Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Environmental Microbiology: Fundamentals and Applications pp 619–658Cite as

Environmental and Human Pathogenic Microorganisms

Abstract

As the study of interactions between pathogenic microorganisms and their environment is part of microbial ecology, this chapter reviews the different types of human pathogens found in the environment, the different types of fecal indicators used in water quality monitoring, the biotic and abiotic factors affecting the survival and the infectivity of pathogenic microorganisms during their transportation in the environment, and the methods presently available to detect rare microorganisms in environmental samples. This chapter exclusively focuses on human pathogens.

Keywords

  • Pathogens
  • Wastewater treatment plant
  • Dissemination
  • Antibiotic resistance
  • Environmental reservoirs
  • Toxins
  • Sanitary microbiology
  • Biological pollution

Coordinator

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   109.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Abbreviations

AIDS:

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

BOD:

Biological oxygen demand

CSO:

Combined sewer overflow

HAV:

Hepatitis A virus

HEV:

Hepatitis E virus

GI:

Genomic islands

ID50:

The dose of an infectious organism required to produce infection in 50 % of the experimental subjects

Ig:

Immunoglobulin

IS:

Insertion sequence

LPS:

Lipopolysaccharide

MID:

Minimal infectious dose

OECD:

Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development

PAI:

Pathogenicity islands

SS:

Suspended solids

IPCC:

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

VNC:

Viable but non-culturable

WWTP:

Wastewater treatment plant

References

  • Aendekerk S, Ghysels B, Cornelis P, Baysse C (2002) Characterization of a new efflux pump, MexGHI-OpmD, from Pseudomonas aeruginosa that confers resistance to vanadium. Microbiology 148:2371–2381

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Alonso A, Rojo F, Martinez JL (1999) Environmental and clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa show pathogenic and biodegradative properties irrespective of their origin. Environ Microbiol 1:421–430

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Behets J, Declerck P, Delaedt Y, Verelst L, Ollevier F (2007) Survey for the presence of specific free-living amoebae in cooling waters from Belgian power plants. Parasitol Res 100:1249–1256

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Berg G, Eberl L, Hartmann A (2005a) The rhizosphere as a reservoir for opportunistic human pathogenic bacteria. Environ Microbiol 7:1673–1685

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Berg J, Tom-Petersen A, Nybroe O (2005b) Copper amendment of agricultural soil selects for bacterial antibiotic resistance in the field. Lett Appl Microbiol 40:146–151

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Berg J, Thorsen MK, Holm PE, Jensen J, Nybroe O, Brandt KK (2010) Cu exposure under field conditions coselects for antibiotic resistance as determined by a novel cultivation-independent bacterial community tolerance assay. Environ Sci Technol 44:8724–8728

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Briand E, Yépremian C, Humbert JF, Quiblier C (2008) Comparative studies on the fitness of microcystin-producing and non-producing Planktothrix agardhii strains cultivated under different environmental conditions. Environ Microbiol 10:3337–3348

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Briand E, Escoffier N, Straub C, Sabart M, Quiblier C, Humbert JF (2009) Spatiotemporal changes in the genetic diversity of a bloom-forming Microcystis aeruginosa (cyanobacteria) population. ISME J 3:419–429

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Burrus V, Waldor MK (2004) Shaping bacterial genomes with integrative and conjugative elements. Res Microbiol 155:376–386

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chen J, Novick RP (2009) Phage-mediated intergeneric transfer of toxin genes. Science 323:139–141

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Colwell R, Grimes DJ (2000) Nonculturable microorganisms in the environment. ASM Press, Washington, DC

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Davies-Colley RJ, Donnison AM, Speed DJ (1997) Sunlight wavelengths inactivating faecal indicator microorganisms in waste stabilization ponds. Water Sci Technol 35:219–225

    CrossRef  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Davies-Colley RJ, Donnison AM, Speed DJ, Ross CM, Nagels JW (1999) Inactivation of faecal indicator microorganisms in waste stabilisation ponds: interactions of environmental factors with sunlight. Water Res 53:1220–1230

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • D’Costa VM et al (2011) Antibiotic resistance is ancient. Nature 477:457–461

