Abstract
This introduction provides a critical discussion of some problematic aspects of the Resolution on provisional measures adopted by the Institute of International Law on 8 September 2017. The remainder of the introduction presents the plan and aims of the book.
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Notes
- 1.
A notable exception is given by Miles 2017.
- 2.
Exception made for works focusing on specific tribunals, see e.g. Rosenne 2005.
- 3.
For a comment on the Resolution, see Ruozzi 2018, pp. 1182 et seq.
- 4.
Institut de Droit International, Session of Hyderabad, Third Commission, Provisional Measures, Final Report, Rapporteur Lord Collins of Mapesbury, p. 268, para 12.
- 5.
See Chap. 6 by Wittich in this volume.
- 6.
See Chap. 8 by Kovács in this volume.
- 7.
But see Article 26, para 1 of PCA, Optional Rules for Arbitration of Disputes Relating to Natural Resources and/or The Environment.
- 8.
Virzo 2018, pp. 156–158.
- 9.
ICJ, Immunities and Criminal Proceedings (Equatorial Guinea v. France), Provisional Measures, Order of 7 December 2006, para 96.
- 10.
Article 26, para 1 of PCA, Optional Rules, supra note 7. Moreover, the only footnote in the Resolution reminds us that “[t]here may be independent purposes of provisional measures that are expressly provided for in relevant instruments, such as the prevention of serious harm to the marine environment under Article 290, para (1) of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea or the prevention of damage to fish stocks under Article 31, para (2), of the Agreement on Implementation of the Law of the Sea Convention with respect to straddling and highly migratory fish stocks, adopted on 4 August 1995”.
- 11.
Article 26, para 2, c) of PCA, Arbitration Rules 2012; Article 17, para 2, c) of the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration. Besides, some commercial arbitration awards have gone as far as to order Mareva injunctions against banks or other entities so as to freeze the assets of one of the parties. See Chap. 13 by Zarra in this volume.
- 12.
The “Arctic Sunrise” Case (The Netherlands v. Russia), ITLOS Case No. 22, Provisional Measures, Order of 22 November 2013, para 98; The “Enrica Lexie” Incident (Italy v. India), ITLOS Case No 24, Provisional Measures, Order of 24 August 2015, para 141.
- 13.
Montego Bay, 10 December 1982; entry into force: 16 November 1994.
- 14.
Tanaka 2018, p. 194: “The vagueness of the test may entail the risk of undermining predictability of an order of the Court with regard to provisional measures”.
- 15.
Southern Bluefin Tuna cases (New Zealand v. Japan; Australia v. Japan), ITLOS Case Nos. 3 and 4, Provisional Measures, Order of 27 August 1999; The MOX Plant case (Ireland v. United Kingdom), ITLOS Case No. 10, Provisional Measures, Order of 3 December 2001; Case concerning Land Reclamation by Singapore in and around the Straits of Johor (Malaysia/Singapore), ITLOS Case No. 12, Provisional Measures, Order of 8 October 2003; The ARA Libertad case (Argentina v. Ghana), ITLOS Case No. 20, Provisional Measures, Order of 15 December 2012; The “Arctic Sunrise” Case, supra note 10; The “Enrica Lexie” Incident, supra note 10; Case Concerning the Detention of Three Ukrainian Naval Vessels (Ukraine v. Russian Federation), ITLOS Case No. 26, Provisional Measures, Order of 25 May 2019; The M/T “San Padre Pio” Case (Switzerland v. Nigeria), ITLOS Case No. 27, Provisional Measures, Order of 6 July 2019. See also Chap. 7 by Marotti in this volume.
- 16.
Institut de Droit International, Session of Hyderabad, Third Commission, Plenary Session, Provisional Measures, Report, p. 108.
- 17.
Supra note 14 and Virzo 2018, pp. 160–161.
- 18.
Besides, as noted by Pascale in this volume, the Final Report of the Institute of International Law makes just a few brief references to the Inter-American Court of Human Rights and the European Court of Human Rights, without giving any consideration to other regional bodies, such the African Commission and the African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights.
- 19.
ICJ, Alleged violations of the 1955 Treaty of Amity, Economic Relations, and Consular Rights (Iran v. United States of America), Provisional Measures, Order of 3 October 2018, Separate Opinion of Judge Cançado Trinidade, para 65.
- 20.
ICJ, Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Qatar v. United Arab Emirates), Provisional Measures, Order of 23 July 2018, para 69.
- 21.
Alleged violations of the 1955 Treaty, supra note 18, para 91.
- 22.
See Chap. 2 by Thirlway in this volume.
- 23.
See Chap. 4 by Rieter in this volume.
- 24.
See Chap. 3 by Le Floch in this volume.
- 25.
See Chap. 5 by Sparks and Somos in this volume.
- 26.
See Chap. 16 by Palombino in this volume.
References
Miles C (2017) Provisional Measures Before International Courts and Tribunals. CUP, Cambridge
Rosenne S (2005) Provisional Measures in International Law: The International Court of Justice and the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea. OUP, Oxford
Ruozzi E (2018) La codificazione della funzione cautelare internazionale ad opera dell’Institut de droit international. Rivista di diritto internazionale 101(4): 1182–1210
Tanaka Y (2018) The Peaceful Settlement of International Disputes. CUP, Cambridge
Virzo R (2018) La finalité des mesures conservatoires du Tribunal international du droit de la mer. In: Le Floch G (ed) Les vingt ans du Tribunal international du droit de la mer. Pedone, Paris, pp. 145–161
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Virzo, R. (2021). Introduction. In: Palombino, F.M., Virzo, R., Zarra, G. (eds) Provisional Measures Issued by International Courts and Tribunals. T.M.C. Asser Press, The Hague. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6265-411-2_1
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