Abstract
Globalization is as an idea is a complex, contradictory, and ambiguous theoretical construct. As social scientists have attempted to separate out the categories identified with globalization, their very multidimensionality connects these categories to all the fields which are connected with the social sciences, including the economic, the political, the social, the anthropological and subsets of these fields, such as the technological, the environmental, the educational, the ecological (Appadurai 1990a, b; Zajda and Rust 2009; Zajda 2020a). Because scholars approaching globalization come from such varied traditions, with their different perspectives, informing principles, and priorities they tend to draw back from its multidimensionality and misrepresent globalization by linking it to capitalism, the nation state, political liberalism, etc. (Tomlinson 1999). Ludwig Wittgenstein once likened a complex theoretical construct to a landscape, and he explained that a single interpretation of anything is partial, and to gain the fullest picture of that landscape requires one to “criss-cross in every direction.”
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Notes
- 1.
Wittgenstein, L. (1958). Philosophical Investigations. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, Simon and Schuster Company.
- 2.
Postmodernism is a popular whipping boy for Marxists. See, for example, Whitty, G. (1999). Recent educational reform: Is it a postmodern phenomenon? The politics, sociology, and economics of education. R. F. Farnen and H. Sunker. London, Macmillan, Hill, D., P. McLaren, et al. (2002). Marxism against Postmodernism in educational theory. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman and Littlefield Publishing Group.
- 3.
The emotional connotations of the term “refugee” have shifted over time. In colonial America, for example, refugees were often looked on as people to be admired and having a special strength of conviction. Those seeking refuge from religious persecution in England, sought freedom of expression and were looking for a more hospitable place to do this Bellah, R. (1985). Habits of the Heart. New York, Harper and Row. With few frontiers available today, the refugee is rarely seen in a positive light and often does not always find a home that is more hospitable than the home being left behind.
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Zajda, J., Rust, V. (2021). Globalization as a Multidimensional Construct. In: Globalisation and Comparative Education. Globalisation, Comparative Education and Policy Research, vol 24. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-024-2054-8_2
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