Abstract
The use of adulticidal insecticide spray against fruit flies is examined as a historical development, beginning at the turn of the twentieth century and proceeding to the present. This development is considered in three phases, the first extending from the 1890s when the threats of exotic pest invasions were realized in the USA, especially California, and in Australia and focused on chemicals that were generally toxic to all animals but mainly after ingestion. After World War II, the development and recognition of synthetic organic pesticides allowed for more targeted and more toxic pesticides. A third period was initiated during the 1990s, mainly in response to social and political issues related to human exposure and impacts on environment. During all three phases there was social, economic, and political participation in establishing goals for direction of both pest management and research. Attractant baits were used during all three phases. Toxic attractant baits were developed mainly addressing control and eradication programs for Ceratitis, Bactocera, and Anastrepha. Although insecticides were used to control damage by established pests, programs to eradicated invasive population were associated with urgent programs.
Keywords
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Aliniazee MT (1986) Management of Rhagoletis indifferens in western N. America. In: Cavalloro CV (ed) Fruit flies of economic importance. CRC Press, Rome, pp 197–206
Allman SL (1940) Foliage poisons for the Queensland fruit fly, (Strumeta tryoni Froggatt). J Aust Inst Ag Sci 6:154–160
Allman SL (1942) Foliage poison spray for Queensland fruit fly, tartar emetic and sodium fluosilicate compared. Agric Gaz N.S.W. 53:186–187
Anderson I (1982) Medfly fighters win their battle the hard way. New Sci 95, No.1324. 23 September 1982, p 815
Anonymous (1898) Preparation and use of insecticides. In: Hill GM (ed) Yearbook, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1897, pp 637–640. http://archive.org/stream/yearbookofagricu1897unit#page/636/mode/2up
Anonymous (1906) Fruit fly parasite. Brisbane Courier, 27 Nov 1906. p 6. http://trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/19484778
Anonymous (1920) The Mally fruit fly remedy: for the prevention of maggots in fruit by the destruction of the parent flies before eggs are laid. J Dept Agric 1(April–December). Pretoria, pp 859–861
Anonymous (1994) Dye could become weapon against fruit flies. New York Times, Archives. December 18 1994. http://www.nytimes.com/1994/12/18/us/dye-could-become-weapon-against-fruit-flies.html
Anonymous (undated a) Palo Alto Pests: The 1981 Medfly Invasion. http://www.paloaltohistory.com/palo-alto-medfly-invasion.php
Anonymous (undated b) The Springfield connection. Season 6, Episode 23, 1989. http://www.tv.com/shows/the-simpsons/the-springfield-connection-1411/
Anonymous (undated c) Duckman. Season 2 Episode 9 Clip Job. First shown 8 May 1995. http://www.tv.com/shows/duckman/clip-job-62834/
Antongiovanni E (1949) Tests on the persistent effects of DDT and BHC against D. oleae (Gmel.). Redia, 1949 34, pp 46–66
Aviation Safety Network (2009–2013) Accident description, 8 August 1956. http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id = 19560808-1. see also http://www.c82packet.com
Ayers E (1957) The Mediterranean fruit fly eradication campaign. In: Twenty-first Biennial report for the period July 1, 1954–June 30, 1956. State Plant Board, Gainesville, pp 15–23
Back EA (1914) The Mediterranean fruit fly in Bermuda. U.S. Department of Agriculture. Entomolo Bull 161, 8 p
Back EA, Pemberton CE (1917) The melon fly in Hawaii. USDA Bull 491, 58 p
Back EA, Pemberton CE (1918a) The Mediterranean fruit fly in Hawaii. USDA Bull 538, 118 p
Back EA, Pemberton CE (1918b) The Mediterranean fruit fly. USDA Bull 640, 43 p
Baker AC, Stone WE, Plummer CC, McPhail M (1944) A review of studies on the Mexican fruit fly and related Mexican species, USDA miscellaneous publication 521. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC, p 155
Benson AH (1906) Fruit pests. Qld Agric J XVII(December) 288–289
