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Urbanization, Megacities, Constitutional Silence

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European Yearbook of Constitutional Law 2020

Part of the book series: European Yearbook of Constitutional Law ((EYCL,volume 2))

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Abstract

Urban agglomeration is one of the most significant demographic and geopolitical phenomena of our time. The figures are striking. In 1900, approximately 150 million people, fewer than 10% of the world population, lived in cities.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Hirschl 2020.

  2. 2.

    See, e.g., Hoornweg and Pope 2017, Samet 2013.

  3. 3.

    Lefebvre 1996, Sassen 2001, Krugman and Masahisa 2000, Florida 2002, Barber 2013.

  4. 4.

    Blank 2006, Nijman 2019.

  5. 5.

    See, e.g., Aust 2019.

  6. 6.

    See, e.g., Oomen et al. 2016.

  7. 7.

    Rosenfeld and Sajó 2012.

  8. 8.

    E.g. Tushnet et al. 2013, Jackson and Tushnet 2014, Masterman and Schütze 2019.

  9. 9.

    See, e.g., Ginsburg and Huq 2018, Gardbaum 2020.

  10. 10.

    Schragger 2016.

  11. 11.

    Frug and Barron 2008.

  12. 12.

    Hartog 1983.

  13. 13.

    Schragger 2018a, pp. 67–68.

  14. 14.

    Pritchett 2017, p. 1455.

  15. 15.

    Ibid.

  16. 16.

    Scharff 2016, 2018, Stahl 2017, Schragger 2018b.

  17. 17.

    E.g. Gerken and Revesz 2017, Stahl 2020.

  18. 18.

    See, e.g., Blank and Rosen-Zvi 2018, Fontana 2018.

  19. 19.

    UN DESA 2019.

  20. 20.

    Hirschl 2020, p. 170.

  21. 21.

    Ibid.

  22. 22.

    Bauböck and Orgad 2020, p. 57.

  23. 23.

    E.g. US Supreme Court, Atkin v. Kansas, judgement of 30 November 1903, 191 U.S. 207 (1903); US Supreme Court, Hunter v. City of Pittsburgh, judgement 18 November 1907, 207 U.S. 161 (1907).

  24. 24.

    See, e.g., Briffault 2018, Schragger 2018b.

  25. 25.

    As is well-known, in its decision in the Reference re Secession of Quebec, judgement of 20 August 1998, 2 S.C.R. 217 (1998) case, the Supreme Court of Canada stated that the Canadian Constitution is based on four equally significant underlying principles: (1) federalism, (2) democracy, (3) constitutionalism and the rule of law, and (4) the protection of minorities. None of these principles trumps any of the others.

  26. 26.

    Sansom and Dawkins 2013, Saunders 2005.

  27. 27.

    See, generally, Boggero 2017, Kirchmair 2015, Himsworth 2015.

  28. 28.

    Sassen 2001.

  29. 29.

    Bumke and Voßkuhle 2019, pp. 418–420.

  30. 30.

    Hirschl 2020.

  31. 31.

    Ibid., pp. 119–128.

  32. 32.

    Ibid., pp. 123–124, 127–128.

  33. 33.

    US Supreme Court, Gill v. Whitford, judgement of 18 June 2018, 138 S. Ct. 1916; 585 U.S. (2018).

  34. 34.

    US Supreme Court, Rucho v. Common Cause, judgement of 27 June 2019, No. 18-422, 588 U.S. (2019).

  35. 35.

    Rodden 2019.

  36. 36.

    Barber 2018, p. 11.

  37. 37.

    See, e.g., Le Galès 2002, Spruyt 1996.

  38. 38.

    See, generally, Prak 2018.

  39. 39.

    See Tilly 1992; Taylor 2004. Holding the monopoly over the legitimate use of physical force by a government in a well-defined territory is, according to Max Weber, one of the defining features of the state.

  40. 40.

    Taylor 2004, p. 15.

  41. 41.

    Frug 1980, pp. 1119–1120.

  42. 42.

    Palermo and Kössler 2017, p. 69.

  43. 43.

    See, e.g., Davis 1978, Elazar 1987.

  44. 44.

    Gerken 2010, p. 21.

  45. 45.

    King 2014, p. 295.

  46. 46.

    Levy 2007.

  47. 47.

    Ibid., p. 459.

  48. 48.

    Ibid., pp. 460–463.

  49. 49.

    Weinstock 2014, pp. 269–270.

  50. 50.

    Hirschl and Shachar 2019.

  51. 51.

    Loughlin 2018.

  52. 52.

    Fassbender 2018.

  53. 53.

    Kalb 2017, p. 88.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada

    Ran Hirschl

  2. University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany

    Ran Hirschl

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  1. Ran Hirschl
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Public Law and Governance, Tilburg Law School, Tilburg, The Netherlands

    Ernst Hirsch Ballin

  2. Department of Public Law and Governance, Tilburg Law School, Tilburg, The Netherlands

    Gerhard van der Schyff

  3. Department of Public Law, Faculty of Law, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands

    Maarten Stremler

  4. School of Law, Singapore Management University, Singapore, Singapore

    Maartje De Visser

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Hirschl, R. (2021). Urbanization, Megacities, Constitutional Silence. In: Hirsch Ballin, E., van der Schyff, G., Stremler, M., De Visser, M. (eds) European Yearbook of Constitutional Law 2020. European Yearbook of Constitutional Law, vol 2. T.M.C. Asser Press, The Hague. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6265-431-0_14

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