Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Eastern Pacific Coral Reef Provinces, Coral Community Structure and Composition: An Overview

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Coral Reefs of the Eastern Tropical Pacific

Part of the book series: Coral Reefs of the World ((CORW,volume 8))

Abstract

Advances in our knowledge of eastern tropical Pacific (ETP) coral reef biogeography and ecology during the past two decades are briefly reviewed. Fifteen ETP subregions are recognized, including mainland and island localities from the Gulf of California (Mexico) to Rapa Nui (Easter Island, Chile). Updated species lists reveal a mean increase of 4.2 new species records per locality or an overall increase of 19.2 % in species richness during the past decade. The largest increases occurred in tropical mainland Mexico, and in equatorial Costa Rica and Colombia, due mainly to continuing surveys of these under-studied areas. Newly discovered coral communities are also now known from the southern Nicaraguan coastline. To date 47 zooxanthellate scleractinian species have been recorded in the ETP, of which 33 also occur in the central/south Pacific, and 8 are presumed to be ETP endemics. Usually no more than 20–25 zooxanthellate coral species are present at any given locality, with the principal reef-building genera being Pocillopora, Porites, Pavona, and Gardineroseris. This compares with 62–163 species at four of the nearest central/south Pacific localities. Hydrocorals in the genus Millepora also occur in the ETP and are reviewed in the context of their global distributions. Coral community associates engaged in corallivory, bioerosion, and competition for space are noted for several localities. Reef framework construction in the ETP typically occurs at shallow depths (2–8 m) in sheltered habitats or at greater depths (10–30 m) in more exposed areas such as oceanic island settings with high water column light penetration. Generally, eastern Pacific reefs do not reach sea level with the development of drying reef flats, and instead experience brief periods of exposure during extreme low tides or drops in sea level during La Niña events. High rates of mortality during El Niño disturbances have occurred in many ETP equatorial areas, especially in Panama and the Galápagos Islands during the 1980s and 1990s. Remarkably, however, no loss of resident, zooxanthellate scleractinian species has occurred at these sites, and many ETP coral reefs have demonstrated significant recovery from these disturbances during the past two decades.

By consensus, authors are arranged alphabetically after lead author P. W. Glynn

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 189.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abele LG (1976) Comparative species richness in fluctuating and constant environments: coral-associated decapod crustaceans. Science 192:461–463

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alfaro EJ, Cortés J (2012) Atmospheric forcing of cold subsurface water events in Bahía Culebra, Costa Rica. Rev Biol Trop 60(suppl 2):173–186

    Google Scholar 

  • Alfaro EJ, Cortés J, Alvarado JJ, Jiménez C, León A, Sánchez-Noguera C, Nivia-Ruiz J, Ruiz-Campos E (2012) Clima y variabilidad climática de la temperatura subsuperficial del mar en Bahía Culebra, Guanacaste, Costa Rica. Rev Biol Trop 60(Suppl 2):159–171

    Google Scholar 

  • Alory G, Maes C, Delcroix T, Reul N, Illig S (2012) Seasonal dynamics of sea surface salinity off Panama: the far Eastern Pacific Fresh Pool. J Geophys Res 117:C04028. doi:10.1029/2011JC007802

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alvarado JJ, Cortés J, Fernández C, Nivia J (2005) Coral communities and reefs of Ballena Marine National Park, Pacific coast of Costa Rica. Cienc Mar 31:641–651

    Google Scholar 

  • Alvarado JJ, Fernández C, Cortés J (2009) Water quality conditions on coral reefs at the Marino Ballena National Park, Pacific Costa Rica. Bull Mar Sci 84:137–152

    Google Scholar 

  • Alvarado JJ, Reyes-Bonilla H, del Castillo Á, Cárdenas PA, Buitrago F, Aguirre-Rubí J (2010) Coral reefs of the Pacific coast of Nicaragua. Coral Reefs 29:201

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alvarado JJ, Ayala A, Álvarez del Castillo-Cárdenas PA, Fernández C, Aguirre-Rubí J, Buitrago F, Reyes-Bonilla H (2011) Coral communities of San Juan del Sur, Pacific Nicaragua. Bull Mar Sci 87:129–146

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Álvarez-Filip L, Reyes-Bonilla H, Calderón-Aguilera LE (2006) Community structure of reef fishes in Cabo Pulmo reef, Gulf of California. Mar Ecol 27:253–262

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Asher J, Maragos J, Kenyon J, Vargas-Ángel B, Coccagna E (2012) Range extensions for several species of Acropora in the Hawaiian Archipelago and the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument. Bull Mar Sci 88:337–338

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baker AC, Glynn PW, Riegl B (2008) Climate change and coral reef bleaching: an ecological assessment of long-term impacts, recovery trends and future outlook. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 80:435–471

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Banks SA (2002) Ambiente físico. In: Danulat E, Edgar GJ (eds) Reserva Marina de Galápagos. Línea Base de la Biodiversidad. Fundación Charles Darwin/Servicio Parque Nacional Galápagos, Santa Cruz, Galápagos, Ecuador, pp 22–37

    Google Scholar 

  • Banks SA, Vera M, Chiriboga Á (2009) Characterizing the last remaining reefs: establishing reference points to assess long term change in Galápagos zooxanthellate coral communities. Galapagos Res 66:43–64

    Google Scholar 

  • Banta WC (1991) The Bryozoa of the Galápagos. In: James MJ (ed) Galápagos marine invertebrates: taxonomy, biogeography, and evolution in Darwin’s islands. Plenum Press, New York, pp 371–389

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Barham EG, Gowdy RW, Wolfson FH (1973) Acanthaster (Echinodermata, Asteroidea) in the Gulf of California. Fish Bull (Seattle) 71:927–942

    Google Scholar 

  • Bassey-Fallas G (2010) Evaluación ecológica de los arrecifes y comunidades coralinas de las Islas Murciélago y sección norte de la Península de Santa Elena en el Pacífico de Costa Rica. MSc thesis, Universidad Nacional Heredia, Costa Rica

    Google Scholar 

  • Bastidas-Salamanca M, Rangel-Buitrago N, Morales-Giraldo D, Ricaurte C, Gomez-López DI, Navas-Camacho R, Navarrete SM, Alonso DA, Vivas-Aguas LJ, Obando-Madera PS, Rodríguez-Rodríguez JA, Licero-Villanueva LV, Perdomo LV (2014) Estado del ambiente y los ecosistemas marinos y costeros. In: INVEMAR. Informe del estado de los ambientes y recursos marinos y costeros en Colombia: Año 2013. Serie de Publicaciones Periódicas No. 3, Santa Marta, pp 23–71

    Google Scholar 

  • Baums IB, Boulay JN, Polato NR, Hellberg ME (2012) No gene flow across the Eastern Pacific Barrier in the reef-building coral Porites lobata. Mol Ecol 21:5418–5433

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baums IB, Durante MD, Laing AA, Feingold J, Smith T, Bruckner A, Monteiro J (2014) Marginal coral populations: the densest known aggregation of Pocillopora in the Galápagos Archipelago is of asexual origin. Front Mar Sci 1:59. doi:10.3389/fmars.2014.00059

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Béarez P, Séret B (2009) Les poisons. In: Charpy L (ed) Clipperton, environnement et biodiversité d’un microcosme océanique. Mus National d’Hist Naturelle, Paris IRD, Marseille, pp 143–154

    Google Scholar 

  • Benfield S, Baxter L, Guzmán HM, Mair JM (2008) A comparison of coral reef and coral community fish assemblages in Pacific Panama and environmental factors governing their structure. J Mar Biol Assoc UK 88:1331–1341

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Benítez-Villalobos F, Domínguez y Gómez MT, López-Pérez RA (2008) Temporal variation of the sea urchin Diadema mexicanum population density at Bahías de Huatulco, western Mexico. Rev Biol Trop (Int J Trop Biol) 56(Suppl 3):255–263

    Google Scholar 

  • Benzoni F, Stefani F, Pichon M, Galli P (2010) The name game: morpho-molecular species boundaries in the genus Psammocora (Cnidaria, Scleractinia). Zool J Linnean Soc 160:421–456

