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Structural Changes and Non-Photochemical Quenching of Chlorophyll a Fluorescence in Oxygenic Photosynthetic Organisms

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Non-Photochemical Quenching and Energy Dissipation in Plants, Algae and Cyanobacteria

Part of the book series: Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration ((AIPH,volume 40))

Summary

This chapter focuses on the nature, physical mechanism and physiological significance of structural changes at different levels of structural complexity of the photosynthetic apparatus of oxygenic photosynthetic organisms – with special emphasis on non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) of the singlet-excited state of chlorophyll a. The dual role of the antenna system, light harvesting under low light and thermal dissipation under high light, requires substantial structural flexibility. Indeed, reversible structural changes induced by excess-light excitation have been observed in different organisms via several techniques, including electron microscopy, light scattering measurements, circular dichroism spectroscopy, and small-angle neutron scattering. These investigations have revealed reorganizations at the level of (i) the ultrastructure of thylakoid membranes, affecting repeat distances, (ii) macro-organization of light-harvesting antenna complexes within the membrane, perturbing the ordered arrays of the complexes, as well as (iii) isolated light-harvesting antenna systems. In some cases, correlations between the observed reorganizations and NPQ have been well established. In many cases, however, the relationship between changes in the macro-organization of the light-harvesting antenna or thylakoid membranes and NPQ remains to be explored. Nevertheless, the currently available data strongly suggest that, while an overall reorganization is a necessary condition for adjusting the functional activities to different growth light intensities and for photoprotection, in particular, reorganization per se is not sufficient for NPQ (that also requires the presence of effector molecules, such as, e.g., PsbS or zeaxanthin). This chapter also deals with the effect of dissipation of excess excitation energy on the photosynthetic apparatus: light-induced reversible structural changes in different antenna systems in vivo and in vitro, with rates linearly proportional to the intensity of excess light (that is not used for photosynthesis). These structural changes have been proposed to be driven by what is termed a thermo-optic mechanism: elementary structural changes elicited by ultrafast local heat transients due to the dissipation of photon energy, a photophysical feedback mechanism that appears to modulate NPQ and regulate enzymatic functions in light-harvesting antenna complexes.

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Abbreviations

ΔμH + – :

Electrochemical potential gradient of protons across the thylakoid membrane;

CD –:

Circular dichroism;

Chl –:

Chlorophyll;

EPR –:

Electron paramagnetic resonance;

FCP –:

Fucoxanthin–chlorophyll a/c protein;

LHCII –:

Light-harvesting complex II;

NPQ –:

Non-photochemical quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence;

OCP –:

Orange carotenoid protein;

PG –:

Phosphatidylglycerol;

PMS –:

Phenazine methosulphate;

PS I –:

Photosystem I;

PS II –:

Photosystem II;

psi –:

Polymer or salt-induced;

Q –:

Scattering vector;

qE –:

Energy-dependent quenching:

qI –:

Largely irreversible quenching originally associated with photoinhibition of PS II;

qT –:

Quenching arising from state transitions;

RD –:

Repeat distance;

SANS –:

Small-angle neutron scattering

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Acknowledgments

I am indebted to Dr. Petar Lambrev for fruitful discussions and for his CD data, Dr. Geoffrey Hind for the analysis of scanning transmission electron microscopy images of LHCII microcrystals and helpful advice, Dr. Krzysztof Pawlak for his help in preparing the illustrations, and Drs. Gergely Nagy, Subramanyam Rajagopal and Milán Szabó for providing some of their unpublished figures. I am grateful to Profs. Govindjee, Barbara Demmig-Adams and Herbert van Amerongen, and Dr. Tjaart Krüger for critical reading of the manuscript and helpful comments. This work was supported by grants from NKTH-OTKA (CNK 80342), NIH-A*STAR (TÉT 10-1-2011-0279) and TÁMOP-4.2.2.A-11/1/KONV-2012-0060.

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  1. Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 521, H-6701, Szeged, Hungary

    Győző Garab

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  1. Győző Garab
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  1. Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA

    Barbara Demmig-Adams

  2. Laboratory of Photosynthetic Membranes Biological Research Center, Institute of Plant Biology Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary

    Gyozo Garab

  3. Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA

    William Adams III

  4. Department of Plant Biology 265 Morrill Hall, MC-116, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA

    Govindjee

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Garab, G. (2014). Structural Changes and Non-Photochemical Quenching of Chlorophyll a Fluorescence in Oxygenic Photosynthetic Organisms. In: Demmig-Adams, B., Garab, G., Adams III, W., Govindjee, . (eds) Non-Photochemical Quenching and Energy Dissipation in Plants, Algae and Cyanobacteria. Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration, vol 40. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9032-1_16

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