Abstract
Consistency in experimental observations, numerical calculations, and theoretical predictions revealed that skins of 25 °C water and −(15-20) °C ice share the same attribute of supersolidity characterized by the identical H–O vibration frequency of 3450 cm−1. Molecular undercoordination and inter-electron-pair repulsion shortens the H–O bond and lengthen the O:H nonbond, leading to a dual process of nonbonding electron polarization. This relaxation-polarization process enhances the dipole moment, elasticity, viscosity, thermal stability of these skins with 25 % density loss, which is responsible for the hydrophobicity and toughness of water skin and the superfluidity in a microchannel.
Keywords
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
• Skin molecular undercoordination not only disperses the quasisolid phase boundary but also derives supersolidity that is hydrophobic, less dense, viscoelastic, repulsive, and thermally stable.
• The supersolidity and quasisolidity defines the anomalies of water skin when interact with other objects.
• The skin supersolidity increases with its curvature but drops when heated due to depolarization.
• Electrostatic repulsivity and elasticity claims the superhydrophobicity, superfluidity, superlubricity, and supersolidity at the contacting interface.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Reporter, Water way to go: the unlucky ant trapped in a raindrop grave. Dailymail http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1371416/Photographer-Adam-Gormley-captures-ant-trapped-raindrop.html (2011)
Y. Huang, X. Zhang, Z. Ma, Y. Zhou, W. Zheng, J. Zhou, C.Q. Sun, Hydrogen-bond relaxation dynamics: resolving mysteries of water ice. Coord. Chem. Rev. 285, 109–165 (2015)
X. Zhang, Y. Huang, Z. Ma, Y. Zhou, W. Zheng, J. Zhou, C.Q. Sun, A common supersolid skin covering both water and ice. PCCP 16(42), 22987–22994 (2014)
C.Q. Sun, X. Zhang, J. Zhou, Y. Huang, Y. Zhou, W. Zheng, Density, elasticity, and stability anomalies of water molecules with fewer than four neighbors. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 4, 2565–2570 (2013)
Y. Huang, X. Zhang, Z. Ma, G. Zhou, Y. Gong, C.Q. Sun, Potential paths for the hydrogen-bond relaxing with (H2O)N cluster size. J. Phys. Chem. C 119(29), 16962–16971 (2015)
X. Zhang, P. Sun, Y. Huang, Z. Ma, X. Liu, J. Zhou, W. Zheng, C.Q. Sun, Water nanodroplet thermodynamics: quasi-solid phase-boundary dispersivity. J. Phys. Chem. B 119(16), 5265–5269 (2015)
J. Cooper, R. Dooley, IAPWS release on surface tension of ordinary water substance. International Association for the Properties of Water and Steam (IAPWS), Charlotte, NC, vol 2 (1994)
M. Sophocleous, Understanding and explaining surface tension and capillarity: an introduction to fundamental physics for water professionals. Hydrogeol. J. 18(4), 811–821 (2010)
X.F. Gao, L. Jiang, Water-repellent legs of water striders. Nature 432(7013), 36–36 (2004)
P.B. Miranda, L. Xu, Y.R. Shen, M. Salmeron, Icelike water monolayer adsorbed on mica at room temperature. Phys. Rev. Lett. 81(26), 5876–5879 (1998)
A. Michaelides, K. Morgenstern, Ice nanoclusters at hydrophobic metal surfaces. Nat. Mater. 6(8), 597–601 (2007)
E. Pennisi, Water’s tough skin. Science 343(6176), 1194–1197 (2014)
E. Martines, K. Seunarine, H. Morgan, N. Gadegaard, C.D.W. Wilkinson, M.O. Riehle, Superhydrophobicity and superhydrophilicity of regular nanopatterns. Nano Lett. 5(10), 2097–2103 (2005)
C.Q. Sun, Y. Sun, Y.G. Ni, X. Zhang, J.S. Pan, X.H. Wang, J. Zhou, L.T. Li, W.T. Zheng, S.S. Yu, L.K. Pan, Z. Sun, Coulomb repulsion at the nanometer-sized contact: a force driving superhydrophobicity, superfluidity, superlubricity, and supersolidity. J. Phys. Chem. C 113(46), 20009–20019 (2009)