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bezy MB, Jiménez C, Cortés J, Segura A, León A, Alvarado JJ, Gillén C, Mejía E (2006) Contrasting Psammocora-dominated coral communities in Costa Rica, tropical eastern Pacific. In: Proceedings of 10th International Coral Reef Symposium, vol 1, Okinawa, pp 376–381

    Google Scholar 

  • Birkeland C, Meyer DL, Stames JP, Buford CL (1975) Subtidal communities of Malpelo Island. Smithson Contrib Zool 176:55–68

    Google Scholar 

  • Blancas-López AV (2009) Conectividad demográfica de Pocillopora verrucosa (Anthozoa: Scleractinia) en el Pacífico mexicano. MSc thesis CICESE, p 83

    Google Scholar 

  • Boulay JN, Hellberg ME, Cortés J, Baums IB (2014) Unrecognized coral species diversity masks differences in functional ecology. Proc R Soc B 281:20131580

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brenes R, Cuadras J, Durbán M, Fernández-López A, González LM, Miranda A (1993) Plan de manejo del Parque Nacional Coiba (1a fase). Informe inédito, AECI, ICONA, INRENARE, Panamá, 213 p +19 maps

    Google Scholar 

  • Briggs JC (1974) Marine zoogeography. McGraw-Hill, New York p 475

    Google Scholar 

  • Bruno J, Selig E, Casey K, Page C, Willis B, Harvell C, Sweatman HY, Melendy A (2007) Thermal stress and coral cover as drivers of coral disease outbreaks. PLoS Biol. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0050124

    Google Scholar 

  • Brusca RC, Thomson DA (1975) Pulmo Reef: the only “coral reef” in the Gulf of California. Cienc Mar 2:37–52

    Google Scholar 

  • Cantera JR (1983) Distribution des peuplements des scléractiniaires sur un récif de l’Ille de Gorgona (Côte Pacifique de Colombie). Tethys 11:25–31

    Google Scholar 

  • Carpenter KE, Abrar M, Aeby G, Aronson RB, Banks SA, Bruckner A, Chiriboga A, Cortés J, Delbeek JC, DeVantier L, Edgar G, Edwards AJ, Fenner D, Guzmán HM, Hoeksema BW, Hodgson G, Johan O, Licuanan WY, Livingstone SR, Lovell ER, Moore JA, Obura DO, Ochavillo D, Polidoro BA, Precht WF, Quibilan MC, Reboton C, Richards ZT, Rogers AD, Sanciangco J, Sheppard A, Sheppard C, Smith J, Stuart S, Turak E, Veron J, Wallace C, Weil E, Wood E (2008) One third of reef-building corals face elevated extinction risk from climate change and local impact. Science 321:560–563

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carricart-Ganivet JP, Reyes-Bonilla H (1999) New and previous records of scleractinian corals from Clipperton Atoll, eastern Pacific. Pac Sci 53:370–375

    Google Scholar 

  • Carriquiry JD, Reyes-Bonilla H (1997) Estructura de la comunidad y distribución geográfica de los arrecifes coralinos de Nayarit. Cienc Mar 23:227–248

    Google Scholar 

  • Castilla JC, Rozbaczylo N (1987) Invertebrados marinos de Isla de Pascua y Sala y Gómez. In: Castilla JC (ed) Islas Oceánicas Chilenas: Conocimiento científicos y necesidades de investigaciones. Ediciones Univ Católica de Chile, Santiago, pp 191–215

    Google Scholar 

  • Cea Egaña A, DiSalvo LH (1982) Mass expulsion of zooxanthellae by Easter Island corals. Pac Sci 36:61–63

    Google Scholar 

  • Charpy L, Rodier M, Sarazin G (2009) Biogéochimie du lagon. In: Charpy L (ed) Clipperton, environnement et biodiversité d’un microcosme océanique. Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris, IRD, Marseille. Patrimoines naturels 68:67–79

    Google Scholar 

  • Charpy L, Rodier M, Couté A, Perrette-Gallet C, Bley-Loëz C (2010) Clipperton, a possible future for atoll lagoons. Coral Reefs 29:771–783

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chavez-Romo HE, Correa-Sandoval F, Paz-Garcia DA, Reyes-Bonilla H, López-Pérez RA, Medina-Rosas P, Hernández-Cortés MP (2008) Genetic structure of a scleractinian coral, Pocillopora damicornis, in the Mexican Pacific. Proceedings of 11th International Coral Reef Symposium, vol 1, Ft Lauderdale, pp 429–433

    Google Scholar 

  • Chevalier J-P (1978) Les coraux des Iles Marquises. In: Les Iles Marquises, geómorphologie, climatologie, faune et flore. Cah Pac No 21 Paris, pp 243–283

    Google Scholar 

  • Clemente S, Rodríguez A, Brito A, Ramos A, Monterroso Ó, Hernández JC (2011) On the occurrence of the hydrocoral Millepora (Hydrozoa: Milleporidae) in the subtropical eastern Atlantic (Canary Islands): is the colonization related to climatic events? Coral Reefs 30:237–240

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coates AG, Obando JA (1996) The geologic evolution of the Central American isthmus. In: Jackson JBC, Budd AF, Coates AG (eds) Evolution and environment in tropical America. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp 21–56

    Google Scholar 

  • Colgan MW (1990) El Niño and the history of eastern Pacific reef building. In: Glynn PW (ed) Global ecological consequences of the 1982–83 El Niño-Southern Oscillation. Elsevier oceanography series 52. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 183–232

    Google Scholar 

  • Colgan MW (1991) El Niño and coral reef development in the Galápagos Islands: a study of the Urvina Bay uplift. In: James MJ (ed) Galápagos marine invertebrates: taxonomy, biogeography, and evolution in Darwin’s Islands. Plenum Press, New York, pp 99–120

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Colley SB, Glynn PW, May AS, Maté JL (2006) Species-dependent reproductive responses of eastern Pacific corals to the 1997–1998 ENSO event. In: Proceedings of 10th International Coral Reef Symposium, vol 1, pp 61–70

    Google Scholar 

  • Correa AMS, Baker AC (2011) Disaster taxa in microbially mediated metazoans: how endosymbionts and environmental catastrophes influence the adaptive capacity of reef corals. Glob Change Biol 17:68–75

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cortés J (1986) Biogeografía de corales hermatípicos: El Istmo Centro Americano. An Inst Cienc del Mar y Limnol, Univ Nal Autón Mexico 13:297–304

    Google Scholar 

  • Cortés J (1990) The coral reefs of Golfo Dulce, Costa Rica: distribution and community structure. Atoll Res Bull 344:1–37

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cortés J (1996/1997) Comunidades coralinas y arrecifes del Área de Conservación Guanacaste, Costa Rica. Rev Biol Trop 44/45:623–625

    Google Scholar 

  • Cortés J (1997) Biology and geology of coral reefs of the eastern Pacific. Coral Reefs 16(suppl):S39–S46

    Google Scholar 

  • Cortés J (2003) Latin American coral reefs. Elsevier, Amsterdam, p 497

    Google Scholar 

  • Cortés J (2007) Coastal morphology and coral reefs. In: Bundschuh J, Alvarado GE (eds) Central America: geology, resources, and hazards, vol 1. Taylor & Francis, Milton Park, pp 185–200

    Google Scholar 

  • Cortés J (2008) Historia de la investigación marina de la Isla del Coco, Costa Rica. Rev Biol Trop 56(suppl 2):1–18

    Google Scholar 

  • Cortés J (2011) Eastern Tropical Pacific coral reefs. In: Hopley D (ed) The Encyclopedia of Modern Coral Reefs: Structure, Form and Process. Springer, Berlin pp 351–358

    Google Scholar 

  • Cortés J (2012a) Historia de la investigación marina en Bahía Culebra, Guanacaste, Costa Rica. Rev Biol Trop 60 (Suppl 2):19–37

    Google Scholar 

  • Cortés J (2012b) Marine biodiversity of an Eastern Tropical Pacific oceanic island, Parque Nacional Isla del Coco, Costa Rica. Rev Biol Trop 60 (Suppl 3):131–185

