Skip to main content

The Legacy of the Gi Bill

Equal Opportunity in U.S. Higher Education After WWII

  • Chapter
Fairness in Access to Higher Education in a Global Perspective

Abstract

There are great expectations for higher education as an instrument of social mobility and economic development. Institutions of higher education are widely thought to equalize opportunity for social mobility, to be catalysts for economic development, and to promote the knowledge and values of society from one generation to the next. While the linkages between higher education and economic development are now well established within the international policy discourse on global universities and economic development, the role of the state in ensuring fairness in access to higher education—and the realization of the promise of social mobility—is seldom considered. Before World War II, access to U.S. higher education was limited and was characterized as for the elite, especially opportunities to enroll in four-year colleges (Trow, 1974).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 49.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Adelman, C. (1995). The new college course map and transcript files: Changes in course-taking and achievement, 1972–1993. Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics.

    Google Scholar 

  • Adelman, C. (1999). Answers in the tool box: Academic intensity, attendance patterns, and bachelor’s degree attainment. Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics.

    Google Scholar 

  • Adelman C. (2005). Moving into town and moving on: The community college in the lives of traditionalage students. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education.

    Google Scholar 

  • Advisory Committee on Student Financial Assistance (2002). Empty promises: The myth of college access in America. Washington, DC: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • Advisory Committee on Student Financial Assistance (2008). Apply to succeed: Ensuring community college students benefit from need-based financial aid. Report prepared for ACSFA. Washington, DC: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • Becker, G.S. (1964). Human capital: A theoretical and empirical analysis with special reference to education. New York: Columbia University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Becker, W.E. (2004). Omitted variables and sample selection in studies of college-going decisions. In E.P. St. John (Ed.), Public policy and college access: Investigating the federal and state roles in equalizing postsecondary opportunity, Readings on equal education Vol. 19 (pp. 65–86). New York: AMS Press, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berkner, L., & Chavez, L. (1997). Access to postsecondary education for the 1992 high school graduates. Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. of Education, Office of Educational Research and Improvement.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blau, P.M., & Duncan, O.D. (1967). The American occupational structure. New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bound, J., & Turner, S. (2002). Going to War and Going to College: Did World War II and the G.I. Bill Increase Educational Attainment for Returning Veterans? Journal of Labor Economics, 20(4), (784–815).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bowen, W.G., Chingos, M., & McPherson, M.S. (2009). Crossing the finish line: Completing college at America’s public Universities. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Choy, S.P. (2002a). Access & persistence: Findings from 10 years of longitudinal research on students. Washington, DC: American Council on Education.

    Google Scholar 

  • Choy, S.P. (2002b). Findings from The Condition of Education, 2002: Nontraditional undergraduates. Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics.

    Google Scholar 

  • Commission on the Skills of the American Workforce (2007). Tough choices, tough times: The report of the new commission on skills of the American workforce. Washington, DC: National Center on Education and the Economy.

    Google Scholar 

  • Conklin, K.D., & Curran, B.K. (2005). Action agenda for improving America’s high schools. Sponsored by Achieve, Inc., and the National Governors Association: www.achieve.org/achieve.nsf/ActionAgenda_Overview?OpenForm.

  • Commission on the Skills of the American Workforce (2007). Tough choices, tough times: The report of the new commission on skills of the American workforce. Washington, DC: National Center on Education and the Economy.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cornia, G.A., & Kiiski, S. (2001). Trends in income distribution in the post-World War II period. Discussion paper #2001/89. World Institute or Development Economic Research, United Nations University, Helsink, Finland.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fogel, R.W. (2000). The fourth great awakening and the future of egalitarianism. Chicago: Chicago University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Friedman, B.M. (2005). The moral consequence of economic growth. New York: Vintage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Friedman, T.L. (2005). The world is flat: A brief history of the twenty-first century. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux.

