Abstract
Using a content-analytic approach, this chapter systematically examined over 2,000 mobile social media posts on two popular Chinese platforms – Weibo and WeChat – regarding genetically modified foods. While most posts indicated strong opposition to these foods, more than 40 % of the posts did not provide any reasons for their opposition or cite any specific risks. Most posts viewed the government, lawmakers, and scientists as those responsible for guaranteeing the safety of genetically modified foods. This cyberactivism in mobile social media goes beyond the scope of public health and extends to discussions about human rights, the government’s ability to supervise the market, and even national security. The results suggest that this anti-GM-foods activism may have contributed to the Chinese government’s decision to take a slow, cautious approach to approving the sale of GM crops and foods in the country.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Carsten, P. (2015, February 3). China’s internet population hits 649 million, 86 percent on phones. Reuters. Retrieved from http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/02/03/us-china-internet-idUSKBN0L713L20150203
Chiu, C., Ip., I., & Silverman, A. (2012). Understanding social media in China. McKinsey Quarterly. Retrieved November 15, 2015, from http://www.mckinsey.com/insights/marketing_sales/understanding_social_media_in_china
Curtis, K. R., McCluskey, J. J., & Wahl, T. I. (2004). Consumer acceptance of genetically modified food products in the developing world. AgBioForum, 7(1&2), 70–75. Retrieved November 15, 2015 from http://www.agbioforum.org/v7n12/v7n12a13-mccluskey.htm
Entman, R. M. (1993). Framing: Toward clarification of a fractured paradigm. Journal of Communication, 43(4), 51–58.
Feng, M., & Yuan, E. J. (2014). Public opinion on Weibo: The case of the Diaoyu Islands dispute. In T. A. Hollihan (Ed.), The dispute over the Diaoyu/Senkaku Islands (pp. 119–128). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Ferdinand, P. (Ed.). (2000). The Internet, democracy and democratization. London: Frank Cass.
Gale, F., Lin, W., Lomar, B., & Tuan, F. (2002). Is biotechnology in China’s future? In China’s food and agriculture: Issues for the 21st century (AIB-775, pp. 34–37). Washington, DC: United States Department of Agriculture Economic Research Service.
Handford, R. (2014). Webo CEO reveals mobile takeup. Mobile World Live. Retrieved November 15, 2015, from http://www.mobileworldlive.com/weibo-ceo-reveals-mobile-takeup?
Harlow, S., & Guo, L. (2014). Will the revolution be tweeted or facebooked? Using digital communication tools in immigrant activism. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 19, 463–478. doi:10.1111/jcc4.12062
Ho, P., Vermeer, E. B., & Zhao, J. H. (2006). Biotechnology and food safety in China: Consumers’ acceptance or resistance? Development and Change, 37(1), 227–254.
Holton, A., Weberling, B., Clarke, C. E., & Smith, M. J. (2012). The blame frame: Media attribution of culpability about the MMR–autism vaccination scare. Health Communication, 27(7), 690–701.
Huang, R., & Sun, X. (2014). Weibo network, information diffusion and implications for collective action in China. Information, Communication and Society, 17(1), 86–104.
Incitez China. (2015, March 11). Mobile contributing to over half of Weibo ad revenue in 2014. China Internet Watch. Retrieved from http://www.chinainternetwatch.com/12670/weibo-q4-2014/
Internet Live Stats. (2015). China internet users. Internet Live Stats. Retrieved November 15, 2015, from http://www.internetlivestats.com/internet-users/china/
Iyengar, S. (1994). Is anyone responsible? How television frames political issues. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Jang, S. M. (2013). Framing responsibility in climate change discourse: Ethnocentric attribution bias, perceived causes, and policy attitudes. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 36, 27–36.
Jarlenski, M., & Barry, C. L. (2013). News media coverage of trans fat: Health risks and policy responses. Health Communication, 28(3), 209–216.
Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1984). Choices, values, and frames. American Psychologist, 39(4), 341–350.
Kang, J. (2012). A volatile public: The 2009 whole foods boycott on Facebook. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 56(4), 562–577.
Kim, S. H., & Willis, L. A. (2007). Talking about obesity: News framing of who is responsible for causing and fixing the problem. Journal of Health Communication, 12(4), 359–376.
Kim, S. H., Carvalho, J. P., & Davis, A. C. (2010). Talking about poverty: News framing of who is responsible for causing and fixing the problem. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 87(3–4), 563–581.
Knight, A. J. (2009). Perceptions, knowledge and ethical concerns with GM foods and the GM process. Public Understanding of Science, 18(2), 177–188.
Konnikova, M. (2013). The psychology of distrusting G.M.O.s. The New Yorker, Retrieved December 6, 2015, from http://www.newyorker.com/tech/elements/the-psychology-of-distrusting-g-m-o-s
Lacy, S., Riffe, D., Stoddard, S., Martin, H., & Chang, K. K. (2001). Sample size for newspaper content analysis in multi-year studies. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 78(4), 836–845.
Lawrence, R. G. (2004). Framing obesity: The evolution of news discourse on a public health issue. The Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics, 9(3), 56–75.
Leikas, S., Lindeman, M., Roininen, K., & Lähteenmäki, L. (2009). Who is responsible for food risks? The influence of risk type and risk characteristics. Appetite, 53(1), 123–126.
