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RARs and MicroRNAs

Chapter
First Online:
Part of the Subcellular Biochemistry book series (SCBI, volume 70)

Abstract

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs acting as endogenous regulators of gene expression. Their discovery is one of the major recent breakthroughs in molecular biology. miRNAs establish a multiplicity of relationships with target mRNAs and exert pleiotropic biological effects in many cell physiological pathways during development and adult life. The dynamic nature of gene expression regulation by Retinoic Acid (RA) is consistent with an extensive functional interplay with miRNA activities. In fact, RA regulates the expression of many different miRNAs, thus suggesting a relevant function of miRNAs in RA-controlled gene expression programmes. miRNAs have been extensively studied as targets and mediators of the biological activity of RA during embryonic development as well as in normal and neoplastic cells. However, relatively few studies have experimentally explored the direct contribution of miRNA function to the RA signalling pathway. Here, we provide an overview of the mechanistic aspects that allow miRNA biogenesis, functional activation and regulation, focusing on recent evidence that highlights a functional interplay between miRNAs and RA-regulated molecular networks. We report examples of tissue-specific roles of miRNAs modulated by RA in stem cell pluripotency maintenance and regeneration, embryonic development, hematopoietic and neural differentiation, and other biological model systems, underlining their role in disease pathogenesis. We also address novel areas of research linking the RA signalling pathway to the nuclear activity of miRNAs.

Keywords

Retinoic Acid Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia miRNA Gene Retinoic Acid Treatment Retinoic Acid Signaling 
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

Abbreviations

Ago

Argonaute

ALDH1A2

Aldehyde dehydrogenase-1a2

AML

Acute myeloid leukemia

APL

Acute promyelocytic leukemia

C/EBPα

CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-alpha

ceRNAs

Competing endogenous RNAs

DGCR8

DiGeorge syndrome critical region gene 8

ESC

Embryonic stem cells

HDAC

Histone deacetylase

Hox

Homeobox

HPCs

Hematopoietic progenitor cells

HSC

Hematopoietic stem cells

lncRNA

Long non-coding RNA

miRNAs

MicroRNAs

NFI-A

Nuclear factor I-A

PACT

Protein kinase R (PKR) activator

P-bodies

Processing bodies

PcG

Polycomb group proteins

Pitx3

Paired-like homeodomain transcription factor 3

pre-miRNA

MicroRNA precursor

pri-miRNA

Primary microRNA

PTB

Polypyrimidine tract binding protein

RA

Retinoic Acid

RALDH2

Retinaldehyde dehydrogenase 2

RAR

Retinoic acid receptor

RISC

RNA-induced silencing complex

RNA polymerase II

RNA polII

RXR

Retinoid X receptor

TF

Transcription factor

TRBP

Trans-activation response (TAR) RNA-binding protein

UTR

Untranslated region

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© Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2014

Authors and Affiliations

  1. 1.Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and BiotechnologiesUniversity “La Sapienza”RomeItaly
  2. 2.Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, General PathologyUniversity of PerugiaPerugiaItaly

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