Abstract
In 1964, Gell-Mann [1] and Zweig [2] proposed that hadrons, the particles which experience strong interactions, are made of quarks. Quarks are confined within hadrons and never seen in isolation. Electron-nucleon scattering experiments at large momentum transfer could be explained by assuming the nucleon is made of almost-free point-like constituents called partons [3–5].
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Notes
- 1.
In the space of complex fields \(\varphi (\underline{x})\) the scalar product is defined as \((\varphi ,{\varphi }')=a^3\sum _{\underline{x}}\varphi (\underline{x})^*{\varphi }'(\underline{x})\). The adjoint \(\hat{A}^\dagger \) of an operator \(\hat{A}\) acting on the fields is defined as \((\varphi ,\hat{A}{\varphi }')=(\hat{A}^\dagger \varphi ,{\varphi }')\). A self-adjoint operator has \(\hat{A}^\dagger =\hat{A}\).
- 2.
It is not necessary for the lattice action to reproduce the continuum action at the classical level. There may be a larger class of actions which share the same quantum continuum limit despite they do not reproduce the classical continuum form, see e.g. the so called topological actions for the non-linear sigma model [36].
- 3.
- 4.
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Knechtli, F., Günther, M., Peardon, M. (2017). Quantum Field Theory (QFT) on the Lattice. In: Lattice Quantum Chromodynamics. SpringerBriefs in Physics. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-024-0999-4_1
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