    Google Scholar 

  • Cortés J (2014) Cocos Island marine ecosystems. In: Kappelle M (ed) Costa Rican ecosystems. University of Chicago Press, Chicago (in press)

    Google Scholar 

  • Cortés J, Guzmán HM (1998) Organismos de los arrecifes coralinos de Costa Rica: descripción, distribución geográfica e historia natural de los corales zooxantelados (Anthozoa: Scleractinia) del Pacífico. Rev Biol Trop 46:55–92

    Google Scholar 

  • Cortés J, Jiménez CE (1996) Coastal-marine environments of Parque Nacional Corcovado, Puntarenas, Costa Rica. Rev Biol Trop 44(suppl 3):35–40

    Google Scholar 

  • Cortés J, Jiménez C (2003) Corals and coral reefs of the Pacific of Costa Rica: history, research and status. In: Cortés J (ed) Latin American coral reefs. Elsevier Science BV, Amsterdam, pp 361–385

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Cortés J, Murillo MM (1985) Comunidades coralinas y arrecifes del Pacífico de Costa Rica. Rev Biol Trop 33:197–202

    Google Scholar 

  • Cortés J, Wehrtmann IS (2009) Diversity of marine habitats of the Caribbean and Pacific of Costa Rica. In: Wehrtmann IS, Cortés J (eds) Marine biodiversity of Costa Rica, Central America. Springer, Berlin, pp 1–45

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Cortés J, Macintyre IG, Glynn PW (1994) Holocene growth history of an eastern Pacific fringing reef, Punta Islotes, Costa Rica. Coral Reefs 13:65–73

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cortés J, Jiménez CE, Fonseca AC, Alvarado JJ (2010) Status and conservation of coral reefs in Costa Rica. Rev Biol Trop 58(Suppl 1):33–50

    Google Scholar 

  • Cróquer A, Weil E (2009) Changes in Caribbean coral disease prevalence after the 2005 bleaching event. Dis Aquat Org 87:33–43

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • D’Croz L, O’Dea A (2007) Variability in upwelling along the Pacific shelf of Panama and implications for the distribution of nutrients and chlorophyll. Estuar Coastal Shelf Sci 73:325–340

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • D’Croz L, Robertson DR (1997) Coastal oceanographic conditions affecting coral reefs on both sides of the Isthmus of Panama. In: Proceedings of 8th International Coral Reef Symposium, vol 2, Panama, pp 2053–2058

    Google Scholar 

  • Dana TF (1975) Development of contemporary eastern Pacific coral reefs. Mar Biol 33:355–374

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dana TF, Wolfson A (1970) Eastern Pacific crown-of-thorns starfish populations in the lower Gulf of California. San Diego Soc Nat Hist Trans 16:83–90

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Darwin C (1880) The origin of species by means of natural selection or the preservation of favored races in the struggle for life. John Murray, London, p 458

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Dawson TP, Jarvie F, Reitsma F (2009) A habitat suitability model for predicting coral community and reef distributions in the Galapagos Islands. Galapagos Res 66:20–26

    Google Scholar 

  • Delesalle B (1985) Atoll de Mataiva: archipel des Tuamotu. In: Delesalle B, Galzin R, Salvat B (eds) French Polynesian coral reefs. Proceedings of 5th International Coral Reef Congress, vol 1, Tahiti, pp 269–307

    Google Scholar 

  • Denyer P, Cárdenas G (2000) Costas marinas. In: Denyer P, Kussmaul S (eds) Geología de Costa Rica. Editorial. Tecnología de Costa Rica, Cartago, pp 185–218

    Google Scholar 

  • Devis-Morales A, Schneider W, Montoya-Sánchez RA, Rodríguez-Rubio E (2008) Monsoonlike winds reverse oceanic circulation in the Panama Bight. Geophys Res Lett 35:L20607. doi:10.1029/2008GL035172

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • DiSalvo LH, Randall JE, Cea A (1988) Ecological reconnaissance of the Easter Island sublittoral marine environment. Nat Geogr Res 4:451–473

    Google Scholar 

  • Dominici-Arosemena A, Wolff M (2006) Reef fish community structure in the tropical eastern Pacific (Panamá): living on a relatively stable rocky reef environment. Helgol Mar Res 60:287–305

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dunbar RB, Wellington GM, Colgan MW, Glynn PW (1994) Eastern Pacific sea surface temperature since 1600 AD: the δ18O record of climate variability in Galápagos corals. Paleoceanography 9:291–315

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Durham JW (1966) Coelenterates, especially stony corals, from the Galápagos and Cocos Islands. In: Bowman RI (ed) The Galápagos, Proceedings of the symposia of the Galápagos international scientific project. University of California Press, Berkeley, pp 123–135

    Google Scholar 

  • Durham JW, Barnard JL (1952) Stony corals of the eastern Pacific collected by the Velero III and Velero IV. Allan Hancock Pac Expeditions 16:1–110

    Google Scholar 

  • Eakin CM (1992) Post-El Niño Panamanian reefs: less accretion, more erosion and damselfish protection. In: Proceedings of 7th International Coral Reef Symposium, vol 1, Guam, pp 387–396

    Google Scholar 

  • Eakin CM (1996) Where have all the carbonates gone? A model comparison of calcium carbonate budgets before and after the 1982–1983 El Niño. Coral Reefs 15:109–119

    Google Scholar 

  • Eakin CM (2001) A tale of two ENSO events: carbonate budgets and the influence of two warming disturbances and intervening variability, Uva Island, Panama. Bull Mar Sci 69:171–186

    Google Scholar 

  • Edgar GJ, Banks SA, Brandt M, Bustamante RH, Chiriboga Á, Earle SA, Garske LE, Glynn PW, Grove JS, Henderson S, Hickman CP, Miller KA, Rivera F, Wellington GM (2010) El Niño, grazers and fisheries interact to greatly elevate extinction risk for Galápagos marine species. Global Change Biol 16:2876–2890

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ekman S (1953) Zoogeography of the sea. Sidgwick and Jackson, London p 417

    Google Scholar 

  • Emerson WK (1991) First records for Cymatium mundum (Gould) in the eastern Pacific Ocean, with comments on the zoogeography of the tropical trans-Pacific tonnacean and non-tannacean prosobranch gastropods with Indo-Pacific faunal affinities in west American waters. The Nautilus 105:62–80

    Google Scholar 

  • Enochs IC (2012) Motile cryptofauna associated with live and dead coral substrates: implications for coral mortality and framework erosion. Mar Biol 159:709–722

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Enochs IC, Hockensmith G (2009) Effects of coral mortality on the community composition of cryptic metazoans associated with Pocillopora damicornis. In: Proceedings of 11th International Coral Reef Symposium, vol 2, Ft Lauderdale, pp 1368–1372

    Google Scholar 

  • Enochs IC, Manzello DP (2012a) Responses of cryptofaunal species richness and trophic potential to coral reef habitat degradation. Diversity 4:94–104

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Enochs IC, Manzello DP (2012b) Species richness of motile cryptofauna across a gradient of reef framework erosion. Coral Reefs 31:653–661

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Enochs IC, Toth LT, Brandtneris VK, Afflerbach JC, Manzello DP (2011) Environmental determinants of motile cryptofauna on an eastern Pacific coral reef. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 438:105–118

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Feingold JS (1996) Coral survivors of the 1982–83 El Niño-Southern Oscillation, Galápagos Islands, Ecuador. Coral Reefs 15:108

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Feingold JS (2001) Responses of three coral communities to the 1997–98 El Niño-Southern Oscillation: Galápagos Islands, Ecuador. Bull Mar Sci 69:61–77

    Google Scholar 

  • Feingold JS, Glynn PW (2014) Coral research in the Galápagos Islands, Ecuador. In: Walsh SJ, Mena CF (eds) The Galápagos marine reserve: a dynamic social-ecological system. Springer Science and Business Media, New York, pp 3–22

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Fernández-García C (2007) Propagación del alga Caulerpa sertularioides (Chlorophyta) en Bahía Culebra, Golfo de Papagayo, Pacífico norte de Costa Rica. M.Sc. thesis, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica p 92