T. Young, An essay on the cohesion of fluids. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, 65–87 (1805)
N.K. Adam, Use of the term ‘Young’s equation’ for contact angles. Nature 180, 809–810 (1957)
F. Mugele, J.-C. Baret, Electrowetting: from basics to applications. J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 17(28), R705 (2005)
G. Whyman, E. Bormashenko, T. Stein, The rigorous derivation of Young, Cassie-Baxter and Wenzel equations and the analysis of the contact angle hysteresis phenomenon. Chem. Phys. Lett. 450(4–6), 355–359 (2008)
A.B.D. Cassie, S. Baxter, Wettability of porous surfaces. Trans. Faraday Soc. 40, 0546–0550 (1944)
F. Baldessari, Electrokinetics in nanochannels—Part I. Electric double layer overlap and channel-to-well equilibrium. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 325(2), 526–538 (2008)
L. Prandtl, Mind model of the kinetic theory of solid bodies. Z. Ang. Math. Mech. 8, 85–106 (1928)
G.A. Tomlinson, Molecular cohesion. Philos. Mag. 6(37), 695 (1928)
A. Socoliuc, R. Bennewitz, E. Gnecco, E. Meyer, Transition from stick-slip to continuous sliding in atomic friction: entering a new regime of ultralow friction. Phys. Rev. Lett. 92(13), 134301 (2004)
C.Q. Sun, Relaxation of the chemical bond. Springer Series in Chemical Physics 108. vol. 108 (Springer, Heidelberg, 2014), 807 pp
C. Lee, C.H. Choi, C.J. Kim, Structured surfaces for a giant liquid slip. Phys. Rev. Lett. 101(6), 064501 (2008)
G.P. Fang, W. Li, X.F. Wang, G.J. Qiao, Droplet motion on designed microtextured superhydrophobic surfaces with tunable wettability. Langmuir 24(20), 11651–11660 (2008)
W. Li, G.P. Fang, Y.F. Lij, G.J. Qiao, Anisotropic wetting behavior arising from superhydrophobic surfaces: parallel grooved structure. J. Phys. Chem. B 112(24), 7234–7243 (2008)
X.P. Zheng, H.P. Zhao, L.T. Gao, J.L. Liu, S.W. Yu, X.Q. Feng, Elasticity-driven droplet movement on a microbeam with gradient stiffness: a biomimetic self-propelling mechanism. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 323(1), 133–140 (2008)
Q.S. Zheng, Y. Yu, X.Q. Feng, The role of adaptive-deformation of water strider leg in its walking on water. J. Adhes. Sci. Technol. 23(3), 493–501 (2009)
M. Zhao, W.T. Zheng, J.C. Li, Z. Wen, M.X. Gu, C.Q. Sun, Atomistic origin, temperature dependence, and responsibilities of surface energetics: an extended broken-bond rule. Phys. Rev. B 75(8), 085427 (2007)
X.J. Liu, M.L. Bo, X. Zhang, L.T. Li, Y.G. Nie, H. TIan, Y. Sun, S. Xu, Y. Wang, W. Zheng, C.Q. Sun, Coordination-resolved electron spectrometrics. Chem. Rev. 115(14), 6746–6810 (2015)
X. Zhang, T. Yan, Y. Huang, Z. Ma, X. Liu, B. Zou, C.Q. Sun, Mediating relaxation and polarization of hydrogen-bonds in water by NaCl salting and heating. PCCP 16(45), 24666–24671 (2014)
K.R. Wilson, R.D. Schaller, D.T. Co, R.J. Saykally, B.S. Rude, T. Catalano, J.D. Bozek, Surface relaxation in liquid water and methanol studied by x-ray absorption spectroscopy. J. Chem. Phys. 117(16), 7738–7744 (2002)
Y.I. Tarasevich, State and structure of water in vicinity of hydrophobic surfaces. Colloid J. 73(2), 257–266 (2011)
B.H. Chai, H. Yoo, G.H. Pollack, Effect of radiant energy on near-surface water. J. Phys. Chem. B 113(42), 13953–13958 (2009)
N.I. Hammer, J.W. Shin, J.M. Headrick, E.G. Diken, J.R. Roscioli, G.H. Weddle, M.A. Johnson, How do small water clusters bind an excess electron? Science 306(5696), 675–679 (2004)
