Abstract
When considering man-made structures for offshore Arctic regions where ice islands may transit, the probability of encountering different sizes of ice islands and ice island fragments needs to be estimated. This can be difficult to determine in near-shore regions where the occurrence of ice islands is infrequent, yet if there is an occurrence and the ice island grounds in shallow water, it could break into a number of smaller ice island fragments. Probabilistic design methods can be used to determine if consideration of ice island impact in structural design criteria is required and to choose appropriate levels of ice strengthening. This chapter includes a brief description of the design issues involved, available approaches and areas where additional information would be useful.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Crocker, G., Wright, B., Thistle, S., & Bruneau, S. (1998). An assessment of current iceberg management capabilities. Contract report for National Research Council, Canada, Prepared by C-CORE and B. Wright and Associates Ltd., C-CORE Publication 98-C26, St. John’s.
Dunwoody, A. B. (1983, May 2–5). The design ice island for impact against an offshore structure. In The 15th Annual Offshore Technology Conference, Houston, pp. 325–330.
Forrest, A. L., Hamilton, A. K., Schmidt, V. E., Laval, B. E., Mueller, D. R., Crawford, A., Brucker, S., & Hamilton, T. (2012). Digital terrain mapping of Petermann Ice Island fragments in the Canadian High Arctic. In Ice Research for a Sustainable Environment. International Association for Hydro-Environment Engineering and Research, Dalian, China, pp. 710–721.
Fuglem, M., Muggeridge, K., & Jordaan, I. (1999). Design load calculations for iceberg impacts. International Journal of Offshore and Polar Engineering, 9(4), 298–306.
ISO. (2010). International Standard ISO 19906: Petroleum and natural gas industries – Arctic offshore structures. International Organization for Standardisation.
Jordaan, I. J. (1983, November). Risk analysis with application to fixed structures in ice. Paper presented at the Seminar/Workshop on Sea Ice Management, Memorial University, St. John’s.
Jordaan, I. J. (2001). Mechanics of ice-structure interaction. Engineering Fracture Mechanics, 68, 1923–1960.
Jordaan, I. J. (2005). Decisions under uncertainty. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Jordaan, I. J., Maes, M. A., & Brown, P. W. (1993). Probabilistic analysis of local ice pressures. Journal of Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering, 115(1), 83–89. doi:10.1115/1.2920096.
Jordaan, I., Li, C., Mackey, T., Nobahar, A., & Bruce, J. (2005). Design ice pressure-area relationships; Molikpaq data, PERD/CHC Report 14-121. Prepared for: National Research Council Canada Canadian Hydraulics Centre and Panel on Energy Research and Development, St. John’s.
Kovacs, A., & Mellor, M. (1971). Sea ice pressure ridges and ice islands, Technical note 122. Calgary: Creare Inc. for Arctic Petroleum Operators Association.
Matskevitch, D. (1997). Eccentric impact of an ice feature: Non-linear model. Cold Regions Science and Technology, 26(1), 55–66. doi:10.1016/S0165-232X(97)00008-6.
Mellor, M., Kovacs, A., & Hnatiuk, J. (1977, September 26–30). Destruction of ice islands with explosives. In Fourth International Conference on Port and Ocean Engineering Under Arctic Conditions, Memorial University, St. John’s, p. 13.
Memorial University. (1995). Canadian offshore design for ice environments (Vol. 1). St. John’s: Environment and Routes, Prepared for Department of Industry, Trade and Technology, Canada-Newfoundland Offshore Development Fund, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador.
Mueller, D., Copland, L., & Jeffries, M. O. (2017). Changes in Canadian Arctic ice shelf extent since 1906. In L. Copland & D. Mueller (Eds.), Arctic ice shelves and ice islands (p. 109–148). Dordrecht: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-94-024-1101-0_5.
Münchow, A., Padman, L., & Fricker, H. A. (2014). Interannual changes of the floating ice shelf of Petermann Gletscher, North Greenland, from 2000 to 2012. Journal of Glaciology, 60, 489–499. doi:10.3189/2014JoG13J135.
Nessim, M.A., Jordan, I.J., Lantos, S. and Cormeau A. 1986. Probability-based design criteria for ice loads on fixed structures in the Beaufort Sea. Det norske Veritas (Canada), Calgary, Joint Industry Report No. 86-CGY-43, 2 volumes. (proprietary)
Sackinger, W. M., Jeffries, M. O., Lu, M. C., & Li, F. C. (1988). Arctic ice islands. Fairbanks: University of Alaska.
Sackinger, W. M., Shoemaker, H. D., Serson, H., et al. (1985). Ice islands as hazards to Arctic offshore production structures. In Proceedings of the 17th Annual Offshore Technology Conference, Houston, pp. 399–408.
Van Wychen, W., & Copland, L. (2017). Ice island drift mechanisms in the Canadian High Arctic. In L. Copland & D. Mueller (Eds.), Arctic ice shelves and ice islands (p. 287–316). Dordrecht: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-94-024-1101-0_11.
Vanmarcke, E. (1983). Random fields: Analysis and synthesis. Cambridge: MIT Press.
Acknowledgments
We would like to acknowledge and thank Walt Spring, Derek Mueller and an anonymous reviewer for their detailed review of the chapter and helpful comments.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Fuglem, M., Jordaan, I. (2017). Risk Analysis and Hazards of Ice Islands. In: Copland, L., Mueller, D. (eds) Arctic Ice Shelves and Ice Islands. Springer Polar Sciences. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-024-1101-0_15
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-024-1101-0_15
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-024-1099-0
Online ISBN: 978-94-024-1101-0
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)