Broughton E (2005) The Bophal disaster and its aftermath: a review. Environmental health: a global access science source 2005, 4:6. http://www.ehjournal.net/content/4/1/6
Carson R (1962) Silent spring. Houghton Mifflin Company, New York, p 297
Chambers DL, Lorraine H, Dowell RV (1987) Boron as an alternative toxicant in protein bait for Mediterranean fruit flies. In: Cavalloro R (ed) Fruit flies of economic importance. A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam, pp 501–506
Chavez S, Simon R (1989a) Mystery letter puts odd twist on Medfly crisis. Los Angeles Times December 3 1989. http://articles.latimes.com/1989-12-03/local/me-267_1_mystery-letter
Chavez S, Simon R (1989b) Months-long spraying of medfly Is ordered: infestation: officials admit underestimating the outbreak. Meantime, the malathion opposition grows. Los Angeles Times Dec 8, 1989. http://articles.latimes.com/1989-12-08/news/mn-298_1_medfly-infestation
Clark RA, Weems WV (1989) Detection, quarantine, and eradication of fruit flies invading Florida. Proc Fla State Hort Soc 102:159–164
Code of Federal Regulations (2009) 7 CFR 301.32.10 Treatments (b). http://www.lawserver.com/law/country/us/cfr/7_cfr_301-32-10
Compere G (1907) Kerosene remedy and the fruit fly. J Dept Agric. Western Australia, XV, unpaged
Crawford DL (1910) The Mexican orange maggot. Pomona J Entomol 2:321–332. Text file at: http://archive.org/stream/pomonacollegejou12pomo/pomonacollegejou12pomo_djvu.txt
Crawford DL (1927) Investigation of Mexican fruit fly (Anastrepha ludens Loew) in Mexico. Mon Bull Dept Agric California 16:422–445
Darby HH, Kapp EM (1934) Studies on the Mexican fruit fly, Anastrepha ludens (Loew). Tech Bull 444. USDA. Washington, DC, 20 p
Dawson A, Hassenpflug S, Sloan J, Yoshioka, I (1998) California agricultural trade: combating the Medfly menace. Case Study. Center for Trade and Commercial Diplomacy, Monterrey Institute of International Studies, Monterey, California. http://www.commercialdiplomacy.org/case_study/case_medfly1.htm. Viewed 17 May 2013
Delong DM (1934) The present status of Cryolite as an insecticide. Ohio J Sci 34:175–200
Denmark HA (1956a) The Mediterranean fruit fly infests Florida again: early chronology. Fla Entomol 39:85–89
Denmark HA (1956b) The Mediterranean fruit fly infests Florida again: second report. Fla Entomol 39:175–176
De Ong ER (1948) Chemistry and uses of insecticides. Reinhold Publishing, New York, 345 p
Dowell RV, Wilson W, Hennessy MK (1997) Toxicity of SureDye to beneficial insects. In: 25th annual meeting of the American Society for Photobiology, Saint. Louis, Missouri, USA, 5–10 July 1997. Photochem Photobiol 65:66s–67s
Dowell RV, Siddiqui IA, Meyer F, Spaugy EL (2000) Mediterranean fruit fly preventive release programme in Southern California. In: Tan KH (ed) Area-wide control of fruit flies and other insect pests. Penerbit Universitii Sains Malaysia, Penang, pp 369–375
Enkerlin W, Reyes J, Villalobos R (1993) Use of a mixture of boric acid, borax, hydrolyzed protein, and water to control Anastrepha fruit flies. In: Aluja M, Liedo P (eds) Fruit flies: biology and management. Springer, New York, pp 353–358
Friend AH (1949a) A consideration of the fruit fly problem and some details of recent control tests. Agric Gaz N.S.W. 60:35–40
Friend AH (1949b) Farther experiments on the control of the Queensland fruit fly (Strumeta tryoni) Agric Gaz N.S.W. 60:307–308
Froggatt WW (1909) Report on parasitic and injurious insects. In: Gullick WA, Government Printer, Sydney. 115 pp + 8 plates. http://bhl.ala.org.au/item/57287#page/5/mode/1up
Gow PL (1954) Proteinaceous baits for the oriental fruit fly. J Econ Entomol 47:153–160
Greany PD, Styer SC, Davis PL, Shaw PE, Chambers DL (1983) Biochemical resistance of citrus to fruit flies: demonstration and elucidation of resistance to the Caribbean fruit fly Anastrepha suspensa. Entomol Exp et Appl 34:40–50
Hagen KS, Allen WW, Tassan RL (1981) Mediterranean fruit fly: the worst may be yet to come. California Agriculture (3):5–7
Hall SA (1964) The place of insecticides. In: Farmer’s world. Yearbook of Agriculture 1964. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Government Printing Office, pp 113–117
