Abstract
This chapter focuses on the normativity challenges the EU faces at global fora in which it lacks membership. In particular, this chapter focuses on the EU’s involvement at the International Labour Organization and the International Maritime Organization with main attention given to actions relating to the welfare of fishermen. The focus of the analysis is on the use of instruments element and the extent to which the EU manages to overcome its participation limitations within the relevant international fora in order to assert itself as an interlocutor in matters of its competence. The discussion also considers the effect of these participation limitations on the legitimacy of the EU, specifically its coherence and consistency. A central hypothesis flowing from this chapter is that membership in relevant international fora holds a strong normative promise that should allow the EU to act in a more normative way and that the existing participation limitations affect its ability to act normatively.
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Notes
- 1.
European Commission 2006b, vol II, p. 20; Mirkowski J (2021) The World’s Most Dangerous Countries for Workers. https://www.arinite.co.uk/the-worlds-most-dangerous-countries-for-workers. Accessed 2 August 2022.
- 2.
ILO 1999.
- 3.
- 4.
E.g. UN General Assembly 2007, recital 15.
- 5.
See Janovsky J (2017) Safety Matters: How Stopping Illegal Fishing Can Save Lives. https://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/articles/2017/10/16/safety-matters-how-stopping-illegal-fishing-can-save-lives. Accessed 2 August 2022.
- 6.
Danielsson et al. 2010, p. 37.
- 7.
UN General Assembly 2001, para 33.
- 8.
United Nations 2002, para 34(a).
- 9.
UN General Assembly 2003, para 23.
- 10.
Ibid., para 34.
- 11.
Ibid., para 32.
- 12.
- 13.
- 14.
European Parliament and Council 2013, recital 15.
- 15.
Ibid., Article 2(1).
- 16.
European Commission 2016b, p. 3.
- 17.
Biden J (2022) Memorandum on Combating Illegal, Unreported, and Unregulated Fishing and Associated Labor Abuses. https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/presidential-actions/2022/06/27/memorandum-on-combating-illegal-unreported-and-unregulated-fishing-and-associated-labor-abuses/. Accessed 2 August 2022.
- 18.
Ibid.
- 19.
Ibid.
- 20.
UN General Assembly 2008, para 58.
- 21.
Rodgers et al. 2009, pp. 1–2.
- 22.
A good number of those ILO Conventions have been consolidated with the same limitation into Maritime Labour Convention, 2006, opened for signature 23 February 2006, UNTS CoR I-51299, entered into force 20 August 2013 MLC, Articles II(4) and X.
- 23.
Fishermen’s Competency Certificates Convention, 1966, opened for signature 21 June 1966, 684 UNTS 81, entered into force 15 July 1969.
- 24.
Convention Concerning Work in the Fishing Sector, 2007, opened for signature 14 June 2007, UNTS CoR I-54755, entered into force 16 November 2017 WFC, Article 46 listing the four revised Conventions; ILO 1966, 2007. Together with the 2007 Convention and Recommendation, the ILC also adopted four resolutions aimed at the promotion, ratification and effective implementation of the Convention and the improvement of decent work in the fishing sector.
- 25.
Forced Labour Convention, 1930, opened for signature 28 June 1930, 39 UNTS 55, entry into force 1 May 1932; Protocol of 2014 to the Forced Labour Convention, 1930, opened for signature 11 June 2014, 53 ILM 1232, entered into force 9 November 2016; ILO 2014; Abolition of Forced Labour Convention, 1957, opened for signature 25 June 1957, 320 UNTS 291, entered into force 17 January 1959.
- 26.
- 27.
European Union and ILO 2021.
- 28.
ILO 2021, Articles 14(7) and 36(5).
- 29.
ECJ, Opinion 2/91 Convention No 170 of the International Labour Organization concerning safety in the use of chemicals at work, Opinion, 19 March 1993, EU:C:1993:106, para 5.
- 30.
Convention establishing the Inter-Governmental Maritime Consultative Organization, opened for signature 6 March 1948, 289 UNTS 3, entered into force 17 March 1958, Article 1(a).
- 31.
International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Fishing Vessel Personnel, opened for signature 7 July 1995, 43 SDIA 148, entered into force 29 September 2012.
- 32.
Torremolinos International Convention for the Safety of Fishing Vessels 1977, opened for signature 2 April 1977, not entered into force, superseded by the 1993 Torremolinos Protocol Relating to the 1977 Torremolinos International Convention for the Safety of Fishing Vessels, opened for signature 2 April 1993, not entered into force, amended by Cape Town Agreement of 2012 on the Implementation of the Provisions of the 1993 Protocol relating to the Torremolinos International Convention of 1977 for the Safety of Fishing Vessels, opened for signature 11 October 2012, not yet in force.
- 33.
- 34.
IMO 2017.
- 35.