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Delecluse P (2008) The origin of climate changes. Rev Sci Tech Off Int Epiz 27:309–317

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Desnues B, Cuny C, Grégori G, Dukan S, Aguilaniu H, Nyström T (2003) Differential oxidative damage and expression of stress defense regulons in culturable and non-culturable Escherichia coli cells. EMBO Rep 4(4):400–404

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Downing JA, Watson SB, McCauley E (2001) Predicting Cyanobacteria dominance in lakes. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 58:1905–1908

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Dukan S, Nyström T (1998) Bacterial senescence: stasis results in increased and differential oxidation of cytoplasmic proteins leading to developmental induction of the heat shock regulon. Genes Dev 12:3431–3441

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Edberg SC, Le Clerc H, Robertson J (2000) Escherichia coli: the best biological drinking water indicator for public health protection. J Appl Microbiol 88:1068–1168

    Google Scholar 

  • Fajardo A, Martínez JL (2008) Antibiotic as signals that trigger specific bacterial responses. Curr Opin Microbiol 11:161–167

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fewtrell L, Bartram J (2001) Water quality: guidelines, standards and health. World Health Organization water series. IWA Publishing, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Fields BS, Benson RF, Besser RE (2002) Legionella and Legionnaires’ disease: 25 years of investigation. Clin Microbiol Rev 15:506–526

    CrossRef  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Frangeul L et al (2008) Highly plastic genome of Microcystis aeruginosa PCC7806, a ubiquitous toxic freshwater cyanobacterium. BMC Genomics 9:274

    CrossRef  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gagliardi JV, Karns JS (2002) Persistence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in soil and on plant roots. Environ Microbiol 4:89–96

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Garcia Armisen T, Servais P (2004) Enumeration of viable E. coli in rivers and wastewaters by fluorescent in situ hybridization. J Microbiol Methods 58:269–279

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Garcia Armisen T, Servais P (2007) Respective contributions of point and non point sources of E. coli and Enterococci in a large urbanised watershed (the Seine river, France). J Environ Manage 82(4):512–518

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Garrec N, Picard-Bonnaud F, Pourcher AM (2003) Occurrence of Listeria sp. and L monocytogenes in sewage sludge used for land application: effect of dewatering, liming and storage in tank on survival of Listeria species. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 35:275–283

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Garrett L (1996) The return of infectious disease. Foreign Aff 75:66–79

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • George I, Crop P, Servais P (2002) Fecal coliforms removal in wastewater treatment plants studied by plate counts and enzymatic methods. Water Res 36:2607–2617

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Guan TY, Holley RA (2003) Pathogen survival in swine manure environments and transmission of human enteric illness–a review. J Environ Qual 32:383–392

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hacker J, Kaper JB (2000) Pathogenicity islands and the evolution of microbes. Annu Rev Microbiol 54:641–679

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Heuer H, Smalla K (2007) Manure and sulfadiazine synergistically increased bacterial antibiotic resistance in soil over at least two months. Environ Microbiol 9:657–666

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Heuer H, Schmitt H, Smalla K (2011) Antibiotic resistance gene spread due to manure application on agricultural fields. Curr Opin Microbiol 14:236–243

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hijnen WAM, Beerendonck EF, Medema GJ (2006) Inactivation credit of UV radiation for viruses, bacteria and protozoan (oo)cysts in water: a review. Water Res 40:3–22

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Huysman F, Verstraete W, Brookes PC (1994) Effect of manuring practices and increased copper concentrations on soil microbial populations. Soil Biol Biochem 26:103–110

    CrossRef  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaestli M et al (2007) Sensitive and specific molecular detection of Burkholderia pseudomallei, the causative agent of melioidosis, in the soil of Tropical Northern Australia. Appl Environ Microbiol 73:6891–6897

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Karaolis DK, Somara S, Maneval DR Jr, Johnson JA, Kaper JB (1999) A bacteriophage encoding a pathogenicity island, a type-IV pilus and a phage receptor in cholera bacteria. Nature 399:375–379

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Karci A, Balcioğlu IA (2009) Investigation of the tetracycline, sulfonamide, and fluoroquinolone antimicrobial compounds in animal manure and agricultural soils in Turkey. Sci Total Environ 407:4652–4664

