Abstract
It began on the Internet social networks, as these are spaces of autonomy, largely beyond the control of governments and corporations that had monopolized the channels of communication as the foundation of their power, throughout history. By sharing sorrow and hope in the free public space of the Internet, by connecting to each other, and by envisioning projects from multiple sources of being, individuals formed networks regardless of their personal views or organizational attachments.
Keywords
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Abahlali baseMjondolo. (2014a). Abahlali baseMjondolo [The Shackdweller’s Movement]. Available online at: http://abahlali.org/
Abahlali baseMjondolo. (2014b). Abahlali baseMjondolo [The Shackdweller’s Movement]. Available online at: http://abahlali.org/node/14055
Aker, Jenny C., & Isaac Mbiti. (2010). Mobile Phones and Economic Development in Africa. Center for Global Development, Working Paper no. 211. Washington, D.C.
Alexander, Peter. (2012). “A Massive Rebellion of the Poor.” Mail and Guardian, April 13. Available online at http://mg.co.za/print/2012-04-13-a-massive-rebellion-of-the-poor
Alexander, Peter, & Peter Pfaffe (2013). “Social Relationships to the Means and Ends of Protest in South Africa’s Ongoing Rebellion of the Poor: The Balfour Insurrections.” Social Movement Studies: Journal of Social, Cultural and Political Protest, August 2. Available online at: http://www.uj.ac.za/EN/Faculties/humanities/departments/Research-Centres/sacsc/Events/Documents/Social%20Relationships%20to%20the%20Means%20and%20Ends%20article[1].pdf
Appadurai, Arjun. (1990). “Disjuncture and Difference in the Global Cultural Economy.” Theory, Culture, and Society, 7(June), 295-310.
Ballard, Richard, Adam Habib, & Imraan Valodia, eds. (2006). Voices of Protest: Social Movements in Post-Apartheid South Africa. Scottsville: University of KwaZulu-Natal Press.
Beinart, William, & Marcelle C. Dawson, eds. (2010). Popular Politics and Resistance Movements in South Africa. Johannesburg: Wits University Press.
Biekart, Kees, & Alan Fowler. (2013). “Transforming Activisms 2010+: Exploring Ways and Waves.” Development and Change, 44(3), 527-546.
Birkinshaw, Matt (2008). “A Big Devil in the Jondolos: The Politics of Shack Fires.” Abahlali baseMjondolo Shackdwellers Movement, Durban, South Africa. Available at http://abahlali.org/files/Big_Devil_Politics_of_Shack_Fire.pdf
Booysen, Susan. (2009). “”Public Participation in Democratic South Africa: From Popular Mobilization to Structured Co-optation and Protest.” Politeria, 28(1), 1-27.
Bosch, Tanja. (2013). “Youth, Facebook and Politics in South Africa.” Journal of African Media Studies, 5(2), 119-130.
Bryant, Jacob. (2006). Toward Delivery and Dignity: Community Struggle from Kennedy Road. Research Report No. 41. Durban: University of KwaZulu-Natal, Centre for Civil Society.
Buhlungu, Sakhele. (2004). The Anti-Privatization Forum: A Profile of a Post-Apartheid Social Movement. Research Report No. 41. Durban: University of KwaZulu-Natal, Centre for Civil Society and School of Development Studies project on Globalization, Marginalization and New Social Movements in Post-Apartheid South Africa.
Castells, Manuel. (2012). Networks of Outrage and Hope: Social Movements in the Internet Age. Cambridge: Polity Press
Chance, Kerry. (2012). “’Where there is Fire, there is Politics’: Ungovernability in Democratic South Africa.” Development Studies and Population Studies Seminar, University of KwaZulu-Natal, July 24.
Dawson, Marcelle C. (2010). “’Phansi Privatisation! Phansi!’ The Anti-Privatisation Forum and Ideology in Social Movements.” In William Beinart & Marcelle C. Dawson, eds., Popular Politics and Resistance Movements in South Africa (pp. 266-285). Johannesburg: Wits University Press.
De Lanerolle, Indra. (2012). The New Wave: Who Connects to the Internet, How They Connect, and What They Do When they Connect. Johannesburg: University of Witwatersrand.
Desai, Ashwin. (2002). We Are the Poors: Community Struggles in Post-Apartheid South Africa. New York: Monthly Review Press.
Dugger, Celia. (2009). “Eager Students Fall Prey to Apartheid’s Legacy.” New York Times, September 20.
Dwyer, Peter. (2006). “The Concerned Citizens Forum: A Fight within a Fight.” In Richard Ballard, Adam Habib, & Imraan Valodia, eds., Voices of Protest: Social Movements in Post-Apartheid South Africa (pp. 89-110). Scottsville: University of KwaZulu-Natal Press .