    Google Scholar 

  • Fernández C, Cortés J (2005) Reef site: Caulerpa sertularioides, a green alga spreading aggressively over coral reef communities in Culebra Bay, North Pacific of Costa Rica. Coral Reefs 24:10

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fernández-García C, Cortés J, Alvarado JJ, Nivia-Ruiz J (2012) Physical factors contributing to the benthic dominance of the alga Caulerpa sertularioides (Caulerpaceae, Chlorophyta) in the upwelling Bahía Culebra, north Pacific of Costa Rica. Rev Biol Trop 60(Suppl 2):93–107

    Google Scholar 

  • Flores-Verdugo FJ, de la Lanza-Espino G, Contreras-Espinosa F, Agraz-Hernández CM (2001) The tropical Pacific coast of Mexico. In: Seeliger U, Kjerfve B (eds) Coastal marine ecosystems of Latin America. Ecol Stud 144:307–314. Springer, Berlin

    Google Scholar 

  • Flot JF, Adjeroud M (2009) Les coraux de Clipperton. In: Charpy L (ed) Clipperton: environnement et biodiversité d’un microcosme océanique. Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris, IRD, Marseille (Patrimoines naturels; 68), pp 155–162

    Google Scholar 

  • Flot J-F, Couloux A, Tillier S (2010) Haplowebs as a graphical tool for delimiting species: a revival of Doyle’s “field for recombination” approach and its application to the coral genus Pocillopora in Clipperton. BMC Evol Biol 10:372

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Forsbergh ED (1969) On the climatology, oceanography and fisheries of the Panama Bight. Inter-Am Trop Tuna Comm Bull 14:49–385

    Google Scholar 

  • Forsman ZH, Guzmán HM, Chen CA, Fox GE, Wellington GM (2005) An ITS region phylogeny of Siderastrea (Cnidaria: Anthozoa): is S. glynni endangered or introduced? Coral Reefs 24:343–347

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Friedlander AM, Ballesteros E, Beets J, Berkenpas E, Gaymer CF, Gorny M, Sala E (2013) Effects of isolation and fishing on the marine ecosystems of Easter Island and Salas y Gómez, Chile. Aquatic Conserv: Mar Freshw Ecosyst 23:515–531

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Galzin R, Pointier J-P (1985) Ile de Moorea: Archipel de la Société. In: Delesalle B, Galzin R, Salvat B (eds) French Polynesian coral reefs. In: Proceedings of 5th International Coral Reef Congress, vol 1, Tahiti, pp 75–101

    Google Scholar 

  • Garth JS (1991) Taxonomy, distribution, and ecology of Galápagos Brachyura. In: James MJ (ed) Galápagos marine invertebrates: taxonomy, biogeography, and evolution in Darwin’s islands. Plenum Press, New York, pp 123–145

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Garth JS (1992) The brachyuran crabs of the Revillagigedo Islands, Colima, Mexico with remarks on insular endemism in the eastern tropical Pacific. Proc San Diego Soc Nat Hist 24:1–6

    Google Scholar 

  • Garzón-Ferreira J, Pinzón J (1999) Evaluación rápida de estructura y salud de las formaciones coralinas de la Isla de Malpelo (Pacífico colombiano). Bol Invest Mar Cost 28:137–154

    Google Scholar 

  • Glynn PW (1976) Some physical and biological determinants of coral community structure in the eastern Pacific. Ecol Monogr 46:431–456

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Glynn PW (1988) El Niño warming, coral mortality and reef framework destruction by echinoid bioerosion in the eastern Pacific. Galaxea 7:129–160

    Google Scholar 

  • Glynn PW (1997) Eastern Pacific reef coral biogeography and faunal flux: Durham’s dilemma revisited. In: Proceedings of 8th International Coral Reef Symposium, vol 1, Panama, pp 371–378

    Google Scholar 

  • Glynn PW (2001) Eastern Pacific coral reef ecosystems. In: Seeliger U, Kjerfve B (eds) Coastal marine ecosystems of Latin America. Springer, Berlin, pp 281–305

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Glynn PW (2003) Coral communities and coral reefs of Ecuador. In: Cortés J (ed) Latin American coral reefs. Elsevier Science BV, Amsterdam, pp 449–472

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Glynn PW (2006) Fish utilization of simulated coral reef frameworks versus eroded rubble off Panama, eastern Pacific. In: Proceedings of 10th International Coral Reef Symposium, vol 10, Okinawa, pp 250–256

    Google Scholar 

  • Glynn PW (2008) Food-web structure and dynamics of eastern tropical Pacific coral reefs: Panama and Galápagos Islands. In: McClanahan TR, Branch GM (eds) Food webs and the dynamics of marine reefs. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 185–208

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Glynn PW (2011) In tandem reef coral and cryptic metazoan declines and extinctions. Bull Mar Sci 87:767–794

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Glynn PW, Ault JS (2000) A biogeographic analysis and review of the far eastern Pacific coral reef region. Coral Reefs 19:1–23

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Glynn PW, Colley SB (2008) Survival of brooding and broadcasting reef corals following large scale disturbances: is there any hope for broadcasting species during global warming? In: Proceedings of 11th International Coral Reef Symposium, Ft. Lauderdale (session 11), pp 1–5

    Google Scholar 

  • Glynn PW, de Weerdt WH (1991) Elimination of two reef-building hydrocorals following the 1982–83 El Niño warming event. Science 253:69–71

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Glynn PW, Feingold JS (1992) Hydrocoral species not extinct. Science 257:1845

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Glynn PW, Fong P (2006) Patterns of reef coral recovery by the regrowth of surviving tissues following the 1997–98 El Niño warming and 2000, 2001 upwelling cool events in Panama, eastern Pacific. In: Proceedings of 10th International Coral Reef Symposium, Okinawa, pp 624–630

    Google Scholar 

  • Glynn PW, Leyte-Morales GE (1997) Coral reefs of Huatulco, west Mexico. Reef development in upwelling Gulf of Tehuantepec. Rev Biol Trop 45:1033–1047

    Google Scholar 

  • Glynn PW, Wellington GM (1983) Corals and coral reefs of the Galápagos Islands. University of California Press, Berkeley, p 297

    Google Scholar 

  • Glynn PW, von Prahl H, Guhl F (1982) Coral reefs of Gorgona Island, with special reference to corallivores and their influence on community structure and reef development. An Inst Invest Mar Punta Betín 12:185–214

    Google Scholar 

  • Glynn PW, Druffel EM, Dunbar RB (1983) A dead Central American coral reef tract: possible link with the Little Ice Age. J Mar Res 41:605–637

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Glynn PW, Cortés J, Guzmán HM, Richmond RH (1988) El Niño (1982–83) associated coral mortality and relationship to sea surface temperature deviations in the tropical eastern Pacific. In: Proceedings of 6th International Coral Reef Symposium, vol 3, Brisbane, pp 237–243

    Google Scholar 

  • Glynn PW, Gassman NJ, Eakin CM, Cortés J, Smith DB, Guzmán HM (1991) Reef coral reproduction in the eastern Pacific: Costa Rica, Panama, and Galápagos Islands (Ecuador), Part I—Pocilloporidae. Mar Biol 109:355–368

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Glynn PW, Colley SB, Eakin CM, Smith DB, Cortés J, Gassman NJ, Guzmán HM, Rosario JB, Feingold J (1994) Reef coral reproduction in the eastern Pacific: Costa Rica, Panama, and Galápagos Islands (Ecuador) II. Poritidae. Mar Biol 118:191–208

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Glynn PW, Veron JEN, Wellington GM (1996a) Clipperton Atoll (eastern Pacific): oceanography, geomorphology, reef-building coral ecology and biogeography. Coral Reefs 15:71–99

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Glynn PW, Colley SB, Gassman NJ, Black K, Cortés J, Maté JL (1996b) Reef coral reproduction in the eastern Pacific: Costa Rica, Panamá, and Galápagos Islands (Ecuador). III. Agariciidae (Pavona gigantea and Gardineroseris planulata). Mar Biol 125:579–601