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kidd SE, Chow Y, Mak S, Bach PJ, Chen H, Hingston AO, Kronstad JW, Bartlett KH (2007) Characterization of environmental sources of the human and animal pathogen, Cryptococcus gattii, in British Columbia, Canada, and Pacific Northwest USA. Appl Environ Microbiol 73:1433–1443

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Knapp S, Hacker J, Jarchau T, Goebel W (1986) Large, unstable inserts in the chromosome affect virulence properties of uropathogenic Escherichia coli O6 strain 536. J Bacteriol 168:22–30

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Knapp CW, Zhang W, Sturm BS, Graham DW (2010) Differential fate of erythromycin and beta-lactam resistance genes from swine lagoon waste under different aquatic conditions. Environ Pollut 158:1506–1512

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Koelle K, Pascual M, Yunus M (2005) Pathogen adaptation to seasonal forcing and climate change. Proc R Soc B 272:971–977

    CrossRef  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kogure K, Simidu U, Taga N (1979) A tentative direct microscopic method for counting living marine bacteria. Can J Microbiol 25:415–420

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kong KF, Schneper L, Mathee K (2010) Beta-lactam antibiotics: from antibiosis to resistance and bacteriology. APMIS 118:1–36

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kulasekara BR, Kulasekara HD, Wolfgang MC, Stevens L, Frank DW, Lory S (2006) Acquisition and evolution of the exoU locus in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Bacteriol 188:4037–4050

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kummerer J (2003) The significance of antibiotics in the environment. J Antimicrob Chemother 1:5–7

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Kuske CR, Barns SM, Grow CC, Merrill L, Dunbar J (2006) Environmental survey for four pathogenic bacteria and closely related species using phylogenetic and functional genes. J Forensic Sci 51:548–558

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lavenir R, Jocktane D, Laurent F, Nazaret S, Cournoyer B (2007) Improved reliability of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PCR detection by the use of the species-specific ecfX gene target. J Microbiol Methods 70:20–29

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lebaron P, Henry A, Lepeuple A-S, Pena G, Servais P (2005) An operational method for real-time monitoring of E. coli in bathing waters. Mar Polluut Bull 50:652–659

    CrossRef  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Levy SB, Marshall B (2004) Antibacterial resistance worldwide: causes, challenges and responses. Nat Med 10:S122–S129

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lin H, Xu B, Chen Y, Wang W (2009) Legionella pollution in cooling tower water of air-conditioning systems in Shanghai, China. J Appl Microbiol 106:606–612

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lindgren E, Gustafson R (2001) Tick-borne encephalitis in Sweden and climate change. Lancet 358:16–18

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lindsay JA, Ruzin A, Ross HF, Kurepina N, Novick RP (1998) The gene for toxic shock toxin is carried by a family of mobile pathogenicity islands in Staphylococcus aureus. Mol Microbiol 29:527–543

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marsalek J, Rochfort Q (2004) Urban wet-weather flows: sources of fecal contamination impacting on recreational waters and threatening drinking-water sources. J Toxicol Environ Health Part A Curr Issues 67(20–22):1765–1777

    CrossRef  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Martinez JL, Fajardo A, Garmendia L, Hernandez A, Linares JF, Martínez-Solano L, Sánchez MB (2009) A global view of antibiotic resistance. FEMS Microbiol Rev 33:44–65

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mesaros N et al (2007) Pseudomonas aeruginosa: resistance and therapeutic options at the turn of the new millennium. Clin Microbiol Infect 13:560–578

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mukherjee A, Cho S, Scheftel J, Jawahir S, Smith K, Diez-Gonzalez F (2006) Soil survival of Escherichia coli O157: H7 acquired by a child from garden soil recently fertilized with cattle manure. J Appl Microbiol 101:429–436

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Norman RS, Moeller P, Mc Donald TJ, Morris PJ (2004) Effect of pyocyanin on a crude-oil-degrading microbial community. Appl Environ Microbiol 70:4004–4011

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ogden LD, Fenlon DR, Vinten AJ, Lewis D (2001) The fate of Escherichia coli O157 in soil and its potential to contaminate drinking water. Int J Food Microbiol 66:111–117