European Commission, IMCO 1974.
- 36.
Gulbrandsen 2013, p. 756.
- 37.
For background information on the incidents, see ITOPF (1999) ERIKA, West of France, 1999. https://www.itopf.org/in-action/case-studies/erika-west-of-france-1999/. Accessed 2 August 2022; ITOPF (1999) PRESTIGE, Spain/France, 2002. https://www.itopf.org/in-action/case-studies/prestige-spain-france-2002/. Accessed 2 August 2022.
- 38.
- 39.
European Parliament 2004.
- 40.
Council 2005a, pp. 6–7. The legal opinion was in reaction to the refusal by the IMO to circulate a document sent to the IMO’s secretariat by the Netherlands (acting as Presidency) on behalf of the European Community.
- 41.
European Commission 2012a, Annex, 3. Currently, the Commission is seeking (without much success) to upgrade the observer status to cover the EU and not just the Commission.
- 42.
See ECJ, Case C-45/07 Commission v Greece, Judgment, 12 February 2009, EU:C:2009:81.
- 43.
ECJ, Case C-161/20 Commission v Council, Judgment, 5 April 2022, EU:C:2022:260, para 66.
- 44.
Constitution of the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, adopted and entered into force 24 October 1945, TIAS 1554, preamble.
- 45.
Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (Consolidated Version), opened for signature 25 March 1957, entered into force 1 January 1958, TFEU 2016 OJ C202/47.
- 46.
See Bazerkoska 2013.
- 47.
ECJ, Opinion 2/91 Convention No 170 of the International Labour Organization concerning safety in the use of chemicals at work, Opinion, 19 March 1993, EU:C:1993:106, para 36.
- 48.
European Commission 1994.
- 49.
Ibid., p. 6.
- 50.
Ibid., p. 7.
- 51.
Ibid., p. 9.
- 52.
Ibid., p. 10.
- 53.
European Commission 2004.
- 54.
Nedergaard 2009, p. 154.
- 55.
ECJ, Opinion 2/91 Convention No 170 of the International Labour Organization concerning safety in the use of chemicals at work, Opinion, 19 March 1993, EU:C:1993:106, IV—Community participation in negotiations leading to ILO conventions. The Council agreed to re-examine its Decision in Council Decision of 30 December 1989 concerning the negotiations for the International Labour Conference on Safety in the Use of Chemicals at Work.
- 56.
European Commission 1986.
- 57.
Ibid.
- 58.
- 59.
Nengye and Maes 2010, p. 585.
- 60.
European Commission 2005b, as amended after discussions in the Shipping Working Party of the Council.
- 61.
ECJ, Case C-45/07 Commission v Greece, Judgment, 12 February 2009, EU:C:2009:81, para 27.
- 62.
European Commission 2005b, p. 2.
- 63.
Council 2005b, Annex.
- 64.
Ibid., p. 13.
- 65.
Ibid.
- 66.
Ibid., p. 15.
- 67.
Ibid.
- 68.
Ibid., p. 17.
- 69.
Van Elsuwege and Merket 2012, p. 47.
- 70.
Nengye and Maes 2010, p. 586.
- 71.
ECJ, Case C-45/07 Commission v Greece, Judgment, 12 February 2009, EU:C:2009:81.
- 72.
Kassoti E, Vatsov M (2022) The Curious Incident of the Commission at the IMO—Commission v Council (IMO). https://eulawlive.com/op-ed-the-curious-incident-of-the-commission-at-the-imo-commission-v-council-imo-by-eva-kassoti-and-mihail-vatsov/. Accessed 2 August 2022.
- 73.
ECJ, Case C-161/20 Commission v Council, Judgment, 5 April 2022, EU:C:2022:260, para 74.
- 74.
Ibid., para 77.
- 75.
Council 1994.
- 76.
Council 1995b, p. 2.
- 77.
Ibid., footnote 2.
- 78.
Ibid., p. 2.
- 79.
Ibid., p. 3.
- 80.
European Commission 1995, pp. 7–8.
- 81.
Ibid., p. 9.
- 82.
Ibid., p. 8.
- 83.
Council 1995a, pp. 2–3.
- 84.
Ibid., pp. 3–4.
- 85.
Ibid., p. 5.
- 86.
Ibid.
- 87.
Ibid., p. 4.
- 88.
Ibid., p. 2.
- 89.
Ibid., p. 4.
- 90.
Ibid.
- 91.
See European Commission 2014b, pp. 5–6.
- 92.
European Commission 2014d.
- 93.
Pichot and Delarue 2019, p. 112.
- 94.
This has been confirmed to me in an answer to an access to documents request Ares(2019)1098098.
- 95.
- 96.
Council 1994.
- 97.
Ibid., p. 6.
- 98.
European Commission 2008, p. 2.
- 99.
Ibid., p. 5.
