Abstract
The Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite social indicator/wellbeing index. Its intellectual/disciplinary roots lie in welfare economics, development economics, and the social indicators movement of the 1960s and 1970s. The objective of the HDI is to rank countries on a scale of human development conceptualized in terms of capabilities of humans within the countries to function. Because it seeks to be as inclusive as possible of the countries of the world, the general HDI is based on only four statistics measuring life expectancy, education, and income at the country level. The HDI and its associated Report have been calculated and published annually since 1990 by the United Nations Human Development Programme. In recent years, the general HDI has been supplemented with three specialized indices: (1) the Inequality-Adjusted HDI (IHDI); (2) the Gender Inequality Index (GII); and (3) the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI).
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Ahuvia, A. C., & Friedman, D. C. (1998). Income, consumption, and subjective wellbeing: Toward a composite macromarketing model. Journal of Macromarketing, 18, 153–168.
Andrews, F. M. (Ed.). (1986). Research on the quality of life. Ann Arbor: Institute for Social Research.
Andrews, F. M. (1989). The evolution of a movement. Journal of Public Policy, 9, 401–405.
Andrews, F. M., & Withey, S. B. (1976). Social indicators of well-being: Americans’ perceptions of life quality. New York: Plenum.
Barro, R. J., & Lee, J. W. (2010). A new data set of educational attainment in the world, 1950–2010 (Working Paper 15902). Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research. www.nber.org/papers/w15902
Bauer, R. A. (Ed.). (1966). Social indicators. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Bell, D. (1969). The idea of a social report. The Public Interest, 15, 72–84.
Bentham, J. (1789; 1970). Introduction to the principles of morals. London: Athlone.
Biderman, A. D. (1970). Information, intelligence, enlightened public policy: Functions and organization of societal feedback. Policy Sciences, 1, 217–230.
Campbell, A., & Converse, P. E. (1972). The human meaning of social change. New York: Russell Sage.
Campbell, A., Converse, P. E., & Rodgers, W. L. (1976). The quality of American life: Perceptions, evaluations, and satisfactions. New York: Russell Sage.
Charnes, A., Cooper, W. W., & Rhodes, E. (1978). Measuring the efficiency of decision making units. European Journal of Operational Research, 2, 429–444.
Cooper, W. W., Seiford, L. M., & Tone, K. (1999). Data envelopment analysis. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Crocker, D. (1992). Functioning and capability: The foundation of Sen’s and Nussbaum’s development ethic. Political Theory, 20, 584–612.
Crocker, D. (1995). Functioning and capability: The foundation of Sen’s and Nussbaum’s development ethic. In M. Nussbaum & J. Glover (Eds.), Women, culture, and development: A study of human capabilities (pp. 153–198). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Cummins, R. A. (1995). On the trail of the gold standard for subjective well-being. Social Indicators Research, 35, 170–200.
Cummins, R. A. (1998). The second approximation to an international standard for life satisfaction. Social Indicators Research, 43, 307–334.
Despotis, D. K. (2005). A reassessment of the human development index via data envelopment analysis. Journal of the Operational Research Society, 56, 969–980.
Diener, E. (1994). Assessing subjective well-being: Progress and opportunities. Social Indicators Research, 31, 103–157.
Diener, E., Suh, E. M., Lucas, R. E., & Smith, H. L. (1999). Subjective well-being: Three decades of progress. Psychological Bulletin, 125, 276–302.
Duncan, O. D. (1969). Toward social reporting: Next steps. New York: Russell Sage.
Desai, M. (1991). Human development: Concepts and measurement. European Economic Review, 35, 350–357.
Easterlin, R. A. (1973). Does money buy happiness? The Public Interest, 30, 3–10.
Easterlin, R. A. (2010). Happiness, growth, and the life cycle. New York: Oxford University Press.
Easterlin, R. A. (2013). Happiness, growth, and public policy. Economic Inquiry, 51, 1–15.
Eckersley, R. (2005). Well and good: Morality, meaning and happiness (2nd ed.). Melbourne: Text Publishing.
Ferriss, A. L. (1990). The quality of life in the United States. SINET: Social Indicators Network News, 21, 1–8.
Foster, J. E., & Sen, A. K. (1997). On economic inequality. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Fox, K. A. (1974). Social indicators and social theory: Elements of an operational system. New York: Wiley-Interscience.
Hagerty, M. R., & Land, K. C. (2007). Constructing summary indices of quality of life: A model for the effect of heterogeneous importance weights. Sociological Methods and Research, 35, 455–496.
Hall, J. (2013). From capabilities to contentment: Testing the links between human development and life satisfaction. In J. F. Helliwell, R. Layard, & J. Sachs (Eds.), World happiness report 2013. New York: UN Sustainable Development Solutions Network.
Helliwell, J. F., Layard, R., & Sachs, J. (Eds.). (2012). World happiness report. New York: Earth Institute.
Helliwell, J. F., Layard, R., & Sachs, J. (Eds.). (2013). World happiness report 2013. New York: UN Sustainable Development Solutions Network.
Hicks, N., & Steeten, P. (1979). Indicators of development: The search for a basic needs yardstick. World Development, 7, 567–580.