The Economist. (2013). “Africa Rising: A Hopeful Continent.” The Economist, March 2.
Egan, Anthony, & Alex Wafer. (2006). “Dynamics of a ‘Mini-Mass Movement’: Origins, Identity and Ideological Pluralism in the Soweto Electricity Crisis Committee.” In Richard Ballard, Adam Habib, & Imraan Valodia, eds., Voices of Protest: Social Movements in Post-Apartheid South Africa (pp. 45-66). Scottsville: University of KwaZulu-Natal Press .
Equal Education. (2012). Annual Report. Khayelitsha: Equal Education. Available online at: http://www.equaleducation.org.za/content/2013/08/08/Equal-Education-Annual-Report-2012.pdf
Friedman, Steven, & Shauna Mottiar. (2006). “Seeking the High Ground: The Treatment Action Campaign and the Politics of Morality,” in Richard Ballard, Adam Habib, & Imraan Valodia, eds., Voices of Protest: Social Movements in Post-Apartheid South Africa (pp. 23-44). Scottsville: University of KwaZulu-Natal Press.
Gerhards, Jurgen, & Mike S. Shafer. (2009). “Is the Internet a Better Public Sphere? Comparing Old and New Media in the U.S. and Germany.” New Media and Society, XX(X), 1-19.
Gill, Gerard. (2014). “Knowledge Practices in Abahlali baseMjondolo.” Interface, 6(1), 211-229.
Glasius, Marlies, & Geoffrey Pleyers. (2013). “The Global Moment of 2011: Democracy, Social Justice, and Dignity.” Development and Change, 44(3), 547-567.
Gould, Roger. (1991). “Multiple Networks and Mobilization in the Paris Commune, 1871.” American Sociological Review, 56, 716-729.
Gower, Prim. (2009). “Idle Minds, Social Time Bomb.” Mail and Guardian, July 31. Available online at: http://mg.co.za/article/2009-07-31-idle-minds-social-time-bomb/
Harvey, David. (1990). The Condition of Postmodernity. An Enquiry into the Origins of Cultural Change. Oxford: Blackwell.
Hinely, Rebecca. (2009). “‘Poors of Chatsworth’ Take Charge.” The Mercury, September 16.
Jacobs, Sean, & Ron Krabill. (2005). “Mediating Manenberg in the Post-Apartheid Public Sphere: Media, Democracy and Citizenship in South Africa.” In Steven L. Robins, ed., Limits to Liberation after Apartheid: Citizenship, Governance and Culture (pp. 157-172). Oxford: James Currey.
Johnston, Alexander, & Ann Bernstein. (2007). Voices of Anger: Protest and Conflict in Two Municipalities. Johannesburg: Centre for Development and Enterprise.
Lim, Merlyna. (2012). “Clicks, Cabs and Coffee Houses: Social Media and Oppositional Movements in Egypt, 2004-2011.” Journal of Communication, 62, 231-248.
Mbali, Mandisa. (2010). “The ‘New Struggle:’ Resources, Networks and the Formation of the Treatment Action Campaign, 1994-1998.” In William Beinart & Marcelle C. Dawson, eds., Popular Politics and Resistance Movements in South Africa (pp. 227-242). Johannesburg: Wits University Press.
McAdam, Doug, & Ronnelle Paulsen. (1993). “Specifying the Relationship between Social Ties and Activism.” American Journal of Sociology, 99, 640-667.
Meyer, Matt. (2013). “New Movements in South Africa?” OpenDemocracy, September 25. Available online at: https://www.opendemocracy.net/civilresistance/matt-meyer/new-movements-insouth-africa
Miraftab, Faranak and Shana Wills (2005). “Insurgency and Spaces of Active Citizenship: The Story of Western Cape Anti-eviction Campaign in South Africa.” Journal of Planning Education and Research, 25, 200-217.
Mottiar, Shauna. (2013). “From ‘Popcorn’ to ‘Occupy:’ Protest in Durban, South Africa.” Development and Change, 44(3), 603-619.
Mottiar, Shauna, & Patrick Bond. (2011). Social Protest in South Africa. Durban: Centre for Civil Society, University of KwaZulu-Natal, September. Available online at: http://ccs.ukzn.ac.za/files/Social%20Protest%20in%20South%20Africa%20sept2011.pdf
Ngwane, Trevor. (2004). “Sparks in the Township.” In Tom Mertes, ed., A Movement of Movements: Is Another World Really Possible? (pp. 111-135). London: Verso.