    Google Scholar 

  • Glynn PW, Colley SB, Ting JH, Maté JL, Guzmán HM (2000) Reef coral reproduction in the eastern Pacific: Costa Rica, Panama, and Galápagos Islands (Ecuador)—IV. Agariciidae, recruitment and recovery of Pavona varians and Pavona sp.a. Mar Biol 136:785–805

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Glynn PW, Maté JL, Baker AC, Calderón MO (2001) Coral bleaching and mortality in Panama and Ecuador during the 1997–1998 El Niño-Southern Oscillation event: spatial/temporal patterns and comparisons with the 1982–1983 event. Bull Mar Sci 69:79–109

    Google Scholar 

  • Glynn PW, Wellington GM, Wieters EA, Navarrete SA (2003) Reef-building coral communities of Easter Island (Rapa Nui), Chile. In: Cortés J (ed) Latin American coral reefs. Elsevier Science BV, Amsterdam, pp 473–494

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Glynn PW, Wellington GM, Riegl B, Olson DB, Borneman E, Wieters EA (2007) Diversity and biogeography of the scleractinian coral fauna of Easter Island (Rapa Nui). Pac Sci 61:67–90

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Glynn PW, Colley SB, Maté JL, Cortés J, Guzmán HM, Bailey RL, Feingold JS, Enochs IC (2008) Reproductive ecology of the azooxanthellate coral Tubastrea coccinea in the Equatorial Eastern Pacific: Part V. Dendrophylliidae. Mar Biol 153:529–544

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Glynn PW, Riegl B, Romanski AMS, Baums IB (2009) Rapid recovery of a coral reef at Darwin Island, Galapagos Islands. Galapagos Res 66:6–13

    Google Scholar 

  • Glynn PW, Colley SB, Guzmán HM, Enochs IC, Cortés J, Maté JL, Feingold JS (2011) Reef coral reproduction in the eastern Pacific: Costa Rica, Panama and the Galápagos Islands (Ecuador). VI. Agariciidae, Pavona clavus. Mar Biol 158:1601–1617

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Glynn PW, Colley SB, Maté JL, Baums IB, Feingold JS, Cortés J, Guzmán HM, Afflerbach JC, Brandtneris VW, Ault JS (2012) Reef coral reproduction in the equatorial eastern Pacific: Costa Rica, Panama, and the Galápagos Islands (Ecuador). VII. Siderastreidae, Psammocora stellata and Psammocora profundacella. Mar Biol 159:1917–1932

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Glynn PW, Enochs IC, Afflerbach JA, Brandtneris VW, Serafy JE (2014) Eastern Pacific reef fish responses to coral reef recovery following El Niño disturbances. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 495:233–247

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Glynn PW, Riegl BM, Purkis S, Kerr J, Smith T (2015) Coral reef recovery in the Galápagos Islands: the northern-most islands (Darwin and Wenman). Coral Reefs 34:421–436. doi:10.1007/s00338-015-1280-4

  • Gotuzzo R (1996) Celenterados. In: Serrano F (ed) Historia natural y ecología de El Salvador, vol II. Ministerio de Educación, San Salvador, El Salvador, pp 51–64

    Google Scholar 

  • Grigg RW, Hey R (1992) Paleoceanography of the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean. Science 255:172–178

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guzmán HM (1988a) Distribución y abundancia de organismos coralívoros en los arrecifes coralinos de la Isla del Caño, Costa Rica. Rev Biol Trop 36:191–207

    Google Scholar 

  • Guzmán HM (1988b) Feeding behavior of the gastropod corallivore Quoyula monodonta (Blainville). Rev Biol Trop 36:209–212

    Google Scholar 

  • Guzmán HM, Cortés J (1989a) Coral reef community structure at Caño Island, Pacific Costa Rica. PSZNI: Mar Ecol 10:23–41

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guzmán HM, Cortés J (1989b) Growth rates of eight species of scleractinian corals in the eastern Pacific (Costa Rica). Bull Mar Sci 44:1186–1194

    Google Scholar 

  • Guzmán HM, Cortés J (1992) Cocos Island (Pacific of Costa Rica) coral reefs after the 1982–83 El Niño disturbance. Rev Biol Trop 40:309–324

    Google Scholar 

  • Guzmán HM, Cortés J (1993) Arrecifes coralinos del Pacífico oriental tropical: Revisión y perspectivas. Rev Biol Trop 41:535–557

    Google Scholar 

  • Guzmán HM, Cortés J (2001) Changes in reef community structure after fifteen years of natural disturbances in the eastern Pacific (Costa Rica). Bull Mar Sci 69:133–149

    Google Scholar 

  • Guzmán HM, Cortés J (2007) Reef recovery 20-yr after the 1982–83 El Niño massive mortality. Mar Biol 151:401–411

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guzmán HM, Obando VL (1988) Diversidad y abundancia diaria y estacional del zooplankton marino de la Isla del Caño, Costa Rica. Rev Biol Trop 36:139–150

    Google Scholar 

  • Guzmán HM, Obando VL, Cortés J (1987a) Meiofauna associated with a Pacific coral reef in Costa Rica. Coral Reefs 6:107–112

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guzmán HM, Cortés J, Richmond RH, Glynn PW (1987b) Efectos del fenómeno de “El Niño-Oscilación Sureña” 1982/83 en los arrecifes de la Isla del Caño, Costa Rica. Rev Biol Trop 35:325–332

    Google Scholar 

  • Guzmán HM, Cortés J, Glynn PW, Richmond RH (1990) Coral mortality associated with dinoflagellate blooms in the eastern Pacific (Costa Rica and Panama). Mar Ecol Prog Ser 60:299–303

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guzmán HM, Guevara CA, Breedy O (2004) Distribution, diversity, and conservation of coral reefs and coral communities in the largest marine protected area of Pacific Panama (Coiba Island). Environ Conserv 31:111–121

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guzmán HM, Benfield S, Breedy O, Mair JM (2008) Broadening reef protection across the marine conservation corridor of the eastern tropical Pacific: distribution and diversity of reefs in Las Perlas Archipelago, Panama. Environ Conserv 35:46–54

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Halfar J, Godinez-Orta L, Riegl B, Valdez-Holguin JE, Borges JM (2005) Living on the edge: high latitude Porites carbonate production under temperate eutrophic conditions. Coral Reefs 24:582–592

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harmelin-Vivien M (1985) Tikehau Atoll, Tuamotu Archipelago. In: Delesalle B, Galzin R, Salvat B (eds) Proceedings of 5th International Coral Reef Congress, vol 1, Tahiti, pp 211–268

    Google Scholar 

  • Hebbeln D, Cortés J (2001) Sedimentation in a tropical fyord: Golfo Dulce, Costa Rica. Geo-Mar Lett 20:142–148

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heck KL Jr, McCoy ED (1978) Long-distance dispersal and the reef-building corals of the Eastern Pacific. Mar Biol 48:349–356

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hendrickx ME, Brusca RC, Findley LT (2005) A distributional checklist of the macrofauna of the Gulf of California, Mexico. Part 1. Invertebrates. Tucson, Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum, p 429

    Google Scholar 

  • Herrera W (1986) Clima de Costa Rica. Edit. UNED, San José, Costa Rica, p 118

    Google Scholar 

  • Herrera-Escalante T, López-Pérez RA, Leyte-Morales GE (2005) Bioerosion caused by the sea urchin Diadema mexicanum (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) at Bahías de Huatulco, western Mexico. Rev Biol Trop 53(Suppl 3):263–273

    Google Scholar 

  • Hickman PC Jr (2008) A field guide to corals and other radiates of Galápagos. Galápagos marine life series. Sugar Spring Press, Lexington, Virgina p 161

    Google Scholar 

  • Holst I, Guzmán HM (1993) Lista de corales hermatípicos (Anthozoa: Scleractinia; Hydrozoa: Milleporina) a ambos lados del Istmo de Panamá. Rev Biol Trop 41:871–875

    Google Scholar 

  • Hubbard DK, Garcia M (2003) The corals and coral reefs of Easter Island—A preliminary look. In: Loret J, Tanacredi JT (eds) Easter Island: scientific exploration into the world’s environmental problems in microcosm. Kluwer Academic, New York, pp 53–77