Juster, F. T., & Land, K. C. (Eds.). (1981). Social accounting systems: Essays on the state of the art. New York: Academic.
Kelley, A. C. (1991). The human development index: “Handle with care”. Population and Development Review, 17(2), 315–324.
Kovacevic, M. (2011, February). Review of HDI critiques and potential improvements. United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Reports, Research Paper 2010/33. New York: United Nations.
Kuroki, M. (2013). The paradoxical negative association between subjective well-being and the objective “happiness ranking” in Japan. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 8, 251–259.
Land, K. C. (1983). Social indicators. Annual Review of Sociology, 9, 1–26.
Land, K. C. (1996). Social indicators and the quality-of-life: Where do we stand in the mid-1990s? SINET: Social Indicators Network News, 45, 5–8.
Land, K. C. (2000). Social indicators. In E. F. Borgatta & R. V. Montgomery (Eds.), Encyclopedia of sociology (pp. 2682–2690). Revised Edition. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company.
Land, K. C., & Schneider, S. H. (1987). Forecasting in the social and natural sciences: An overview and statement of isomorphisms. In K. C. Land & S. H. Schneider (Eds.), Forecasting in the social and natural sciences (pp. 7–31). Boston: Reidel.
Land, K. C., Lamb, V. L., Meadows, S., Zheng, H., & Fu, Q. (2012). The CWI and its components: Empirical studies and findings. In K. C. Land (Ed.), The well-being of America’s children: Developing and improving the child and youth well-being index (pp. 29–77). New York: Springer.
Lind, N. C. (1992). Some thoughts on the human development index. Social Indicators Research, 27, 89–101.
Lind, N. (2004). Values reflected in the human development index. Social Indicators Research, 66, 283–293.
Liu, B.-C. (1976). Quality of life indicator in U.S. metropolitan areas: A statistical analysis. New York: Praeger.
MacRae, D., Jr. (1985). Policy indicators: Links between social science and public policy. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
Morris, D. (1979). Measuring the world’s poor: The physical quality of life index. New York: Pergamon Press.
Noll, H.-H., & Zapf, W. (1994). Social indicators research: Societal monitoring and social reporting. In I. Borg & P. P. Mohler (Eds.), Trends and perspectives in empirical social research. New York: Walter de Gruyter.
Nussbaum, M., & Sen, A. (Eds.). (1992). The quality of life. Oxford: Clarendon.
Oswald, A. J., & Wu, S. (2010). Objective confirmation of subjective measures of human well-being: Evidence from the U.S.A. Science, 327, 576–579.
Ravallion, M. (1997). Good and bad growth: The human development reports. World Development, 25(63), 1–638.
Sagar, A. D., & Najam, A. (1998). The human development index: A critical review. Ecological Economics, 25, 249–264.
Sen, A. (1987). The standard of living. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Sen, A. (1999). Commodities and capabilities. New York: Oxford University Press.
Sheldon, E. B., & Parke, R. (1975). Social indicators. Science, 188, 693–699.
Sirgy, M. J. (2011). Theoretical perspectives guiding QOL indicator projects. Social Indicators Research, 103, 1–22.
Srinivasan, T. N. (1994). Human development: A new paradigm or reinvention of the wheel? American Economic Review, 84, 238–243.
Stanton, E. A. (2007). The human development index: A history (Working paper series, Number 127), Political Economy Research Institute, University of Massachusetts Amherst, www.peri.umass.edu
Stones, M. J., Hadjistavropoulos, T., Tuuko, J., & Kozma, A. (1995). Happiness has traitlike and statelike properties. Social Indicators Research, 36, 129–144.
U.S. Department of Commerce. (1974). Social indicators, 1973. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
U.S. Department of Commerce. (1978). Social indicators, 1977. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
U.S. Department of Commerce. (1980). Social indicators, III. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
UNDP (United Nations Development Programme). (1990 through 2011, and 2013). Human Development Report. New York: UNDP.
United Nations-Economic Committee and Social Council, Committee for Development Planning. (1975). Developing countries and level of development. New York: United Nations.
Van Praag, B. M. S., & Frijters, P. (2002). The measurement of welfare and well-being: The Leyden approach. In R. A. Easterlin (Ed.), Happiness in economics (pp. 113–133). Northampton: Edward Elgar.
Veenhoven, R. (1984). Conditions of happiness. Boston: Reidel.
Veenhoven, R. (1994). Is happiness a trait? Tests of the theory that a better society does not make people any happier. Social Indicators Research, 33, 101–160.
Veenhoven, R. (1998). Two state-trait discussions on happiness: A reply to Stones et al. Social Indicators Research, 43, 211–225.
Veenhoven, R. (1996). Developments in satisfaction research. Social Indicators Research, 37, 1–46.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2015 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Land, K.C. (2015). The Human Development Index: Objective Approaches (2). In: Glatzer, W., Camfield, L., Møller, V., Rojas, M. (eds) Global Handbook of Quality of Life. International Handbooks of Quality-of-Life. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9178-6_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9178-6_7
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-017-9177-9
Online ISBN: 978-94-017-9178-6
eBook Packages: Humanities, Social Sciences and LawSocial Sciences (R0)