    Google Scholar 

  • Galbraith, J.K. (1994). A journey through economic time: A first-hand view. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldthorpe, J.H., Llewellyn, & Payne, C. (1987) Social mobility and class structure in modern Britain. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goodchild, L.F. (1997). Contemporary Undergraduate Education: An Era of Alternatives and Reassessment. Theory Into Practice, 36(2), 123–131.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grubb, W.N. (1994). The long-term effects and proprietary schools: Corrections. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 16(3), 351–56.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grubb, W.N. (1996a). Learning to work: The case for reintegrating job training and education. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grubb, W.N. (1996b). Working in the middle: Strengthening education and training for the mid-skilled labor force. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heller, D.E. (2004). NCES research on college participation: A critical analysis. In E.P. St. John (Ed.), Public policy and college access: Investigating the federal and state roles in equalizing postsecondary opportunity. Readings on equal education Vol. 19 (pp. 29–64). New York: AMS Press, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henry, M., Lingard, B., Rizvi, F., & Taylor, S. (2001). The OECD, globalization and education policy. Amsterdam: Pergamon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hillmert, S., & Jacob, M. (2003). Social inequality in higher education. Is vocational training a pathway leading to or award from university? Europeans sociological Review, 19, 319–334.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoffman, N., Vargas, J., Venezia, A., & Miller, M.S. (Eds.) (2007). Minding the gap: Why integrating high school with college makes sense and how to do it. Cambridge: Harvard Education Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, G.A. (1978). Financial aid and student enrollment. The Journal of Higher Education, 49(6), 548–574.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kerr, C. (1963). The uses of the university. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leslie, L.L., & Brinkman, P.T. (1988). The economic value of higher education. New York: Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lipsett, S.M., & Bendix, R. (1992). Social mobility in industrial society. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Manski, C.F., & Wise, D.A. (1983). College choice in America. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • McPherson, M.S. (1978). The demand for higher education. In D.W. Breneman & C.E. Finn, Jr. (Eds.), Public policy and private higher education (pp. 143–146). Washington, DC: Brookings Institution.

    Google Scholar 

  • McPherson, M.S., & Schapiro, M.O. (1991). Keeping college affordable: Government and educational opportunity. Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution.

    Google Scholar 

  • McPherson, M.S., & Schapiro, M.O. (1993). Measuring the effects of student aid: An assessment of some methodological and empirical problems. In M.S. McPherson, M.O. Schapiro, & G.C. Winston (Eds.), Paying the piper: Productivity, incentives, and financing in U.S. higher education (pp. 187–228). Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • McPherson, M.S., & Schapiro, M.O. (1998). The student aid game: Meeting need and rewarding talent in American higher education. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mendez, J.P., (2006). The History of the ‘Pillsbury Doughboy’: The Essential Elements of the Federal Pell Grant. Ph. D. Dissertation, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN. 2006.

    Google Scholar 

  • National Center for Education Statistics (1970). Projections of education statistics to 1979–80. Washington, DC: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • National Center for Education Statistics (1980). Projections of education statistics to 1988–89. By M.M. Frankel & D.E. Gerald. Washington, DC: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • Paulsen, M.B. (1996a). Higher education and productivity: An afterword. Thought and action: NEA Higher Education Journal, 12(2), 135–139.

    Google Scholar 

  • Paulsen, M.B. (1996b). Higher education and state workforce productivity. Thought and Action: NEA Higher Education Journal, 12(1), 55–77.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pelavin, S.H., & Kane, M.B. (1988). Minority participation in higher education. Prepared for the U.S. Department of Education, Office of Planning, Budget and Evaluation. Washington, DC: Pelavin Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pelavin, S.H., & Kane, M.B. (1990). Changing the odds: Factors increasing access to college. New York: College Board.

    Google Scholar 

  • Priest, D., & St. John, E.P. (Eds.) (2006). Privatization and public universities. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Servicemen’s Readjustment Act of 1944, P.L. 78–346.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smart, A., & Smart, J. (2005). Introduction. In Smart, A. & Smart, J. (Eds.) Petty capitalists and globalization: Flexibility, entrepreneurship, and economic development. (1–22) Albany, NY: SUNY Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sommerville, J.C. (2009). Religious ideas for secular universities. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans.