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Oliver JD (2010) Recent findings on the viable but nonculturable sate in pathogenic bacteria. FEMS Microbiol Rev 34:415–425

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ouattara KN, Passerat J, Servais P (2011) Faecal contamination of water and sediment in the rivers of the Scheldt drainage network. Environ Monit Assess 183:243–257

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Paerl HW, Huisman J (2009) Climate change: a catalyst for global expansion of harmful cyanobacterial blooms. Environ Microbiol 1:27–37

    CrossRef  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Palasatien S, Lertsirivorakul R, Royros P, Wongratanacheevin S, Sermswan RW (2008) Soil physicochemical properties related to the presence of Burkholderia pseudomallei. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1:S5–S9

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Pelandakis M, Pernin P (2002) Use of multiplex PCR and PCR restriction enzyme analysis for detection and exploration of the variability in the free-living amoeba Naegleria in the environment. Appl Environ Microbiol 68:2061–2065

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Perron K, Caille O, Rossier C, Van Delden C, Dumas JL, Köhler T (2004) CzcR-CzcS, a two-component system involved in heavy metal and carbapenem resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Biol Chem 279:8761–8768

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Philippot L (2005) Denitrification in pathogenic bacteria: for better or worst ? Trends Microbiol 13:191–192

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Qiu X, Gurkar AU, Lory S (2006) Interstrain transfer of the large pathogenicity island (PAPI-1) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103:19830–19835

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ready PD (2008) Leishmaniasis emergence and climate change. Rev Sci Tech Off Int Epiz 27:399–412

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ready D, Pratten J, Mordan N, Watts E, Wilson M (2007) The effect of amalgam exposure on mercury- and antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Int J Antimicrob Agents 30:34–39

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rose JB, Farrah SR, Harwood VJ, Levine AD, Lukasik J, Menendez P, Scott T (2004) Reduction of pathogens, indicators bacteria and alternative indicators by wastewater treatment and reclamation processes. WERF final report. IWA Publishing, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Salazar-Lindo E, Seas C, Gutierrez D (2008) ENSO and cholera in South America: what can we learn about it from the 1991 cholera outbreak? Int J Environ Health 2:30–36

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Savichtcheva O, Okabe S (2006) Alternative indicators of fecal pollution: relations with pathogens and conventional indicators, current methodologies for direct pathogen monitoring and future application perspectives. Water Res 40:2463–2476

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schwaiger K, Harms K, Hölzel C, Meyer K, Karl M, Bauer J (2009) Tetracycline in liquid manure selects for co-occurrence of the resistance genes tet(M) and tet(L) in Enterococcus faecalis. Vet Microbiol 139:386–392

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Servais P, Garcia Armisen T, Lepeuple AS, Lebaron P (2005) An early warning method to detect fecal contamination of river waters. Ann Microbiol 55:67–72

    Google Scholar 

  • Servais P, Garcia-Armisen T, George I, Billen G (2007) Fecal bacteria in the rivers of the Seine drainage network: source, fate and modeling. Sci Tot Environ 375:152–167

    CrossRef  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Simango C (2006) Prevalence of Clostridium difficile in the environment in a rural community in Zimbabwe. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 100:1146–1150

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Solomon EB, Yaron S, Matthews KR (2002) Transmission of Escherichia coli O157:H7 from contaminated manure and irrigation water to lettuce plant tissue and its subsequent internalization. Appl Environ Microbiol 68:397–400

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stepanauskas R, Glenn TC, Jagoe CH, Tuckfield RC, Lindell AH, King CJ, McArthur JV (2006) Coselection for microbial resistance to metals and antibiotics in freshwater microcosms. Environ Microbiol 8:1510–1514

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Taubes G (2008) The bacteria fight back. Science 321:356–361

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tello A, Austin B, Telfer TC (2012) Selective pressure of antibiotic pollution on bacteria of importance to public health. Environ Health Perspect 120:1100–1106

    CrossRef  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson JR, Marcelino LA, Polz MF (2010) Diversity, sources, and detection of human bacterial pathogens in the marine environment. In: Belkin S, Colwell RR (eds) Oceans and health, pathogens in the marine environment. Springer, New York, pp 29–68