O. Marsalek, F. Uhlig, T. Frigato, B. Schmidt, P. Jungwirth, Dynamics of electron localization in warm versus cold water clusters. Phys. Rev. Lett. 105(4), 043002 (2010)
S. Liu, J. Luo, G. Xie, D. Guo, Effect of surface charge on water film nanoconfined between hydrophilic solid surfaces. J. Appl. Phys. 105(12), 124301–4 (2009)
K.R. Siefermann, Y. Liu, E. Lugovoy, O. Link, M. Faubel, U. Buck, B. Winter, B. Abel, Binding energies, lifetimes and implications of bulk and interface solvated electrons in water. Nat. Chem. 2, 274–279 (2010)
D.H. Paik, I.R. Lee, D.S. Yang, J.S. Baskin, A.H. Zewail, Electrons in finite-sized water cavities: hydration dynamics observed in real time. Science 306(5696), 672–5 (2004)
J.R.R. Verlet, A.E. Bragg, A. Kammrath, O. Cheshnovsky, D.M. Neumark, Observation of large water-cluster anions with surface-bound excess electrons. Science 307(5706), 93–96 (2005)
R. Vacha, O. Marsalek, A.P. Willard, D.J. Bonthuis, R.R. Netz, P. Jungwirth, Charge transfer between water molecules as the possible origin of the observed charging at the surface of pure water. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 3(1), 107–111 (2012)
F. Baletto, C. Cavazzoni, S. Scandolo, Surface trapped excess electrons on ice. Phys. Rev. Lett. 95(17), 176801 (2005)
L. Turi, W.S. Sheu, P.J. Rossky, Characterization of excess electrons in water-cluster anions by quantum simulations. Science 309(5736), 914–917 (2005)
M. Abu-Samha, K.J. Borve, M. Winkler, J. Harnes, L.J. Saethre, A. Lindblad, H. Bergersen, G. Ohrwall, O. Bjorneholm, S. Svensson, The local structure of small water clusters: imprints on the core-level photoelectron spectrum. J. Phys. B 42(5), 055201 (2009)
K. Nishizawa, N. Kurahashi, K. Sekiguchi, T. Mizuno, Y. Ogi, T. Horio, M. Oura, N. Kosugi, T. Suzuki, High-resolution soft X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of liquid water. PCCP 13, 413–417 (2011)
Y. Huang, X. Zhang, Z. Ma, Y. Zhou, J. Zhou, W. Zheng, C.Q. Sun, Size, separation, structure order, and mass density of molecules packing in water and ice. Sci. Rep. 3, 3005 (2013)
S.A. Harich, D.W.H. Hwang, X. Yang, J.J. Lin, X. Yang, R.N. Dixon, Photodissociation of H2O at 121.6 nm: a state-to-state dynamical picture. J. Chem. Phys. 113(22), 10073–10090 (2000)
U. Buck, F. Huisken, Infrared spectroscopy of size-selected water and methanol clusters. Chem. Rev. 100(11), 3863–3890 (2000)
K.E. Otto, Z. Xue, P. Zielke, M.A. Suhm, The Raman spectrum of isolated water clusters. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. (2014). doi:10.1039/c3cp54272f
T.F. Kahan, J.P. Reid, D.J. Donaldson, Spectroscopic probes of the quasi-liquid layer on ice. J. Phys. Chem. A 111(43), 11006–11012 (2007)
J. Ceponkus, P. Uvdal, B. Nelander, Water tetramer, pentamer, and hexamer in inert matrices. J. Phys. Chem. A 116(20), 4842–50 (2012)
Y.R. Shen, V. Ostroverkhov, Sum-frequency vibrational spectroscopy on water interfaces: polar orientation of water molecules at interfaces. Chem. Rev. 106(4), 1140–1154 (2006)
V. Buch, S. Bauerecker, J.P. Devlin, U. Buck, J.K. Kazimirski, Solid water clusters in the size range of tens-thousands of H2O: a combined computational/spectroscopic outlook. Int. Rev. Phys. Chem. 23(3), 375–433 (2004)
P.C. Cross, J. Burnham, P.A. Leighton, The Raman spectrum and the structure of water. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 59, 1134–1147 (1937)
M. Sulpizi, M. Salanne, M. Sprik, M.-P. Gaigeot, Vibrational sum frequency generation spectroscopy of the water liquid–vapor interface from density functional theory-based molecular dynamics simulations. J, Phys. Chem. Lett. 4(1), 83–87 (2012)
