Abstract
The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) was founded as a forum on inter-state cooperation during the recession of the Cold War. It concerns the Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe (CSCE), the creation of which was made possible by the normalization of relations between the East and West. The fundamental document of the CSCE was the Helsinki Final Act of 1975, following biannual negotiations between 35 European States along with the United States and Canada. On this basis, the CSCE gradually adopted a broad concept of security, a precursor to the later concept of human security, not only limited to the traditional aspects of civilian and military affairs, but also to cooperation on economic and environmental matters, alongside the protection of human rights. The end of the Cold War marked a new era for the CSCE. The gradual establishment of permanent institutions led, in 1994, to the decision to rename the CSCE as OSCE, replacing the term “Conference” with that of “Organization”. The permanent power of the organization is clearly reflected in its role in the modern international environment. The organization’s priorities were strengthened through the implementation of objectives and strategies related to security, democratization, stability and the protection of human rights. Through OSCE’s three expanded dimensions, the 57 participating states and partners of the organization co-operate and strengthen dialogue between themselves, preventing any conflicts and reaching settlement of disputes by peaceful means.
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Notes
- 1.
Adler 1998, pp. 132–160.
- 2.
- 3.
Flynn and Farrell 1999, pp. 505–536.
- 4.
- 5.
Holsti 1982, pp. 159–170.
- 6.
- 7.
Wohlfeld 2008, pp. 643–644.
- 8.
In particular, the first dimension on “Questions relating to Security in Europe” covers ten basic principles on political and military aspects of security between the States, involving, also, confidence-building measures and aspects of security and disarmament. The second dimension comprises matters on co-operation in the fields of economics, of science and technology and of the environment while the third dimension involves aspects relating to security and co-operation in humanitarian aspects and other fields. Furthermore, see CSCE 1975, Helsinki Final Act. https://www.osce.org/helsinki-final-act?download=true. Accessed 16 August 2020. Shaw 2017, pp. 1179–1182.
- 9.
Romano 2012, pp. 205–224.
- 10.
- 11.
- 12.
- 13.
CSCE 1990a.
- 14.
- 15.
CSCE 1992b.
- 16.
Heraclides 1993b.
- 17.
CSCE 1992a.
- 18.
- 19.
CSCE 1994, CSCE Budapest Document 1994: Towards a Genuine Partnership in a New Era. https://www.osce.org/mc/39554?download=true. Accessed 20 August 2020; Ghebali 1996.
- 20.
Pentikainen 1997, pp. 5–11.
- 21.
OSCE 1996 Lisbon Document 1996. https://www.osce.org/mc/39539?download=true. Accessed 16 August 2020.
- 22.
Pentikainen 1998, pp. 18–37.
- 23.
Mosser 2015, pp. 579–599.
- 24.
OSCE 1999, Istanbul Document 1999. https://www.osce.org/mc/39569?download=true. Accessed 11 August 2020; Heraclides 1993a.
- 25.
OSCE 2010, Astana Commemorative Declaration towards a Security Community. https://www.osce.org/cio/74985?download=true. Accessed 16 August 2020.
- 26.
- 27.
Sadigbayli 2014, pp. 392–417.
- 28.
OSCE’s participating States are: Albania, Andorra, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, Cyprus Republic, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Holy See, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Moldova, Monaco, Mongolia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russian Federation, San Marino, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Tajikistan, former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, United Kingdom, United States of America and Uzbekistan.
- 29.
OSCE’s Asian partners are: Afghanistan, Australia, Japan, Republic of Korea and Thailand. OSCE’s Mediterranean partners for co-operation are: Algeria, Egypt, Israel, Jordan, Morocco and Tunisia.
- 30.
Schlager 1991, pp. 221–222.
- 31.
Kokkinides 1995, pp. 89–99.
- 32.
- 33.
Bothe et al. 1997, pp. 14–19.
- 34.
Kropatcheva 2012, pp. 370–378.
- 35.
Du Pont 2000, pp. 7–18.
- 36.
- 37.
Ackermann 2007.
- 38.
- 39.
Haug 2016, pp. 342–357.
- 40.
- 41.
De Graaf and Verstichel 2008, pp. 255–276.
- 42.
Bellamy and Griffin 2002, pp. 1–26.
- 43.
Akande 2018, pp. 281–283.
- 44.
Bredimas 2018, pp. 75–80.
- 45.
Cottey 2001, pp. 43–61.
- 46.
Crawford 2012, pp. 687–689.
- 47.
McGoldrick 1993, pp. 135–182.
- 48.
Cassese 1990, pp. 210–231.
- 49.
Schermers and Blokker 2011, pp. 1196–1997.
- 50.
Merini 1996, pp. 21–34.
- 51.
Di Stasi 1999, pp. 237–270.
- 52.
Decaux 1994b, pp. 271–273.
- 53.
Zieba 2018, pp. 214–222.
- 54.
Kropatcheva 2015, pp. 10–11.
- 55.
Simakova 2016, p. 3.
- 56.
Larive 2014, pp. 173–175.
- 57.
Biscop 2006, pp. 25–29.
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Tzivaras, I.P. (2022). Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE). In: Sayapin, S., Atadjanov, R., Kadam, U., Kemp, G., Zambrana-Tévar, N., Quénivet, N. (eds) International Conflict and Security Law. T.M.C. Asser Press, The Hague. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6265-515-7_25
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