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Iglesias-Prieto R, Reyes-Bonilla H, Riosmena-Rodriguez R (2003) Effects of 1997–1998 ENSO on coral reef communities in the Gulf of California, Mexico. Geofísica Int 42:1–5

    Google Scholar 

  • Iglesias-Prieto R, Beltrán VH, LaJeunesse TC, Reyes-Bonilla H, Thomé PE (2004) Different algal symbionts explain the vertical distribution of dominant reef corals in the eastern Pacific. Proc R Soc Lond B 271:1757–1763

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Irving R, Dawson T (2012) The marine environment of the Pitcairn Islands. The Pew Environment Group, Global Ocean Legacy, Dundee University Press, p 61

    Google Scholar 

  • Jiménez C (1997) Corals and coral reefs of Culebra Bay, Pacific coast of Costa Rica: anarchy in the reef. In: Proceedings of 8th International Coral Reef Symposium, vol 1, Panama, pp 329–334

    Google Scholar 

  • Jiménez C (2001a) Arrecifes y ambientes coralinos de Bahía Culebra, Pacífico de Costa Rica: aspectos biológicos, económico-recreactivos y de manejo. Rev Biol Trop 49(Suppl 2):215–231

    Google Scholar 

  • Jiménez C (2001b) Seawater temperature measured at the surface and at two depths (7 and 14 m) in one coral reef at Culebra Bay, Gulf of Papagayo, Costa Rica. Rev Biol Trop 49(2):153–161

    Google Scholar 

  • Jiménez C (2007a) Evaluación ecológica rápida del arrecife coralino de Playa Matapalo (Golfo de Papagayo), uno de los arrecifes más extensos en la costa del Pacífico de Costa Rica. Informe para Conservación Internacional, San José, Costa Rica, p 42

    Google Scholar 

  • Jiménez C (2007b) Evaluación rápida del blanqueamiento y mortalidad de corales ocurrida en el Golfo de Papagayo (Septiembre-Diciembre 2007). Unpub report to Vicerrectoría de Investigación de la Universidad de Costa Rica, p 36

    Google Scholar 

  • Jiménez CE, Cortés J (2001) Effects of the 1991-1992 El Niño on scleractinian corals of the Costa Rican central Pacific coast. Rev Biol Trop 49 (Supl 2):239-250

    Google Scholar 

  • Jiménez J, Soto R (1985) Patrones regionales en la estructura y composición florística de los manglares de la costa Pacífica de Costa Rica. Rev Biol Trop 33:25–37

    Google Scholar 

  • Jiménez C, Cortés J, León A, Ruíz E (2001) Coral bleaching and mortality associated with El Niño 1997/98 event in an upwelling environment in the eastern Pacific (Gulf of Papagayo, Costa Rica). Bull Mar Sci 69:151–169

    Google Scholar 

  • Jiménez C, Sánchez C, Ruíz E, Buxton T (2009) Informe de la re-evaluación de algunos ambientes coralinos de las Islas Murciélagos (ACG), Mayo 2009. Unpubl report to Research Program Área de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG), p 29

    Google Scholar 

  • Jiménez C, Bassey G, Segura Á, Cortés J (2010) Characterization of the coral communities and reefs of two previously undescribed locations in the upwelling region of Gulf of Papagayo (Costa Rica). Rev Mar Cost 2:95–108

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson ME, Backus DH, Riosmena-Rodríguez R (2009) Contribution of rhodoliths to the generation of Pliocene-Pleistocene limestone in the Gulf of California. In: Johnson ME, Ledesma-Vázquez J (eds) Atlas of coastal ecosystems in the western Gulf of California: tracking limestone deposits on the margin of a young sea. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, pp 83–94

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaiser KL (2009) Les mollusques. In: Charpy L (ed) Clipperton, environnement et biodiversité d’un microcosme océanique. Mus National d’Hist Naturelle, Paris IRD, Marseille, pp 217–234

    Google Scholar 

  • Kappelle M, Castro M, Acevedo H, González L, Monge H (2002) Ecosistemas del área de Conservación Osa (ACOSA). Edit. INBio, Sto. Domingo de Heredia, Costa Rica, p 500

    Google Scholar 

  • Karlson RH (1999) Dynamics of coral communities. Kluwer Academic Publisher, Drodrecht, p 290

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Ketchum JT, Reyes-Bonilla H (1997) Biogeography of hermatypic corals of the Archipiélago Revillagigedo, Mexico. In: Proceedings of 8th International Coral Reef Symposium, vol 1, Panama, pp 471–476

    Google Scholar 

  • Ketchum JT, Reyes-Bonilla H (2001) Taxonomía y distribución de los corales hermatípicos (Scleractinia) del Archipiélago de Revillagigedo, México. Rev Biol Trop 49:803–848

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kleypas JA, McManus JW, Meñez LAB (1999) Environmental limits to coral reef development: where do we draw the line? Am Zool 39:146–159

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ledesma-Vázquez J, Johnson ME, Gonzalez-Yajimovich O, Santamaría-del-Ángel E (2009) Gulf of California geography, geological origins, oceanography, and sedimentation patterns. In: Johnson ME, Ledesma-Vázquez J (eds) Atlas of coastal ecosystems in the western Gulf of California: tracking limestone deposits on the margin of a young sea. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, pp 1–10

    Google Scholar 

  • Lemus LS, Pocasangre JA, Zelaya TD (1994) Evaluación del estado actual de la distribución y cobertura de los arrecifes coralinos en la zona de Los Cóbanos, Departamento de Sonsonate. Licenciatura thesis, Escuela de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matemática, Univ de El Salvador, San Salvador, p 67

    Google Scholar 

  • Lessios HA, Robertson DR (2006) Crossing the impassable: genetic connections in 20 reef fishes across the eastern Pacific barrier. Proc R Soc London B 273:2201–2208

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lessios HA, Kessing BD, Robertson DR (1998) Massive gene flow across the world’s most potent marine biogeographic barrier. Proc R Soc London B 265:583–588

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis JB (1989) The ecology of Millepora: a review. Coral Reefs 8:99–107

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leyte-Morales GE (2000) Perturbaciones naturales y antropogénicas en las comunidades coralinas de Oaxaca (1977–1998). Resumen. XII Congreso Nacional de Oceanografía. Huatulco, Oaxaca, p 5

    Google Scholar 

  • Lirman D, Glynn PW, Baker AC, Leyte-Morales GE (2001) Combined effects of three sequential storms on the Huatulco coral reef tract, Mexico. Bull Mar Sci 69:267–278

    Google Scholar 

  • Lobel PS, Lobel LK (2008) Aspects of the biology and geomorphology of Johnston and Wake Atolls, Pacific Ocean. In: Riegl BM, Dodge RE (eds) Coral reefs of the USA, Coral reefs of the world 1. Springer, Berlin, pp 655–689

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • López WA, Jiménez C (2008) Primer registro de Psammocora obtusangula y P. stellata (Anthozoa: Scleractinia: Siderastreidae) para la costa salvadoreña. Resúmenes XII Congreso de la Sociedad Mesoamericana para la Biología y la Conservación (SMBC), San Salvador, El Salvador. Mesoamericana 12(3):99

    Google Scholar 

  • López-Pérez RA, Budd AF (2009) Coral diversification in the Gulf of California during the Late Miocene to Pleistocene. In: Johnson ME, Ledesma-Vázquez J (eds) Atlas of coastal ecosystems in the western Gulf of California: tracking limestone deposits on the margin of a young sea. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, pp 58–71

    Google Scholar 

  • López-Pérez RA, Hernández-Ballesteros LM (2004) Coral community structure and dynamics in the Huatulco area, western Mexico. Bull Mar Sci 75:453–472

    Google Scholar 

  • López-Pérez RA, Hernández-Ballesteros LM, Herrera-Escalante T (2002) Cambio en la dominancia de la comunidad arrecifal en Chachacual, Bahías de Huatulco, Oaxaca. Cienc Mar 16:33–38

    Google Scholar 

  • López-Pérez RA, Mora-Pérez MG, Leyte-Morales GE (2007) Coral (Anthozoa: Scleractinia) recruitment at Bahías de Huatulco, western Mexico: implications for coral community structure and dynamics. Pac Sci 61:355–369