Hardin B (1997) Fruit fly dyeing continues overseas. News and Events. USDA ARS. http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/pr/1997/971208.htm
Harris EJ, Chambers DL, Steiner LF, Kamakahi DC, Komura M (1971) Mortality of tephritids attracted to guava foliage treated with either malathion or naled plus protein-hydrolyste bait. J Econ Entomol 64:1213–1216
Heitz JR (1995) Pesticidal applications of photoactivated molecules. In: Heitz JR, Downum KR (eds) Light activated pest control, ACS symposium series 616. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, pp 1–16
Hendrichs J, Robinson AS, Cayol JP, Enkerlin W (2002) Medfly areawide sterile insect technique programmes for prevention, suppression or eradication: the importance of mating behavior studies 2002. Fla Entomol 85:1–13
Hillburton DJ, Dow RL (1990) Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata, eradicated from Bermuda. Fla Entomol 73:342–343
Holler TC, Davidson JL, Suarez A, Garcia R (1984) Release of sterile Mexican fruit flies for control of feral populations in the Rio Grande Valley of Texas and Mexico. J Rio Grande Valley Hortic Soc 37:113–121
Howard LO (1898) Danger of importing insect pests. In: Hill GM (ed) Yearbook, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1897. pp 529–552. http://archive.org/stream/yearbookofagricu1897unit#page/529/mode/2up
Howard LO (1930) A history of applied entomology (somewhat anecdotal). Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. Publication 3065, 564 p. http://cluster.biodiversitylibrary.org/s/smithsonianmisce841931smit/smithsonianmisce841931smit_djvu.txt
Howlett FM (1912) VII. The effect of oil of citronella on two species of Dacus. Trans R Entomol Soc Lond 60:412–418
Howlett FM (1915) Chemical reactions of fruit-flies. Bull Entomol Res 6:297–305
Isaac J (1905) Report on the Mexican orange worm. (Trypeta ludens) in Mexico. Report of the commissioner. Ellwood Cooper. California State Horticulture Commission. Sacremento, CA, 48 p
Jarvis H (1922a) Fruit fly investigations. Qld Agric J 7:246–247
Jarvis H (1922b) Fruit fly investigations. Qld Agric J 18:131–133, 344–135
Jarvis H (1922c) Fruit fly investigations. Qld Agric J 17:309–312
Jarvis H (1923) Fruit fly investigations. Qld Agric J 19:1–4, 194–197, 369–171
Jarvis H (1924) Report of the entomologist (Stanthorpe District). September and October. Qld Agric J 22:435–440
Jarvis H (1925a) Fruit fly investigations. Entomologist’s report (April‐May 1). Qld Agric J 24:60–61
Jarvis H (1925b) The fruit fly. Report on measures of possible control. Qld Agric J 24:48–52
Jarvis H (1925c) Report of the entomologist, Stanthorpe District, Mr. H. Jarvis, April‐May Qld Agric J 24:60–62
Jarvis H (1926a) Fruit fly in the Stanthorpe district. Qld Agric J 25:367–370
Jarvis H (1926b) The Queensland fruit fly (Chaetodacus tryoni Froggatt). Qld Agric J 26:101–104
Jarvis H (1931) Experiments with a new fruit fly lure. Qld Agric J 36:485–491
Jeppson GA, Garman GE (1960) Citrus insects and mites. Ann Rev Entomol 5:353–378
Klassen W (1989) Eradication of introduced arthropod pests: theory and historical practice. Misc Publ Entomol Soc Am 73:1–29
Klassen W (2005) Area-wide integrated pest management and the sterile insect technique. In: Dyck VA, Hendrichs J, Robinson AS (eds) Sterile insect technique principles and practice in area-wide integrated pest management. IAEA. Springer, Netherlands, pp 39–68
Lillie RD (1977) H.J. Conn’s biological stains. The Williams and Wilkins Co, Baltimore
Liquido NJ, McQuate GT, Cunningham RT (1995) Light-activated toxicity of phloxine B and fluorescein in methyleugenol to oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae), males. In: Heitz JR, Downum K (eds) Light activated pest control, ACS symposium series 616. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, pp 107–114
Lloyd A (2004) Project AH00012, Improved protein baits for fruit fly control. Dow-Milestone 1&2 30 p. http://www.ngia.com.au/Story?Action=View&Story_id=1814
Lopez-D F, Chambers DL, Sanchez-R M, Kamasaki H (1969) Control of the Mexican fruit fly by bait sprays concentrated at discrete locations. J Econ Entomol 62:1255–1257