C.Q. Sun, X. Zhang, X. Fu, W. Zheng, J.-L. Kuo, Y. Zhou, Z. Shen, J. Zhou, Density and phonon-stiffness anomalies of water and ice in the full temperature range. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 4, 3238–3244 (2013)
U. Bergmann, A. Di Cicco, P. Wernet, E. Principi, P. Glatzel, A. Nilsson, Nearest-neighbor oxygen distances in liquid water and ice observed by x-ray Raman based extended x-ray absorption fine structure. J. Chem. Phys. 127(17), 174504 (2007)
F. Mallamace, M. Broccio, C. Corsaro, A. Faraone, D. Majolino, V. Venuti, L. Liu, C.Y. Mou, S.H. Chen, Evidence of the existence of the low-density liquid phase in supercooled, confined water. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104(2), 424–8 (2007)
J. Li, Y.X. Li, X. Yu, W.J. Ye, C.Q. Sun, Local bond average for the thermally driven elastic softening of solid specimens. J. Phys. D-Appl. Phys. 42(4), 045406 (2009)
M.J. Holmes, N.G. Parker, M.J.W. Povey, Temperature dependence of bulk viscosity in water using acoustic spectroscopy. J. Phys: Conf. Ser. 269, 012011 (2011)
D. Xu, K.M. Liechti, K. Ravi-Chandar, Mechanical probing of icelike water monolayers. Langmuir 25(22), 12870–3 (2009)
K.B. Jinesh, J.W.M. Frenken, Experimental evidence for ice formation at room temperature. Phys. Rev. Lett. 101(3), 036101 (2008)
C. Wang, H. Lu, Z. Wang, P. Xiu, B. Zhou, G. Zuo, R. Wan, J. Hu, H. Fang, Stable liquid water droplet on a water monolayer formed at room temperature on ionic model substrates. Phys. Rev. Lett. 103(13), 137801–137804 (2009)
M. James, T.A. Darwish, S. Ciampi, S.O. Sylvester, Z.M. Zhang, A. Ng, J.J. Gooding, T.L. Hanley, Nanoscale condensation of water on self-assembled monolayers. Soft Matter 7(11), 5309–5318 (2011)
T. Ishiyama, H. Takahashi, A. Morita, Origin of vibrational spectroscopic response at ice surface. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 3, 3001–3006 (2012)
H. Qiu, W. Guo, Electromelting of confined monolayer ice. Phys. Rev. Lett. 110(19), 195701 (2013)
B. Winter, E.F. Aziz, U. Hergenhahn, M. Faubel, I.V. Hertel, Hydrogen bonds in liquid water studied by photoelectron spectroscopy. J. Chem. Phys. 126(12), 124504 (2007)
L. Li, Y. Kazoe, K. Mawatari, Y. Sugii, T. Kitamori, Viscosity and wetting property of water confined in extended nanospace simultaneously measured from highly-pressurized meniscus motion. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2447–2452 (2012)
L. Vrbka, P. Jungwirth, Homogeneous freezing of water starts in the subsurface. J. Phys. Chem. B 110(37), 18126–18129 (2006)
D. Donadio, P. Raiteri, M. Parrinello, Topological defects and bulk melting of hexagonal ice. J. Phys. Chem. B 109(12), 5421–5424 (2005)
S. Strazdaite, J. Versluis, E.H. Backus, H.J. Bakker, Enhanced ordering of water at hydrophobic surfaces. J. Chem. Phys. 140(5), 054711 (2014)
S.R. Friedman, M. Khalil, P. Taborek, Wetting transition in water. Phys. Rev. Lett. 111(22), 226101 (2013)
D.P. Singh, J.P. Singh, Delayed freezing of water droplet on silver nanocolumnar thin film. Appl. Phys. Lett. 102(24), 243112 (2013)
Q.T. Fu, E.J. Liu, P. Wilson, Z. Chen, Ice nucleation behaviour on sol-gel coatings with different surface energy and roughness. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 17(33), 21492–500 (2015)
Y.B. Fan, X. Chen, L.J. Yang, P.S. Cremer, Y.Q. Gao, On the structure of water at the aqueous/air interface. J. Phys. Chem. B 113(34), 11672–11679 (2009)
C. Huang, K.T. Wikfeldt, D. Nordlund, U. Bergmann, T. McQueen, J. Sellberg, L.G.M. Pettersson, A. Nilsson, Wide-angle X-ray diffraction and molecular dynamics study of medium-range order in ambient and hot water. PCCP 13(44), 19997–20007 (2011)