- 100.
Ibid.
- 101.
Council 2010. On the status of ratifications, see https://treaties.un.org/Pages/showDetails.aspx?objid=080000028005f62c&clang=_en. Accessed 18 July 2020.
- 102.
https://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:11300:0::NO::p11300_instrument_id:312333. Accessed 2 August 2022.
- 103.
Council 2010, Article 2.
- 104.
- 105.
Ibid., European Commission 2014b, p. 6.
- 106.
- 107.
Council 2015a.
- 108.
European Commission 1984.
- 109.
Ibid. The reference was to Council 1983.
- 110.
- 111.
Council 1998a.
- 112.
European Commission 1998, p. 6.
- 113.
IMO 2022, p. 501.
- 114.
European Commission 2012b.
- 115.
European Commission 2013a.
- 116.
Council 2014a.
- 117.
IMO 2022, p. 503.
- 118.
European Commission 2013b.
- 119.
Council 2014b, para 5.
- 120.
Council 2015e.
- 121.
IMO 2022, p. 430.
- 122.
Council 2017c.
- 123.
Ibid., Article 6.
- 124.
European Parliament, Council 2012, Annex VIII.
- 125.
European Parliament 2017a, para 25.
- 126.
Ibid., para 15.
- 127.
Ibid., 17.
- 128.
European Commission 2014b, p. 2.
- 129.
- 130.
- 131.
- 132.
- 133.
- 134.
European Parliament 2008, para 19.
- 135.
UN General Assembly 2012b, pp. 18–19.
- 136.
UN General Assembly 2017a, p. 13.
- 137.
UN General Assembly 2019, p. 13.
- 138.
European Commission 1992, p. 3.
- 139.
Oliveira-Goumas and El Houdagui 2000, p. 14.
- 140.
Ackermann et al. 2018, p. 26.
- 141.
http://www.ilo.int/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:11300:0::NO::P11300_INSTRUMENT_ID:312331. Accessed 2 August 2022.
- 142.
Van der Zwaan et al. 2014, p. 14.
- 143.
- 144.
European Commission 2006a.
- 145.
Eckes 2019, p. 45.
- 146.
- 147.
Telesetsky 2018, p. 312. See also Thailand (2018) Thailand’s Views on International Labour Organization’s “Ship to Shore” Project. http://www.mfa.go.th/europetouch/th/news/8359/90080-Thailand%E2%80%99s-Views-on-International-Labour-Organizat.html. Accessed 18 July 2020.
- 148.
Council 2013, p. 15.
- 149.
Ibid.
- 150.
IMO 2013.
- 151.
Council 2017a, pp. 27–28.
- 152.
Ibid., p. 28.
- 153.
IMO 2013.
- 154.
E.g. UN General Assembly 2016a, para 115.
- 155.
UN General Assembly 2013, para 78.
- 156.
http://www.fao.org/global-record/background/history/en/. Accessed 2 August 2022.
- 157.
http://www.fao.org/global-record/partners/en/. Accessed 2 August 2022. See also Agritrade (2014) EU and Spanish support FAO work for a global register of fishing vessels. http://agritrade.cta.int/Fisheries/Topics/ACP-EU-relations-FPAs/EU-and-Spanish-support-FAO-work-for-a-global-register-of-fishing-vessels.html. Accessed 2 August 2022.
- 158.
European Union et al. 2014, p. 2.
- 159.
- 160.
Council 2013, p. 15.
- 161.
- 162.
Council 2012, p. 3.
- 163.
Ibid., p. 4.
- 164.
Ibid.
- 165.
Council 2005c.
- 166.
Ibid., p. 2.
- 167.
MLC, above n. 22, The Regulation and the Code, Standard A4.5—Social security; WFC, above n. 24, Article 37.
- 168.
- 169.
Council 2015d, Article 3(4).
- 170.
European Parliament and Council 2013, Article 31(6)(a).
- 171.
European Commission 2016b, p. 3.
- 172.
- 173.
European Parliament 2017b, para 8.
- 174.
European Parliament and Council 2013.
- 175.
European Parliament 2015, para 81.
- 176.
- 177.
European Commission 2015b, Article 1(4).
- 178.
European Parliament and Council 2017, Article 5(1)(c).
- 179.
LDAC 2017, p. 2.
- 180.
Ibid.
- 181.
- 182.
European Parliament and Council 2014, Article 32.
- 183.
European Commission 2015a, Article 3.
- 184.
European Commission 2014a, Annex, I, Union Priority 1, point 9.
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Vatsov, M. (2023). Challenges to the EU’s Normativity Posed by Lack of Membership in Global Institutions. In: Fishing Power Europe. Global Europe: Legal and Policy Issues of the EU’s External Action, vol 3. T.M.C. Asser Press, The Hague. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6265-583-6_4
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