Mabuchi K, Lilenfeld AM, Snell LM (1980) Cancer and occupational exposure to arsenic: a study of pesticide workers. Prev Med 9:51–77
Mally CW (1909) Poisoned bait for the fruit fly. Agric J Cape Good Hope. 34 Jan–June, pp 620–633. http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924061468181;seq=632;view=1up;num=619
Mangan RL (2005) Population suppression in support of the sterile insect technique. In: Dyck VA, Hendrichs J, Robinson AS (eds) Sterile insect technique – principles and practice in area-wide integrated pest management. IACA Springer Publication, Netherlands, pp 407–425
Mangan RL (2009) Effects of bait age and prior protein feeding on cumulative time dependent mortality of Anastrepha ludens (Diptera: Tephritidae) exposed to GF-120 Spinosad baits. J Econ Entomol 102(3):1157–1163
Mangan RL, Moreno DS (1995) Development of phloxine B and uranine bait for control of Mexican fruit fly. In: Heitz JR, Downum K (eds) Light activated pest control. ACS symposium series 616. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, pp 115–126
Mangan RL, Moreno DS (2001) PhotoActive dye insecticide formulations: adjuvants increase toxicityto Mexican fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephritidae). J Econ Entomol 94(1):150–156
Mangan RL, Moreno, DS (2004) Dilution and persistence of baits and safer pesticides for spray application. In: Barnes BN (ed) Proceedings of 6th international symposium on fruit flies of economic importance. Isteg Scientific Publication, Irene, South Africa, pp 305–312, 510 p
Mangan RL, Tarshis Moreno AM (2009) Honeybee foraging preferences, effects of sugars and fruit fly toxic bait components. J Econ Entomol 102(4):1472–1481
Mangan RL, Moreno DS, Thompson G (2006) Bait dilution, spinosad concentration, and efficacy of GF-120 based fruit fly sprays. Crop Prot J 25:125–133
McAlister LC (1936) Observations on the West Indian fruit fly at Key West in 1932–33. J Econ Entomol 29:440–445
McQuate GT, Peck SL (2000) Suppression of Mediterranean fruit fly populations over mountainous areas through aerial phloxine B-protein bait sprays: Regional Medfly programme in Guatemala. In: Tan KH (ed) Area-wide control of fruit flies and other insect pests. Penerbit Universitii Sains Malaysia, Penang, pp 409–418
Metcalf RL (1955) Organic insecticides, their chemistry and mode of action. Interscience Publishers Inc., New York, 392 p
Miller RL, McBride OC (1931) Experiments with copper carbonate, lead arsenate and other compounds against the Mediterranean fruit fly in Florida. J Econ Entomol 24:1119–1131
Miyake T (1919) Studies on the fruit flies of Japan, I Japanese orange-fly. Bull. Imperial Central Agric. Exp Sta. II, 2. Nishigara Tokyo. 161 p, 10 figs. http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924018311815;view=1up;seq=89
Moreno DS, Mangan RL (1995) Response of the Mexican fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) to two hydrolysed proteins and incorporation of phloxine B to kill adults, Supplement. In: Heitz JR, Downum K (eds) Light activated pest control, ACS symposium series 616. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC
Moreno DS, Mangan RL (2000) Novel insecticide strategies such as phototoxic dyes in adult fruit fly control and suppression programs. In: Tan KH (ed) Area-wide control of fruit flies and other insect pests. Penerbit Universitii Sains Malaysia, Penang, pp 421–432
Moreno DS, Mangan RL (2002) A bait matrix for reduced-risk insecticides used against fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae). In: Hallman G, Schwalbe CP (eds) Invasive arthropods in agriculture. Science Publishers Inc., Enfield, pp 333–362
Moreno DS, Martinez AJ, Sanchez Rivello M (1994) Cyromazine effects on the reproduction of Anastrepha ludens (Diptera: Tephritidae) in the laboratory and in the field. J Econ Entomol 87:202–211
Moreno DS, Celedonio H, Mangan RL, Zavala JL, Montoya PG (2001) Field evaluation of a phototoxic dye, phloxine B, against three species of fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae). J Econ Entomol 94:1419–1427
