Abstract
It has long been recognized that, nothing is wholly safe or dangerous per se, but that the object involved, and the manner and conditions of use determine the degree of hazard or safety. Consequently, it may rightly be concluded that there is no escape from all risk, no matter how remote, but that there only are choices among risks (Daniels 1978). In that spirit, risk assessment is usually designed to offer an opportunity to help understand a system better—usually by adding an orderliness and completeness to a problem evaluation. It must be acknowledged, however, that risk assessment has usefulness only if it is properly applied. Also, the risk analyst must be cognizant of the fact that hazard perception and risk thresholds—all of which can have significant impact on the ultimate risk decision—tend to be quite distinct in different regions or locations. Indeed, a good understanding of several important attributes of the risk assessment mechanisms would generally help both the risk assessor and the risk manager in practice. This chapter discusses key attributes that will facilitate the application and interpretation of risk assessment information—and thus make it more useful in public health risk management decisions.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Suggested Reading
Bate, R. (Ed.). (1997). What risk? (Science, politics & public health). Oxford, England: Butterworth-Heinemann.
Bates, D. V. (1994). Environmental health risks and public policy. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press.
Bromley, D. W., & Segerson, K. (Eds.). (1992). The social response to environmental risk: Policy formulation in an age of uncertainty. Kluwer Academic: Boston, MA.
Hamed, M. M. (1999). Probabilistic sensitivity analysis of public health risk assessment from contaminated soil. Journal of Soil Contamination, 8(3), 285–306.
Hamed, M. M. (2000). Impact of random variables probability distribution on public health risk assessment from contaminated soil. Journal of Soil Contamination, 9(2), 99–117.
Hammitt, J. K. (1995). Can more information increase uncertainty? Chance, 8(3), 15–17.
Hammitt, J. K., & Shlyakhter, A. I. (1999). The expected value of information and the probability of surprise. Risk Analysis, 19(1), 135–152.
Hansson, S.-O. (1989). Dimensions of risk. Risk Analysis, 9(1), 107–112.
Hansson, S.-O. (1996a). Decision making under great uncertainty. Philosophy of the Social Sciences, 26(3), 369–386.
Hansson, S.-O. (1996b). What is philosophy of risk? Theoria, 62, 169–186.
Joffe, M., & Mindell, J. (2002). A framework for the evidence base to support health impact assessment. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 56(2), 132–132.
Kimmel, C. A., & Gaylor, D. W. (1988). Issues in qualitative and quantitative risk analysis for developmental toxicology. Risk Analysis, 8, 15–20.
Pollard, S. J., Yearsley, R., et al. (2002). Current directions in the practice of environmental risk assessment in the United Kingdom. Environmental Science & Technology, 36(4), 530–538.
Richards, D., & Rowe, W. D. (1999). Decision-making with heterogeneous sources of information. Risk Analysis, 19(1), 69–81.
van Ryzin, J. (1980). Quantitative risk assessment. Journal of Occupational Medicine, 22, 321–326.
Bibliography
ACS and RFF. (1998). Understanding Risk Analysis (A Short Guide for Health, Safety and Environmental Policy Making), A Publication of the American Chemical Society (ACS) and Resources for the Future (RFF)—written by M. Boroush, ACS, Washington, DC
Asante-Duah, D. K. (1998). Risk assessment in environmental management: A guide for managing chemical contamination problems. Chichester, England: Wiley.
ASTM. (1995). Standard guide for risk-based corrective action applied at petroleum-release sites. Philadelphia, PA: American Society for Testing and Materials, ASTM (E1739-95).
Cairney, T. (1995). The re-use of contaminated land: A handbook of risk assessment. Chichester, UK: Wiley.
Ellis, B., & Rees, J. F. (1995). Contaminated land remediation in the UK with reference to risk assessment: Two case studies. Journal of the Institute of Water and Environmental Management, 9(1), 27–36.
HSE (Health and Safety Executive). (1989a). Risk criteria for land-use planning in the vicinity of major industrial hazards. London, UK: HMSO.
HSE (Health and Safety Executive). (1989b). Quantified risk assessment—Its input to decision making. London, UK: HMSO.
McTernan, W. F., & Kaplan, E. (Eds.). (1990). Risk assessment for groundwater pollution control, ASCE Monograph. New York: American Society of Civil Engineers.
Millner, G. C., James, R. C., & Nye, A. C. (1992). Human health-based soil cleanup guidelines for diesel fuel No.2, J. Soil Contamination, 1(2), 103–157.
Moeller, D. W. (1997). Environmental Health (Revisedth ed.). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
NRC. (1989a). Ground Water Models: Scientific and Regulatory Applications, National Research Council (NRC). Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
NRC. (1989b). Improving Risk Communication, National Research Council, Committee on Risk Perception and Communication. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
NRC. (1993a). Ground Water Vulnerability Assessment: Predicting Relative Contamination Potential Under Conditions of Uncertainty. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
NRC. (1993b). Issues in Risk Assessment. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
NRC. (1993c). Pesticides in the Diets of Infants and Children. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
Saleh, M. A., Blancato, J. N., & Nauman, C. H. (Eds.). (1994). Biomarkers of human exposure to resticides (ACS Symposium Series). Washington, DC: American Chemical Society (ACS).
Shere, M. E. (1995). The myth of meaningful environmental risk assessment. Harvard Environmental Law Review, 19(2), 409–492.
Sittig, M. (1994). World-wide limits for toxic and hazardous chemicals in air, water and soil. Park Ridge, NJ: Noyes.
Smith, T. T., Jr. (1996). Regulatory reform in the USA and Europe. Journal of Environmental Law, 8(2), 257–282.
Smith, A. H., Sciortino, S., Goeden, H., & Wright, C. C. (1996). Consideration of background exposures in the management of hazardous waste sites: A new approach to risk assessment. Risk Analysis, 16(5), 619–625.
Tsuji, J. S., & Serl, K. M. (1996). Current uses of the EPA lead model to assess health risk and action levels for soil. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 18, 25–33.
WHO. (2010a). WHO human health risk assessment toolkit: chemical hazards, IPCS Harmonization Project Document No. 8, The International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS), WHO Press, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
WHO. (2010b). Characterization and application of physiologically based pharmacokinetic models in risk assessment. IPCS Harmonization Project Document No. 9, The International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS), WHO Press, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
Whyte, A. V., & Burton, I. (Eds.). (1980). Environmental risk assessment, SCOPE Report 15. New York: Wiley.
Daniels, S. L. (1978). Environmental evaluation and regulatory assessment of industrial chemicals. In 51st Ann. Conf. Water Poll. Cont. Fed., Anaheim, CA.
Suter, G. W. (1993). Ecological risk assessment. Boca Raton, FL: Lewis Publishers.
NRC. (1995). Improving the environment: An evaluation of DOE’s environmental management program. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Asante-Duah, K. (2017). Attributes of a Public Health Risk Assessment. In: Public Health Risk Assessment for Human Exposure to Chemicals. Environmental Pollution, vol 27. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-024-1039-6_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-024-1039-6_5
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-024-1037-2
Online ISBN: 978-94-024-1039-6
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)