Ngwane, Trevor. (2011). Ideology and Agency in Protest Politics: Service Delivery Struggles in Post-Apartheid South Africa. Master of Arts thesis (Development Studies). Durban: University of KwaZulu-Natal.
Paramoer, Lauren, & Courtney Jung. (2011). “The Role of Social and Economic Rights in Supporting Opposition in Postapartheid South Africa.” In Ian Shapiro & Kahreen Tebeau, eds., After Apartheid: Reinventing South Africa? (pp. 199-230). Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press.
Pearce, Jenny. (2013). “Power and the Twenty-First Century Activist: From the Neighbourhood to the Square.” Development and Change, 44(3), 639-663.
Pithouse, Richard. (2006). ‘Our Struggle Is Thought on the Ground, Running’: The University of Abahlali baseMjondolo. Research Report No. 40. Durban: University of KwaZulu-Natal, Centre for Civil Society.
Pithouse, Richard. (2008). “A Politics of the Poor: Shack Dwellers’ Struggles in Durban.” Journal of Asian and African Studies, 43, 63-94.
Republic of South Africa Department of Basic Education. (2011). Report on Dropout and Learner Retention Strategy to Portfolio Committee on Education. Pretoria: Republic of South Africa Department of Basic Education, June.
Robertson, Cerianne. (2014). “Professors of Our Own Poverty: Intellectual Practices of a Poor People’s Movement in Post-Apartheid South Africa.” Interface, 6(1), 185-210.
Rondganger, Lee, Lyse Comins, & Nosipho Mngoma. (2014). “Be Angry with Government, Not Cops.” Daily News, February 21.
Rosenthal, Kelly. (2010). “New Social Movements as Civil Society: The Case of Past and Present Soweto.” In William Beinart & Marcelle C. Dawson, eds., Popular Politics and Resistance Movements in South Africa (pp. 243-265). Johannesburg: Wits University Press.
Sen, A. Fulya. (2012). “The Social Media as a Public Sphere: The Rise of Social Opposition.” Paper presented at the International Conference on Communication, Media, Technology and Design: Istanbul, May 9-11.
Shah, Nishant. (2013). “Citizen Action in the Time of the Network.” Development and Change, 44(3), 665-681.
Statistics South Africa. (2014). Poverty Trends in South Africa: An Examination of Absolute Poverty between 2006 and 2011. Pretoria: Statistics South Africa. Available online at: http://beta2.statssa.gov.za/publications/Report-03-10-06/Report-03-10-06March2014.pdf
Steenkamp, Marika, & Nathalie Hyde-Clarke. (2014). “The Use of Facebook for Political Commentary in South Africa.” Telematics and Infomatics, 31, 91-97.
Tarrow Sidney. (1998). Power in Movement: Social Movements and Contentious Politics (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Vellem, Yonela, Kedebone Legoale, Lucas Siphelo Ndabeni, & Buhle Booi. (2014). “Pupils Who ‘Stood up for Their Rights.’” Mail and Guardian, May 23. Available online at: http://mg.co.za/article/2014-05-23-pupils-who-stood-up-for-their-rights
Von Holdt, Karl, Malose Langa, Sepetla Molapo, Nomfundo Mogapi, Kindiza Ngubeni, Jacob Dlamini, & Adele Kirsten. (2011). The Smoke that Calls: Insurgent Citizenship, Collective Violence, and the Struggle for a Place in the New South Africa. Johannesburg: Centre for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation. Available online at: http://www.csvr.org.za/docs/thesmokethatcalls.pdf
Wasserman, Herman (2013). “Borders and Horizons.” Available online at: https://hermanwasserman.wordpress.com/
Wasserman, Herman. (2014). “Youth, Conflict, Governance, and the Media.” Available online at: https://hermanwasserman.wordpress.com/
Wu, Yu-Shan (2013). “South Africans Have Yet to Discover the Real Power of Social Media.” Mail and Guardian, March 8. Available online at http://mg.co.za/print/2013-03-08-00-south-africanshave-yet-to-discover-the-real-power-of-social-media
Zikode, S’Bu. (2006). The Third Force. Durban: University of KwaZulu-Natal Centre for Civil Society.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2015 Sense Publishers
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Munro, W.A., Silova, I. (2015). Adjusting the Margins. In: Epstein, I. (eds) The Whole World is Texting. Pittsburgh Studies in Comparative and International Education. SensePublishers, Rotterdam. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6300-055-0_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6300-055-0_7
Publisher Name: SensePublishers, Rotterdam
Online ISBN: 978-94-6300-055-0
eBook Packages: Humanities, Social Sciences and LawEducation (R0)