Mound LA (2005) Florida pioneer Wilmon Newell: the past, present, and future of insect pest control. Fla Entomol 88:241–243
Navarro-Llopis V, Sanchis-Cabanes J, Ayala I, Casana-Giner V, Primo-Yufera (2004) Efficacy of lufenuron as chemosterilant against Ceratitis capitata in field trials. Pest Manag Sci 60:914–920
Nelson WC, Lykins MH, Mackey J, Newill VA, Finklea JF, Hammer DI (1973) Mortality among orchard workers exposed to lead arsenate spray: a cohort study. J Chron Dis 26:105–118
Nguyen R, Poucher C, Brazzel FR (1992) Seasonal occurrence of Anastrepha suspensa (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Indian River County Florida, 1984–1987. J Econ Entomol 85:813–820
Nigg HN, Simpson SE (1997) Use of borax toxicants to control Tephritidae fruit flies. U.S. Patent 5,698,208. December 16, 1997, 28 panels
Nilakhe SS, Worley JN, Garcia R, Davidson JL (1991) Mexican fruit fly protocol helps export Texas citrus. Subtrop Plant Sci 44:49–52
OMRI (Organic Materials Review Institute) (2013) Welcome to the Organic Materials Review Institute. https://www.omri.org/
Penrose D (1996) California’s 1993/94 Mediterranean fruit fly eradication program. In: McPheron BA, Steck GJ (eds) Fruit fly pests, a world assessment of their biology and management. St. Lucie Press, Delray Beach Florida, pp 551–554, 586 p
Plummer CC (1938) Laboratory the toxicity of Haplophyton cimicidum A. DC. To fruit flies. USDA Circular 455. Washington, DC, 11 p. https://archive.org/details/toxicityofhaplop455plum
Plummer CC (1944) Laboratory studies on the toxicity of tartar emetic to the Mexican fruit fly. USDA Circular 697. Washington, DC, 14 p
Plummer CC (1947) DDT and the Mexican fruitfly. J Econ Entomol 37:158
Plummer CC, Shaw JG (1946) DDT and benzene hexachloride to control Mexican fruit fly. J Econ Entomol 40:483–486
PR Newswire (2000) U.S. Dept. of Agriculture: Florida’s Sterile Medfly Release Program Proves Successful. Press Release Jan 24, 2000. http://www.riskworld.com/pressrel/2000/PR00a023.htm
Roessler Y (1989) Insecticidal bait and cover sprays. In: Robinson A, Hooper G (eds) Fruit flies, their biology, natural enemies and control. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 40–48
Rohwer GG (1958) The Mediterranean fruit fly in Florida-past present and future. Fla Entomol 41:23–25
Rush B (1789) Medical inquiries and observations. Prichard and Hall, Philadelphia, 206 p
Rush B (1810) An inquiry into effects of Ardent spirits of the human body and mind with an account of preventing and of the remedies for curing them, 8th edn, Exeter. 36 p
Santoro R (1951) Investigations with synthetic organic products against D. oleae, its parasites and other insects made in Ascea (Salerno) in 1950. Annali della sperimentazione agraria 5:1379–1404
Sebbata A, Leyva J, Mangan R, El Khamass M, Aboulama S, Belghiti S, Chikhi H, Humpal D, Moreno D (1998) Controle de la mouche Mediterraneenne dans les vergers d’agumes par le SureDye. Publication Societe Agricole de Service au Maroc (SASMA), 12 p
Severin HHP (1912) The introduction, methods of control, spread and migration of the Mediterranean fruit fly in the Hawaiian Islands. In: Proceedings of the 41st fruit growers convention. Santa Barbara, CA, pp 158–166
Severin HHP, Severin H (1914) Behavior of the Mediterranean fruit fly (Ceratitis capitata Wied.) towards kerosene. Anim Behav 4:223–227
Shaw JG, Lopez-D F, Chambers DL (1970) A review of the research done with the Mexican fruit fly and the citrus blackfly in Mexico by the entomology research division. Bull Entomol Soc Am 16:186–193
Spencer H, Osburn MR (1938) Citrus projects of the Orlando Laboratory. J Econ Entomol 31:728
Spencer JP, Ibarra J, Rendon P (2003) Effect of spinosad on honey bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in Guatemala. Southw Entomol 28:211–216
Steiner LF (1952) Fruit fly control in Hawaii with poison-bait sprays containing protein hydrolysates. J Econ Entomol 50:838–843
Steiner LF (1957) Field evaluation of oriental fruit fly insecticides in Hawaii. J Econ Entomol 45:16–24
Steiner LF, Hinman FG (1952) Field tests of insecticides for control of oriental fruit fly. J Econ Entomol 45:388–395