A. Uysal, M. Chu, B. Stripe, A. Timalsina, S. Chattopadhyay, C.M. Schlepütz, T.J. Marks, P. Dutta, What x rays can tell us about the interfacial profile of water near hydrophobic surfaces. Phys. Rev. B 88(3), 035431 (2013)
R. Helmy, Y. Kazakevich, C.Y. Ni, A.Y. Fadeev, Wetting in hydrophobic nanochannels: a challenge of classical capillarity. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 127(36), 12446–12447 (2005)
M. Mezger, H. Reichert, S. Schoder, J. Okasinski, H. Schroder, H. Dosch, D. Palms, J. Ralston, V. Honkimaki, High-resolution in situ x-ray study of the hydrophobic gap at the water-octadecyl-trichlorosilane interface. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A 103(49), 18401–4 (2006)
D.T. Limmer, A.P. Willard, P. Madden, D. Chandler, Hydration of metal surfaces can be dynamically heterogeneous and hydrophobic. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 110(11), 4200–4205 (2013)
C. Antonini, I. Bernagozzi, S. Jung, D. Poulikakos, M. Marengo, Water drops dancing on ice: how sublimation leads to drop rebound. Phys. Rev. Lett. 111(1), 014501 (2013)
J.G. Leidenfrost, De Aquae Communis Nonnullis Qualitatibus Tractatus (Duisburg, 1756)
D. Richard, C. Clanet, D. Quere, Surface phenomena: contact time of a bouncing drop. Nature 417(6891), 811–811 (2002)
T.M. Schutzius, S. Jung, T. Maitra, G. Graeber, M. Köhme, D. Poulikakos, Spontaneous droplet trampolining on rigid superhydrophobic surfaces. Nature 527(7576), 82–85 (2015)
C.Q. Sun, Dominance of broken bonds and nonbonding electrons at the nanoscale. Nanoscale 2(10), 1930–1961 (2010)
M.T. Suter, P.U. Andersson, J.B. Pettersson, Surface properties of water ice at 150–191 K studied by elastic helium scattering. J. Chem. Phys. 125(17), 174704 (2006)
S.T. van der Post, C.S. Hsieh, M. Okuno, Y. Nagata, H.J. Bakker, M. Bonn, J. Hunger, Strong frequency dependence of vibrational relaxation in bulk and surface water reveals sub-picosecond structural heterogeneity. Nat Commun 6, 8384 (2015)
G. Zhao, Q. Tan, L. Xiang, D. Cai, H. Zeng, H. Yi, Z. Ni, Y. Chen, Structure and properties of water film adsorbed on mica surfaces. J. Chem. Phys. 143(10), 104705 (2015)
J.N. Israelachvili, R.M. Pashley, Molecular layering of water at surfaces and origin of repulsive hydration forces. Nature 306(5940), 249–250 (1983)
R.B. Schoch, J.Y. Han, P. Renaud, Transport phenomena in nanofluidics. Rev. Mod. Phys. 80(3), 839–883 (2008)
K.F.V. Wong, T. Kurma, Transport properties of alumina nanofluids. Nanotechnology 19, 345702(34), 345702 (2008)
J.A. Thomas, A.J.H. McGaughey, Reassessing fast water transport through carbon nanotubes. Nano Lett. 8(9), 2788–2793 (2008)
M. Whitby, L. Cagnon, M. Thanou, N. Quirke, Enhanced fluid flow through nanoscale carbon pipes. Nano Lett. 8(9), 2632–2637 (2008)
M. Majumder, N. Chopra, R. Andrews, B.J. Hinds, Nanoscale hydrodynamics—enhanced flow in carbon nanotubes. Nature 438(7064), 44–44 (2005)
H.G. Park, Y. Jung, Carbon nanofluidics of rapid water transport for energy applications. Chem. Soc. Rev.: doi:10.1039/C3CS60253B (2014)
Q.Z. Yuan, Y.P. Zhao, Hydroelectric voltage generation based on water-filled single-walled carbon nanotubes. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 131(18), 6374–6376 (2009)
C.Q. Sun, Thermo-mechanical behavior of low-dimensional systems: the local bond average approach. Prog. Mater. Sci. 54(2), 179–307 (2009)
M.W. Zhao, R.Q. Zhang, Y.Y. Xia, C. Song, S.T. Lee, Faceted silicon nanotubes: structure, energetic, and passivation effects. J. Phys. Chem. C 111(3), 1234–1238 (2007)
C.Q. Sun, Surface and nanosolid core-level shift: impact of atomic coordination-number imperfection. Phys. Rev. B 69(4), 045105 (2004)
