draft for the calculation method for vertical upstairs fire spreading based on those fire test results, prior to this study. And in this research, several modifications were carefully added to past calculation methods, especially regarding the calculation of temperature in the fireroom, detailed method of unifying multiple openings on the same floor for calculation, and the criteria for the occurrence of upstairs fire spreading. Detailed calculation methods are proposed for two different situations depending on the existence of an eave above the opening at the fireroom, respectively. Also, two different criteria for verification of vertical upstairs fire spreading were proposed, one of which is based on the maximum heat flux to the upstairs room (Method 1), while the other is based on the integrated value of heat flux over time of fire duration (Method 2). Using this newly modified calculation method, the effectiveness of 90 cm spandrel and 50 cm eave is demonstrated, respectively, in terms of practically preventing the occurrence of vertical upstairs fire spreading. Improved verification calculation methods (both Methods 1 and 2) are applied to four exiting office buildings in Japan and seven rooms of fire origin considered. Verification methods using calculation proposed in this study are proved to be able to practically evaluate the occurrence of vertical upstairs fire spreading, especially regarding noncombustible facades with openings in there.
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Abbreviations
- \( {\overset{.}{m}}_{EX} \) :
-
Mass flow rate of the fire plume ejected from the opening (kg/s)
- \( {\overset{.}{m}}_p \) :
-
Mass loss rate in the fireroom (kg/s)
- A L :
-
Area of unified openings for modeling (m2)
- B L :
-
Breadth of the opening (m)
- c p :
-
Specific heat of the fire plume ejected from the opening (kJ/kgK)
- F p :
-
Configuration factor of radiation source(−)
- H L :
-
Height of the opening (m)
- H s :
-
Height of spandrel (m)
- k :
-
Correction factor for Q ex (−)
- n :
-
Aspect ratio of opening (−)
- Q ex :
-
Heat release rate of the fire plume ejected from the opening (kW)
- r o :
-
Effective radius (m)
- T ∞ :
-
Ambient temperature (K)
- T F :
-
Temperature in the fireroom (K)
- T p :
-
Temperature of the fire plume ejected from the opening (K)
- ε f :
-
Emissivity of the flame ejected from the opening (−)
- ε p :
-
Emissivity of the fire plume ejected from the opening (−)
- Θ:
-
Dimensionless temperature (−)
- σ :
-
Stefan-Boltzmann constant (kW/m2K4)
- ϕ:
-
Reduction coefficient (−)
References
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Yoshioka, H. et al. (2017). Verification Methodology of Vertical Fire Spread to the Upstairs Room via Openings and Facade Wall. In: Harada, K., Matsuyama, K., Himoto, K., Nakamura, Y., Wakatsuki, K. (eds) Fire Science and Technology 2015. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0376-9_20
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0376-9_20
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