Steiner LF, Rohwer GG, Ayers EL, Christenson LD (1961) The role of attractants in the recent Mediterranean fruit fly eradication program in Florida. J Econ Entomol 54:30–35
Stevenson BC, McClung BB (1966) Mediterranean fruit fly eradication in the Lower Rio Grande Valley. Bull Entomol Soc Am 12:374
Stone A (1942) The fruit flies of the genus Anastrepha. U.S. Department of Agriculture miscellaneous publication no. 439, Washington, DC, 112 p
Tarshis Moreno M (2001) Detection of the phototoxic dye phloxine B in Anastrepha ludens (Loew) (Diptera: Tephritidae), Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae) and honey. M.S. thesis, University of Texas, PanAmerican, Edinburg, TX
Thomas DB, Mangan RL (2005) Nontarget impact of spinosad GF-120 bait sprays for control of the Mexican fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Texas citrus. J Econ Entomol 98:1950–1956
Thomas DB, Worley JN, Mangan RL, Vlasik RA, Davidson JL (1999) Mexican fruit fly population suppression with the sterile insect technique. Subtrop Plant Sci 51:61–71
Tollestrup K, Daling JR, Allard J (1995) Mortality in a cohort of orchard workers exposed to lead arsenate pesticide spray. Arch Environ Health Int J 50(3):221–229
Tryon H (1922) The Harvey fruit fly lure. Letters to the editor, The Brisbane Courier, QLD. 24 October 1922, pp 7–8
Turvey ND (2010) The toad’s tale: a true fable of science and society. In: Weber K (ed) Cane Toads and other rogue species. Participant Media, Philadelphia, pp 3–18
United States Congress (1994) Hearing: Mediterranean fruit fly program. Subcommittee on department operations and nutrition. Commmittee on agriculture. House of Representatives. Stenholm CW, Chair. May 5 1994. http://archive.org/details/mediterraneanfru00unit
United States Department of Agriculture (2002) Mexican fruit fly cooperative eradication program, San Diego County, California, Environmental Assessment, December 2002. Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Riverdale MD, 30 p
United States Department of Agriculture (2011) Mediterranean fruit fly cooperative eradication program, Pompano Beach, Broward County, Florida, Environmental Assessment, February 2011. Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Riverdale MD, 20 p
United States Department of Agriculture (2012) Mediterranean fruit fly cooperative eradication program, Rancho Cucamonga, San Bernardino County, California, Environmental Assessment, August 2012, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Riverdale MD, 16 p
Weinland HA (1912) Work on the Mediterrranean fruit fly in Hawaii. In: Proceedings of the 41st fruit growers convention. Santa Barbara, CA, pp 170–179
Wills JE (1946) Experiments with the new insecticides DDT and gammexane carried out at the agricultural experiment station of La Molina up to the end of May 1946. Boletin. estacion experimental agricola de ‘la molina’ (29), 33 p
Wolfe B (1987) Medfly revives a tale of techno-paranoia. Los Angeles Times. September 10, 1987. http://articles.latimes.com/1987-09-10/local/me-6834_1_medfly-invasion
Wolfenbarger DO (1958) Notes and comments on the second Mediterranean fruit fly infestation. Fla Entomol 40:29–31
Yang LK, Nigg HN, Simpson SE, Ramos LE, Cuyler NW, Barnes JI, Green CG (2000) Sodium Tetraborate effects on mortality and reproduction of Anastrepha suspensa (Diptera: Tephritidae). J Econ Entomol 93(5):1485–1492
Yonge PK (1931) State Plant Board of Florida, Report for the period July 1 1928–June 30 1930. Tallahassee, 112 p. http://ufdc.ufl.edu/UF00098574/0005
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2014 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Mangan, R.L. (2014). Priorities in Formulation and Activity of Adulticidal Insecticide Bait Sprays for Fruit Flies. In: Shelly, T., Epsky, N., Jang, E., Reyes-Flores, J., Vargas, R. (eds) Trapping and the Detection, Control, and Regulation of Tephritid Fruit Flies. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9193-9_12
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9193-9_12
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-017-9192-2
Online ISBN: 978-94-017-9193-9
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)