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Spectroscopic Investigation of Carotenoids Involved in Non-Photochemical Fluorescence Quenching

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Book cover Non-Photochemical Quenching and Energy Dissipation in Plants, Algae and Cyanobacteria

Part of the book series: Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration ((AIPH,volume 40))

Summary

This chapter will review the recent results in the field of carotenoid photophysics and relate excited-state properties of carotenoids to their potential roles in the dissipation of the singlet-excited state of chlorophyll a resulting in non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) of chlorophyll fluorescence. Investigations into the structure and dynamics of excited states of carotenoids have revealed potential mechanisms regarding the involvement of spectroscopically forbidden “dark” excited states in carotenoid relaxation pathways. The generally accepted model for deactivation of excited states of carotenoids following photo-excitation invokes three states, the ground state S0, the first excited state S1, considered “dark” because the S0→S1 transition is forbidden by symmetry, and the second excited state S2, where the S0→S2 transition is strongly allowed. In addition to these states, a number of other excited states have been proposed to be involved in carotenoid de-excitation on the basis of theoretical computations and ultrafast spectroscopy. Yet, the properties of these additional states, and even their very existence, are still being questioned. We will describe the current state of knowledge regarding energetics and dynamics of carotenoid excited states and molecular factors that control these properties, which include the π-electron conjugated chain length, various attached functional groups, configuration and conformation of the molecules, and, perhaps most importantly, carotenoid interaction with the local environment. Many of these factors tune the excited-state spectra and dynamics of carotenoids, and there is accumulating evidence that they are crucial for carotenoid function in photosynthetic systems.

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Abbreviations

A –:

Antheraxanthin;

Ag, Bu, C2h –:

Classifications of molecular symmetry;

Chl –:

Chlorophyll;

Chl a – :

Chlorophyll a;

Chl b – :

Chlorophyll b;

CP24, CP26, CP29 –:

Core light-harvesting proteins of photosystem II;

D0, D1, D2, – :

Doublet states;

ESA –:

Excited-state absorption;

GSB –:

Ground state bleaching;

hECN –:

Hydroxyechinenone;

HOMO –:

Highest occupied molecular orbital;

IR –:

Infrared;

LH –:

Light harvesting complex of purple bacteria;

LHCII –:

Major light-harvesting complex of plants and algae;

LUMO –:

Lowest unoccupied molecular orbital;

n – :

Refractive index of a solvent;

N –:

Conjugation length;

Neff – :

Effective conjugation length;

NPQ –:

Non-photochemical quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence;

OCP –:

Orange carotenoid protein;

Qy – :

The lowest energy state of Chl a;

R(n) –:

Solvent polarizability;

S0, S1 and S2 – :

Singlet states;

SE –:

Stimulated emission;

V –:

Violaxanthin;

Z –:

Zeaxanthin;

ε –:

Molar extinction coefficient

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Acknowledgments

TP thanks the Grant Agency of the Czech Republic (P501/12/G055) for financial support. Work in the laboratory of HAF was supported by grants from the National Science Foundation (MCB-0913022 and MCB-1243565) and the University of Connecticut Research Foundation.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Physics and Biophysics, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, České Budějovice, 37011, Czech Republic

    Tomáš Polívka

  2. Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, CT, 06269-3060, USA

    Harry A. Frank

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  1. Tomáš Polívka
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Correspondence to Tomáš Polívka .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA

    Barbara Demmig-Adams

  2. Laboratory of Photosynthetic Membranes Biological Research Center, Institute of Plant Biology Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary

    Gyozo Garab

  3. Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA

    William Adams III

  4. Department of Plant Biology 265 Morrill Hall, MC-116, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA

    Govindjee

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Polívka, T., Frank, H.A. (2014). Spectroscopic Investigation of Carotenoids Involved in Non-Photochemical Fluorescence Quenching. In: Demmig-Adams, B., Garab, G., Adams III, W., Govindjee, . (eds) Non-Photochemical Quenching and Energy Dissipation in Plants, Algae and Cyanobacteria. Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration, vol 40. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9032-1_8

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