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Violence in Prolonged Conflicts and Its Socio-psychological Effects

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Violence and Mental Health

Abstract

Violent conflicts between groups are inseparable part of human societies, and have been so for centuries. Recently, scholars have counted at least 240 armed conflicts between the years 1946 and 2008 (Harbom and Wallensteen 2009). Between 1990 through 1996 alone more than 90 armed conflicts took place (Jentleson 1996). Examination of the chronological development of these conflicts reveals several characteristics that may explain the persistence of these conflicts and their violent nature.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Ethos of conflict is composed of 8 major themes about issues related to the conflict, the ingroup, and its adversary: societal beliefs about (1) justness of one’s own goals, which outlines the contested goals, indicates their crucial importance, and provides their explanations and rationales; (2) security, stresses the importance of personal safety and national survival, and outlines the conditions for their achievement; (3) positive collective self-image, concerns the ethnocentric tendency to attribute positive traits, values, and behavior to one’s own society; (4) victimization, concerns the self-presentation of the ingroup as the victim of the conflict; (5) delegitimizing the opponent, concerns beliefs that deny the adversary’s humanity; (6) patriotism, generates attachment to the country and society, by propagating loyalty, love, care, and sacrifice; (7) unity, refers to the importance of ignoring internal conflicts and disagreements during intractable conflicts to unite the society’s forces in the face of an external threat; Finally, (8) peace, refers to peace as the ultimate desire of the society (Bar-Tal 2000, 2007; Rouhana and Bar-Tal 1998).

  2. 2.

    Intractable conflicts are characterized as lasting at least 25 years, over goals that are perceived as existential, being violent, perceived as unsolvable and of zero-sum nature, greatly preoccupying society members, with involved parties heavily investing in their continuation (see Azar 1990; Bar-Tal 1998, 2007; Kriesberg 1998).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. UC-Berkeley School of Public Health, Haruv Institute, Berkeley, CA, USA

    Iris Lavi

  2. School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA

    Iris Lavi

  3. School of Education, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel

    Daniel Bar-Tal

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  1. Iris Lavi
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  2. Daniel Bar-Tal
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Correspondence to Iris Lavi .

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  1. University of Emden, Emden, Germany

    Jutta Lindert

  2. University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel

    Itzhak Levav

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Lavi, I., Bar-Tal, D. (2015). Violence in Prolonged Conflicts and Its Socio-psychological Effects. In: Lindert, J., Levav, I. (eds) Violence and Mental Health. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8999-8_1

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