E. Roduner, Size matters: why nanomaterials are different. Chem. Soc. Rev. 35(7), 583–592 (2006)
J.M.D. Coey, Dilute magnetic oxides. Curr. Opin. Solid State Mater. Sci. 10(2), 83–92 (2006)
F. Matsui, T. Matsushita, Y. Kato, M. Hashimoto, K. Inaji, F.Z. Guo, H. Daimon, Atomic-layer resolved magnetic and electronic structure analysis of Ni thin film on a Cu(001) surface by diffraction spectroscopy. Phys. Rev. Lett. 100(20), 207201 (2008)
W. Li, A. Amirfazli, Superhydrophobic surfaces: adhesive strongly to water? Adv. Mater. 19(21), 3421–3422 (2007)
X.M. Li, D. Reinhoudt, M. Crego-Calama, What do we need for a superhydrophobic surface? A review on the recent progress in the preparation of superhydrophobic surfaces. Chem. Soc. Rev. 36(8), 1350–1368 (2007)
G. Caputo, R. Cingolani, P.D. Cozzoli, A. Athanassiou, Wettability conversion of colloidal TiO2 nanocrystal thin films with UV-switchable hydrophilicity. PCCP 11, 3692–3700 (2009)
R.-D. Sun, A. Nakajima, A. Fujishima, T. Watanabe, K. Hashimoto, Photoinduced surface wettability conversion of ZnO and TiO2 thin films. J. Phys. Chem. B 105(10), 1984–1990 (2001)
X. Liu, M. Bauer, H. Bertagnolli, E. Roduner, J. van Slageren, F. Phillipp, Structure and magnetization of small monodisperse platinum clusters. Phys. Rev. Lett. 97(25), 253401 (2006)
X. Feng, L. Feng, M. Jin, J. Zhai, L. Jiang, D. Zhu, Reversible super-hydrophobicity to super-hydrophilicity transition of aligned ZnO nanorod films. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 126(1), 62–63 (2004)
Z. Xu, Z. Ao, D. Chu, A. Younis, C.M. Li, S. Li, Reversible hydrophobic to hydrophilic transition in graphene via water splitting induced by UV irradiation. Sci. Rep. 4, 6450 (2014)
C. Zhu, H. Li, Y. Huang, X.C. Zeng, S. Meng, Microscopic insight into surface wetting: relations between interfacial water structure and the underlying lattice constant. Phys. Rev. Lett. 110(12), 126101 (2013)
J. Liu, C. Wang, P. Guo, G. Shi, H. Fang, Linear relationship between water wetting behavior and microscopic interactions of super-hydrophilic surfaces. J. Chem. Phys. 139(23), 234703 (2013)
F.G. Alabarse, J. Haines, O. Cambon, C. Levelut, D. Bourgogne, A. Haidoux, D. Granier, B. Coasne, Freezing of water confined at the nanoscale. Phys. Rev. Lett. 109(3), 035701 (2012)
E.B. Moore, E. de la Llave, K. Welke, D.A. Scherlis, V. Molinero, Freezing, melting and structure of ice in a hydrophilic nanopore. PCCP 12(16), 4124–4134 (2010)
Q. Yuan, Y.P. Zhao, Topology-dominated dynamic wetting of the precursor chain in a hydrophilic interior corner. Proc. Phys. Soc. London, Sect. A 468(2138), 310–322 (2011)
M. Kasuya, M. Hino, H. Yamada, M. Mizukami, H. Mori, S. Kajita, T. Ohmori, A. Suzuki, K. Kurihara, Characterization of water confined between silica surfaces using the resonance shear measurement. J. Phys. Chem. C 117(26), 13540–13546 (2013)
X.C. Qin, Q.Z. Yuan, Y.P. Zhao, S.B. Xie, Z.F. Liu, Measurement of the rate of water translocation through carbon nanotubes. Nano Lett. 11(5), 2173–2177 (2011)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2016 Springer Science+Business Media Singapore
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Sun, C.Q., Sun, Y. (2016). Water Supersolid Skin. In: The Attribute of Water. Springer Series in Chemical Physics, vol 113. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0180-2_10
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0180-2_10
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-10-0178-9
Online ISBN: 978-981-10-0180-2
eBook Packages: Physics and AstronomyPhysics and Astronomy (R0)