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • López-Sandoval DC, Lara-Lara JR, Álvarez-Borrego S (2009) Phytoplankton production by remote sensing in the region off Cabo Corrientes, Mexico. Hidrobiológica 19:185–192

    Google Scholar 

  • Macintyre IG, Glynn PW, Cortés J (1993) Holocene reef history in the eastern Pacific: mainland Costa Rica, Caño Island, Cocos Island, and Galápagos Islands. In: Proceedings of 7th International Coral Reef Symposium, vol 2, Guam, pp 1174–1184

    Google Scholar 

  • Manzello DP (2010) Coral growth with thermal stress and ocean acidification: lessons from the eastern tropical Pacific. Coral Reefs 29:749–758

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maragos JE (1974) Reef corals of Fanning Island. Pac Sci 28:247–255

    Google Scholar 

  • Maragos JE (1995) Revised checklist of extant shallow-water stony coral species from Hawaii (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Scleractinia). Bishop Mus Occas Pap 42:54–55

    Google Scholar 

  • Maragos JE, Jokiel PL (1986) Reef corals of Johnston Atoll: one of the world’s most isolated reefs. Coral Reefs 4:141–150

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maragos JE, Potts DC, Aeby G, Gulko D, Kenyon J, Siciliano D, Van Ravenswaay D (2004) 2000–2002 rapid ecological assessment of corals (Anthozoa) on shallow reefs of the northwestern Hawaiian Islands. Part 1: Species and distribution. Pac Sci 58:211–230

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maragos JE, Miller J, Gove J, DeMartini E, Friedlander AM, Godwin S, Musburger C, Timmers M et al (2008a) US coral reefs in the Line and Phoenix Islands, Central Pacific Ocean: history, geology, oceanography, and biology. In: Riegl BM, Dodge RE (eds) Coral reefs of the USA. Springer Science + Business Media BV, Berlin, pp 595–654

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Maragos JE, Miller J, Gove J, DeMartini E, Friedlander AM, Godwin S, Musburger C, Timmers M, Tsuda R, Vroom P, Flint E, Lundblad E, Weiss J, Avotte P, Sala E, Sandin S, McTee S, Wass T, Siciliano D, Brainard R, Obura D, Ferguson S, Mundy B (2008b) U.S. coral reefs in the Line and Phoenix Islands, Central Pacific Ocean: history, geology, oceanography, and biology. In: Riegl B, Dodge RE (eds) Coral reefs of the USA. Coral Reefs of the World, vol 1. Springer, Berlin, pp 595–641

    Google Scholar 

  • Maragos JE, Kenyon J, Aeby G, Vroom P, Vargas-Ángel B, Brainard R, Wedding L, Friedlander A, Asher J, Zgliczynski B, Siciliano D (2009) Benthic communities of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. In: Friedlander A, Keller, K, Wedding L, Clarke A, Monaco M (eds) A marine biogeographic assessment of the northwestern Hawaiian Islands. NOAA Tech Memorandum NOS NCCOS 84. Prepared by the NCCOS Biogeography Branch in cooperation with the Office of National Marine Sanctuaries, Silver Spring, Maryland, pp 105–154

    Google Scholar 

  • Martínez P, Rivera F, Proaño F (2011) Ambientes coralinos del Parque Nacional Machalilla y Reserva de Producción Faunística Marino Costera Puntilla de Santa Elena: Un estudio caso para el manejo de los corales en Ecuador. Reporte Técnico del Instituto Nazca de Investigaciones Marinas y Conservación Internacional, pp 27–50

    Google Scholar 

  • Maté JL (2003) Corals and coral reefs of the Pacific coast of Panamá. In: Cortés J (ed) Latin American coral reefs. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 387–417

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Merlen G, Quevedo FO, Pépolas R (2009) Protection of shallow marine ecosystems in Galápagos by permanent moorings. Galapagos Res 66:75–76

    Google Scholar 

  • Montaggioni LF (1985) Île de Makatea: Archipel des Tuamotu. In: Delesalle B, Galzin R, Salvat B (eds) Vol 1: French Polynesian coral reefs. Proceedings of 5th International Coral Reef Congress, vol 1, Tahiti, pp 103–157

    Google Scholar 

  • Obura D (2002) Coral species diversity. In: Obura D, Stine GS (eds) Phoenix Island: summary of marine and terrestrial assessment. New England Aquarium, Massachusetts, pp 10–12

    Google Scholar 

  • Orellana-Amador JJ (1985) Especies marinas de Los Cóbanos. Peces de El Salvador. Mandarin Offset International Ltd, Hong Kong, p 126

    Google Scholar 

  • Palacios MM, Zapata FA (2014) Fish community structure on coral habitats with contrasting architecture in the Tropical Eastern Pacific. Rev Biol Trop 62(Suppl 1):343–357

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Palacios MM, Muñoz CG, Zapata FA (2014) Fish corallivory on a pocilloporid reef and experimental coral responses to predation. Coral Reefs. doi:10.1007/s00338-014-1173-y

    Google Scholar 

  • Paulay G (1989) Marine invertebrates of the Pitcairn Islands: species composition and biogeography of corals, molluscs and echinoderms. Atoll Res Bull 326:1–28

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Payri C, Menon J-L, N’Yeurt A (2009) La flore marine du complexe récifal et quelques aspects de la biodiversité et de la géomorphologie de I’île. In: Charpy L (ed) Clipperton, environnement et biodiversité d’un microcosme océanique. Mus National d’Hist Naturelle, Paris IRD, Marseille, pp 129–141

    Google Scholar 

  • Paz-García DA, Correa-Sandoval F, Chávez-Romo HE, Reyes-Bonilla H, López-Pérez RA, Medina-Rosas P, Hernández-Cortés P (2008) Genetic structure of the massive coral Porites panamensis (Anthozoa: Scleractinia) from the Mexican Pacific. In: Proceedings of 11th International Coral Reef Symposium, vol 1, Ft Lauderdale, pp 456–460

    Google Scholar 

  • Paz-García DA, Balart EF, García-de-Léon FJ (2012) Cold water bleaching of Pocillopora in the Gulf of California. In: Proceedings of 12th International Coral Reef Symposium, vol 9A–10, Cairns, pp 1–6

    Google Scholar 

  • Pérez-Vivar TL, Reyes-Bonilla H, Padilla C (2006) Corales pétreos (Scleractinia) de las Islas Marías, Pacífico de México. Cienc Mar 32:259–270

    Google Scholar 

  • Pinzón JH, LaJeunesse TC (2011) Species delimitation of common reef corals in the genus Pocillopora using nucleotide sequence phylogenies, population genetics and symbioses ecology. Mol Ecol 20:311–325

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pinzón JH, Sampayo EM, Cox EF, Chauka LJ, Chen CA, Voolstra CR, LaJeunesse TC (2013) Blind to morphology: genetics identifies several widespread ecologically common species and few endemics among Indo-Pacific cauliflower corals (Pocillopora, Scleractinia). J Biogeogr 40:1595–1608

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Poupin J, Bouchard J-M, Albenga L, Cleva R, Hermoso-Salazar M, Solis-Weiss V (2009) Les crustacés décapodes et stomatopodes, inventaire, écologie et zoogéographie. In: Charpy L (ed) Clipperton, environnement et biodiversité d’un microcosme océanique. Mus National d’Hist Naturelle, Paris IRD, Marseille, pp 163–216

    Google Scholar 

  • Qiu J-W, Lau DCC, Cheang C-c, Chow W-k (2014) Community-level destruction of hard corals by the sea urchin Diadema setosum. Mar Pollut Bull. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul. 12 Dec 2013

  • Razak TB, Hoeksema BW (2003) The hydrocoral genus Millepora (Hydrozoa: Capitata: Milleporidae) in Indonesia. Zool Verh Leiden 345:313–336

    Google Scholar 

  • Restrepo J, Kjerfve B (2000) Water discharge and sediment load from the western slopes of the Colombian Andes with focus on Río San Juan. J Geol 108:17–33

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reyes-Bonilla H (1993a) Estructura de la comunidad, influencia de la depredación y biología poblacional de corales hermatípicos en el arrecife de Cabo Pulmo, Baja California Sur. MSc thesis, Centro de Investigación Científica y Educación Superior de Ensenada, Ensenada, p 169