Li, J. (2015, February 3). When GM foods are placed on your dinner table, do you eat it or not? China Youth Daily. Retrieved from http://zqb.cyol.com/html/2015-02/13/nw.D110000zgqnb_20150213_4-08.htm
Linders, D. (2012). From e-government to we-government: Defining a typology for citizen coproduction in the age of social media. Government Information Quarterly, 29(4), 446–454.
Major, L. H. (2009). Break it to me harshly: The effects of intersecting news frames in lung cancer and obesity coverage. Journal of Health Communication, 14(2), 174–188.
Margolis, H. (1996). Dealing with risk: Why the public and the experts disagree on environment issues. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Nelson, C. H. (2001). Risk perception, behavior, and consumer response to genetically modified organisms toward understanding American and European public reaction. American Behavioral Scientist, 44(8), 1371–1388.
Pascalev, A. (2003). You are what you eat: Genetically modified foods, integrity, and society. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics, 16(6), 583–594.
Penney, J. (2014). Social media and symbolic action: Exploring participation in the Facebook Red Equal Sign Picture campaign. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 20(1), 52–66.
Poortinga, W., & Pidgeon, N. F. (2006). Exploring the structure of attitudes toward genetically modified food. Risk Analysis, 26(6), 1707–1719. doi:10.1111/j.1539-6924.2006.00828.x.
Sandoval-Almazan, R., & Gil-Garcia, J. R. (2014). Towards cyberactivism 2.0? Understanding the use of social media and other information technologies for political activism and social movements. Government Information Quarterly, 31(3), 365–378.
Scheufele, D. A., & Tewksbury, D. (2007). Framing, agenda setting, and priming: The evolution of three media effects models. Journal of Communication, 57(1), 9–20.
Shoemaker, P. J., & Reese, S. D. (2011). Mediating the message. New York: Routledge.
Sina Economy. (2014, September 28). Xi Jin Ping talked about genetically modified foods: Ensuring safety while promoting innovation. Retrieved from http://finance.sina.com.cn/china/20140928/142420434758.shtml
Sina News. (2015, February 3). Great future for genetically modified foods: China cannot fall behind. Sina News. Retrieved from http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2015-02-03/113531475994.shtml
Skuse, A. (2014, February 27). WeChat: The Chinese chat app stealing Weibo’s thunder. CNN. Retrieved from http://www.cnn.com/2014/02/27/business/tencent-wechat-unseats-sina-weibo/index.html
Song, Y., & Chang, T.-K. (2012). Selecting daily newspapers for content analysis in China. Journalism Studies, 13(3), 356–369.
Sullivan, J. (2012). A tale of two microblogs in China. Media, Culture & Society, 34(6), 773–783.
Sun, W. (2012). Localizing Chinese media: A geographic turn in media and communication research. In W. Sun & J. Chio (Eds.), Mapping media in China: Region, province, locality (pp. 13–28). London: Routledge.
The Economist. (2014). From Weibo to Wechat: After a crackdown on microblogs, sensitive online discussion has shifted. The Economist. Retrieved November 15, 2015, from http://www.economist.com/news/china/21594296-after-crackdown-microblogs-sensitive-online-discussion-has-shifted-weibo-wechat
Wang, W. Y. (2013). Weibo, framing, and media practices in China. Journal of Chinese Political Science, 18(4), 375–388.
Wang, W., & Liu, Y. (2015). Communication message cues and opinions about people with depression: An investigation of discussion on Weibo. Asian Journal of Communication, 25(1), 33–47.
WebMD. (2015). GMOs: What you need to know. Retrieved November 15, 2015, from http://www.webmd.com/food-recipes/truth-about-gmos?page=2
Woolsey, G. L. (2015). GMO timeline: A history of genetically modified foods. Retrieved June 12, 2015, from http://gmoinside.org/gmo-timeline-a-history-genetically-modified-foods/
Wu, H. (2014, December 30). A summary of top ten controversial events on GMO in China: From Yongyuan Cui’s documentary to Wei Zhao’s statement. Retrieved from http://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_1289839
Xinhua Net. (2014). Minister of Chinese Ministry of Agriculture: China has never approved any major GM grains for commercialized production. Retrieved December 6, 2015, from http://news.xinhuanet.com/politics/2014-03/06/c_119642449.htm
Yang, G. (2014). Internet activism and the part-state in China. Daedalus, 143(2), 110–123.
Zheng, Y., & Wu, G. (2005). Information technology, public space, and collective action in China. Comparative Political Studies, 38(5), 507–536.
Zou, L. (2013). The social effect system of Weibo public opinion. China Media Report Overseas, 3(9), 53–57.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Additional information
Note
In this chapter, for the sake of strengthening linguistic simplicity, we used the generic term, GM foods, to incorporate GM foods, crops, and organisms.
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2016 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Yu, N., Xu, Q. (2016). Public Discourse on Genetically Modified Foods in the Mobile Sphere: Framing Risks, Opportunities, and Responsibilities in Mobile Social Media in China. In: Wei, R. (eds) Mobile Media, Political Participation, and Civic Activism in Asia. Mobile Communication in Asia: Local Insights, Global Implications. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-024-0917-8_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-024-0917-8_5
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-024-0915-4
Online ISBN: 978-94-024-0917-8
eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)