    Google Scholar 

  • Vally H, Whittle A, Cameron S, Dowse GK, Watson T (2004) Outbreak of Aeromonas hydrophila wound infections associated with mud football. Clin Infect Dis 38:1084–1089

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vedler E, Vahter M, Heinaru A (2004) The completely sequenced plasmid pEST4011 contains a novel IncP1 backbone and a catabolic transposon harboring tfd genes for 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid degradation. J Bacteriol 186:7161–7174

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Von der Weid I, Marques JM, Cunha CD, Lippi RK, Dos Santos SC, Rosado AS, Lins U, Seldin L (2007) Identification and biodegradation potential of a novel strain of Dietzia cinnamea isolated from a petroleum-contaminated tropical soil. Syst Appl Microbiol 4:331–339

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Wery N, Bru-Adan V, Minervini C, Delgénes JP, Garrelly L, Godon JJ (2008) Dynamics of Legionella spp. and bacterial populations during the proliferation of L. pneumophila in a cooling tower facility. Appl Environ Microbiol 74:3030–3037

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wright GD (2007) The antibiotic resistome: the nexus of chemical and genetic diversity. Nat Rev Microbiol 5:175–186

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Xu HS, Roberts NC, Adams LB, West PA, Siebeling RJ, Huq A, Huq MI, Rahman R, Colwell RR (1982) An indirect fluorescent antibody staining procedure for detection of Vibrio cholerae serovar 01 cells in aquatic environmental samples. J Microbiol Methods 2:221–231

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • You Y, Rankin SC, Aceto HW, Benson CE, Toth JD, Dou Z (2006) Survival of Salmonella enterica serovar Newport in manure and manure-amended soils. Appl Environ Microbiol 72:5777–5783

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Observatoire Océanologique de Banyuls, Laboratoire de Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Microbiennes (LBBM), Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, USR CNRS 3579, 66650, Banyuls-sur-Mer, France

    Philippe Lebaron

  2. Laboratoire de Bactériologie marine et Écotoxicologie microbienne, Institut des sciences de la mer de Rimouski, Rimouski, QC, G5M1E1, Canada

    Karine Lemarchand

  3. Microbial Ecology Center, UMR CNRS 5557 / USC INRA 1364, Université Lyon 1, 69622, Villeurbanne, France

    Benoit Cournoyer & Sylvie Nazaret

  4. Laboratoire d’Écologie des Systèmes Aquatiques (ESA), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus de la Plaine, 1050, Bruxelles, Belgium

    Pierre Servais

Authors
  1. Philippe Lebaron
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Benoit Cournoyer
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Karine Lemarchand
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Sylvie Nazaret
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Pierre Servais
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Philippe Lebaron .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Université de Toulon, Aix-Marseille Université, Institut Méditerranéen d’Océanologie (MIO), UM 110, CNRS 7294 IRD 235, Cedex 9, Marseille, France

    Jean-Claude Bertrand

  2. Université de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour, Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-chimie pour l’Environnement et les Matériaux (IPREM), UM 110, CNRS 5254, Pau Cedex, France

    Pierre Caumette

  3. Observatoire Océanologique de Banyuls, Laboratoire de Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Microbiennes (LBBM), Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ, Paris 06, USR CNRS 3579, Banyuls-sur-Mer, France

    Philippe Lebaron

  4. Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d’Ecologie marine et continentale (IMBE), UMR-CNRS-IRD 7263, Aix-Marseille Université, Cedex 20, Marseille, France

    Robert Matheron

  5. Microbial Ecology Center, UMR CNRS 5557/USC INRA 1364, Villeubanne, France

    Philippe Normand

  6. Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement (LMGE), UMR CNRS 6023, Université Blaise Pascal, Clermont Université, Aubère Cedex, France

    Télesphore Sime-Ngando

Rights and permissions

Reprints and Permissions

Copyright information

© 2015 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Lebaron, P., Cournoyer, B., Lemarchand, K., Nazaret, S., Servais, P. (2015). Environmental and Human Pathogenic Microorganisms. In: Bertrand, JC., Caumette, P., Lebaron, P., Matheron, R., Normand, P., Sime-Ngando, T. (eds) Environmental Microbiology: Fundamentals and Applications. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9118-2_15

Download citation

search

Navigation