    Google Scholar 

  • St. John, E.P. (1991). What really influences minority attendance? Sequential analyses of the high school and beyond sophomore cohort. Research in Higher Education, 32(2), 141–158.

    Google Scholar 

  • St. John, E.P. (2003). Refinancing the college dream: Access, equal opportunity, and justice for taxpayers. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • St. John, E.P. (Ed.) (2006). Public policy and the public interest: School reforms, postsecondary encouragement, and state policies on postsecondary education, Readings on equal education, Vol. 21. New York: AMS Press, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • St. John, E.P. Hu, S., & Fisher, A. (in press). Breaking through the access barrier: How academic capital formation can inform public policy.

    Google Scholar 

  • St. John, E.P., Kim, J., & Yang, L. (in press). Privatization and inequality: Comparative Studies of College Access, Education Policy, and Public Finance. Globalization and social justice, Vol. 1. New York: AMS Press, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • St. John, E.P., & Moronski, K. (2008). The impact of the Florida Bright Futures Scholarship Program on college preparation and access for low-income and minority students. A paper prepared for ENLACE FLORIDA. http://enlacefl.usf.edu/research/Research%20Briefs/2009/The-Impact-of-FLBrightFuturesScholarship-on-CollegePrep.pdf

  • St. John, E.P., & Moronski, K. (in press). The Late Great State of California: The Legacy of the Master Plan, the Decline in Access, and a New Crisis. In E.P. St. John, J. Kim, & L. Yang (Eds.) Privatization and Inequality: Comparative Studies of College Access, Education Policy, and Public Finance. Globalization and social justice, Vol. 1. NY: AMS Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • St. John, E.P., & Masten, C.L. (1990). Return on the federal investment in student financial aid: An assessment of the high school class of 1972. Journal of Student Financial Aid, 20(3), 4–23.

    Google Scholar 

  • St. John, E.P., & Musoba, G.D. (2010). Pathways to academic success: Expanding opportunity for underrepresented students. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • St. John, E.P., Pineda, D., & Moronski, K. (in press). Higher Education in the United States: Legal, Financial and Educational Remedies to Racial and Income Inequality in College Access, In E.P. St. John, J. Kim, & L. Yang (Eds.) Privatization and Inequality: Comparative Studies of College Access, Education Policy, and Public Finance. Globalization and social justice, Vol. 1. NY: AMS Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • St. John, E.P., Ward, J.G., & Laine, S.W.M. (1999). State policy on professional development: Rethinking the linkages to student outcomes. Oak Brook, IL: North Central Regional Educational Laboratory.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stigliz, J.E. (2012). The price of inequality: How today’s divided society endangers our future. New York: Norton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, M.C. (2010). Crisis on Campus: A Bold Plan for Reforming Our Colleges and Universities. New York: Knopf.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, C. (2007). A Secular Age. Boston: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thelin, J.R. (2004). Higher education and the public trough: A historical perspective. In E.P. St. John & M.D. Parsons (Ed.), Public funding of higher education: Changing contexts and new rationales. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tobin, E. (2009). The Modern Evolution of America’s Flagship Universities. In W.G. Bowen, M. Chingos, & M.S. McPherson (Eds.), Crossing the finish line: Completing college at America’s public Universities. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • U.S. Department of Education (2006). A Test of Leadership: Changing the Future of U.S. Higher Education, Washington, DC: authors.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wildavsky, B. (2009). The great brain drain: How global universities are reshaping the world. Princeton, MJ: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2013 Sense Publishers

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

John, E.P.S. (2013). The Legacy of the Gi Bill. In: Meyer, HD., John, E.P.S., Chankseliani, M., Uribe, L. (eds) Fairness in Access to Higher Education in a Global Perspective. SensePublishers, Rotterdam. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6209-230-3_4

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Societies and partnerships