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Synthetic Approaches to Intermetallic Clathrates

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The Physics and Chemistry of Inorganic Clathrates

Part of the book series: Springer Series in Materials Science ((SSMATERIALS,volume 199))

Abstract

Intermetallic clathrates comprise a class of unique crystalline solids displaying remarkable flexibility in chemical composition, resulting in a wide range of physical properties. Developing the scientific understanding of the unusual and potentially useful properties of these materials and their development in device applications requires a diverse synthetic toolkit. A variety of techniques have been used to prepare intermetallic clathrates, including direct solid-state reaction of the elements, flux and Czochralski crystal growth methods, and thermal decomposition of Zintl phase precursors. Recently, new approaches have been developed and applied to synthesize high quality crystals, as well as the preparation of compositions that are not easily accessible by conventional techniques. In this chapter, we provide a concise overview of both conventional and novel methods for synthesis of intermetallic clathrates, highlighting the types of compositions and characteristic products that have been prepared by each approach.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Clathrate-I Cs8−x Si46 can be prepared by high-pressure techniques. The lattice parameter and average Si–Si bond length in this phase are the largest of any of the silicon clathrate-I framework [35].

  2. 2.

    Melt-spinning has been used in some cases to produce metastable compositions via rapid quenching from the melt [46, 47]. In most cases these compositions are slight deviations from stable compositions, likely due to the broadened phase width for the compound at higher temperature.

  3. 3.

    As an example, Na4Si4 melts congruently at 798 °C according to the reported Na–Si phase diagram [65].

  4. 4.

    Fully filled (stoichiometric) Na24Si136 is not readily prepared by thermal decomposition, but can be prepared using techniques discussed elsewhere in this chapter.

  5. 5.

    Here we are concerned with single crystals large enough for physical and transport properties characterization or neutron scattering experiments.

  6. 6.

    Intriguing double-helical microtubules were obtained by evaporation of Na from molten Na4Si4 at 800 °C [120].

  7. 7.

    We consider pressures in excess of 1 GPa to be “high”.

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Acknowledgment

The authors gratefully acknowledge the support of the U.S. Department of Energy, Basic Energy Sciences, Division of Materials Science and Engineering, under Award No. DE-FG02-04ER46145 at the University of South Florida.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Natural Sciences, Oregon Institute of Technology, Klamath Falls, 97601, Oregon

    Matt Beekman

  2. Department of Physics, University of South Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Ave., Tampa, FL, 33620, USA

    George S. Nolas

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  1. Matt Beekman
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  2. George S. Nolas
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Correspondence to Matt Beekman or George S. Nolas .

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  1. Dept. of Physics, ISA 2019, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA

    George S. Nolas

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Beekman, M., Nolas, G.S. (2014). Synthetic Approaches to Intermetallic Clathrates. In: Nolas, G. (eds) The Physics and Chemistry of Inorganic Clathrates. Springer Series in Materials Science, vol 199. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9127-4_3

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