    Google Scholar 

  • Reyes-Bonilla H (1993b) Biogeografía y ecología de los corales hermatípicos (Anthozoa: Scleractinia) del Pacífico de México. In: Salazar-Vallejo SI, González NE (eds) Biodiversidad marina y costera de México. CONABIO/CIQRO, Chetumal, pp 207–222

    Google Scholar 

  • Reyes-Bonilla H (2001) Effects of the 1997–1998 El Niño-Southern Oscillation on coral communities of the Gulf of California, Mexico. Bull Mar Sci 69:251–266

    Google Scholar 

  • Reyes-Bonilla H (2003) Coral reefs of the Pacific coast of México. In: Cortés J (ed) Latin American coral reefs. Elsevier Science BV, Amsterdam, pp 331–349

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Reyes-Bonilla H, Barraza JE (2003) Corals and associated marine communities from El Salvador. In: Cortés J (ed) Latin American coral reefs. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 351–360

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Reyes-Bonilla H, Carricart-Ganivet JP (2000) Porites arnaudi, a new species of stony coral (Anthozoa: Scleractinia: Poritidae) from oceanic islands of the eastern Pacific Ocean. Proc Biol Soc Wash 113:561–571

    Google Scholar 

  • Reyes-Bonilla H, López-Pérez RA (1998) Biogeography of the stony corals of the Mexican Pacific. Ciencias Marinas 24:211–224

    Google Scholar 

  • Reyes-Bonilla H, López-Pérez RA (2009) Corals and coral-reef communities in the Gulf of California. In: Johnson ME, Ledesma-Vázquez J (eds) Atlas of coastal ecosystems in the western Gulf of California: tracking limestone deposits on the margin of a young sea. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, pp 43–55

    Google Scholar 

  • Reyes-Bonilla H, Riosmena-Rodriguez R, Foster MS (1997a) Hermatypic corals associated with rhodolith beds in the Gulf of California, México. Pac Sci 51:328–337

    Google Scholar 

  • Reyes-Bonilla H, Sinsel-Duarte H, Arizpe-Covarrubias F (1997b) Gorgonias y corales pétreos (Anthozoa: Gorgonacea y Scleractinia) de Cabo Pulmo, Mexico. Rev Biol Trop 45:1439–1443

    Google Scholar 

  • Reyes-Bonilla H, Calderón Aguilera LE, Cruz Piñon G, Medina Rosas P, López Pérez RA, Herrero Pérezrul MD, Leyte Morales GE, Cupul Magaña AL, Carriquiry Beltrán JD (2005) Atlas de corales pétreos (Anthozoa: Scleractinia) del Pacífico mexicano. Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, TRICICLO triciclocincocinco@yahoo.com.mx, p 124

    Google Scholar 

  • Reyes-Bonilla H, Calderón-Aguilera LE, Cruz-Piñón G, López-Pérez RA, Medina-Rosas P (2010) Evaluation of gamma diversity of reef corals (Scleractinia) in the Mexican Pacific. Rev Mexicana Biodiversidad 81:113–121

    Google Scholar 

  • Ricard M (1985) Atoll Rangiroa, Archipel des Tuamotu. In: Delesalle B, Galzin R, Salvat B (eds) Proceedings of 5th International Coral Reef Congress, vol 1, Tahiti, pp 159–210

    Google Scholar 

  • Riegl BM, Halfar J, Purkis SJ, Godinez-Orta L (2007) Sedimentary facies of the eastern Pacific’s northernmost reef-like setting (Cabo Pulmo, Mexico). Mar Geol 236:61–77

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rivera F, Martínez P (2011) Guía fotográfica de corales y octocorales: Parque Nacional Machalilla y Reserva de Producción Faunística Marino Costera Puntilla de Santa Elena. With the contribution of Odalisca Breedy, NAZCA and Conservación Internacional, Ecuador, p 78

    Google Scholar 

  • Rixen T, Jiménez C, Cortés J (2012) Impact of upwelling events on the seawater carbonate chemistry and dissolved oxygen concentration in the Gulf of Papagayo (Culebra Bay), Costa Rica: implications for coral reefs. Rev Biol Trop (Int J Trop Biol) 60 (Suppl 2):187–195. ISSN-0034-7744

    Google Scholar 

  • Robertson DR, Allen GR (1996) Zoogeography of the shorefish fauna of Clipperton Atoll. Coral Reefs 15:121–131

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Robertson DR, Allen GR (2008) Shorefishes of the tropical eastern Pacific online information system, version 1.0. www.stri.org/sftep. Accessed 23 June 2014

  • Robertson DR, Cramer KL (2009) Shore fishes and biogeographic subdivisions of the tropical eastern Pacific. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 380:1–17

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Robertson DR, Grove JS, McCosker JE (2004) Tropical transpacific shore fishes. Pac Sci 58:507–565

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rodríguez-Ramírez A, Zapata FA (2012) An atypical corallum morphology in a species of Pocillopora. Coral Reefs 31:253

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rodríguez-Rubio E, Schneider W, Abarca del Río R (2003) On the seasonal circulation within the Panama Bight derived from satellite observations of wind, altimetry and sea surface temperature. Geophys Res Lett 30:1410. doi:10.1029/2002GL016794

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rojas W, Alvarado GE (2012) Marco geológico y tectónico de la Isla del Coco y la region marítima circunvecina, Costa Rica. Rev Biol Trop 60(Suppl 3):15–32

    Google Scholar 

  • Ryan J, Zapata Y (2003) Nicaragua’s coral reefs: status, health and management strategies. In: Cortés J (ed) Latin American coral reefs. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 203–222

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Saavedra-Sotelo NC, Calderon-Aguilera LE, Reyes-Bonilla H, López-Pérez RA, Medina-Rosas P, Rocha-Olivares A (2011) Limited genetic connectivity of Pavona gigantea in the Mexican Pacific. Coral Reefs 30:677–686

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Salvat B, Richard G (1985) Takapoto Atoll: Tuamotu Archipelago. In: French Polynesian coral reefs. Proceedings of 5th International Coral Reef Congress, vol 1, Tahiti, pp 323–362

    Google Scholar 

  • Salvat B, Adjeroud M, Charpy L (2008) Les récifs coralliens de Clipperton. Rev Écol (Terre Vie) 63:179–187

    Google Scholar 

  • Schaeffer BA, Morrison JM, Kamykowski D, Feldman GC, Xie L, Liu Y, Sweet W, McCulloch A, Banks SA (2008) Phytoplankton biomass distribution and identification of productive habitats within the Galapagos Marine Reserve by MODIS, a surface acquisition system, and in-situ measurements. Remote Sens Environ 112:3044–3054

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scheltema RS (1988) Initial edvidence for the transport of teleplanic larvae of benthic invertebrates across the east Pacific barrier. Biol Bull 174:145–152

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt-Roach S, Miller KJ, Lundgren P, Andreakis N (2014) With eyes wide open: a revision of species within and closely related to the Pocillopora damicornis species complex (Scleractinia; Pocilloporidae) using morphology and genetics. Zool J Linn Soc 170:1–33

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Segovia-Prado JV, Navarrete-Calero MT (2007) Biodiversidad a nivel de ecosistema en parches de corales hermatípicos (Porites lobata, Pocillopora sp.) en la zona intermareal de la Playa Los Cóbanos, Departamento de Sonsonante, El Salvador. Licenciatura thesis, Escuela de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matemática, Univ de El Salvador, San Salvador, p 68

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith TB, Glynn PW, Maté JL, Toth LT, Gyory J (2014) A depth refugium from catastrophic coral bleaching prevents regional extinctions. Ecology 95:1663–1673

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Solís-Marín F-A, Laguarda-Figueras A (2009) Les échinoderms. In: Charpy L (ed) Clipperton, environnement et biodiversité d’un microcosme océanique. Mus National d’Hist Naturelle, Paris IRD, Marseille, pp 235–247

    Google Scholar 

  • Sonnenholzner JI, Ladah LB, Lafferty KD (2009) Cascading effects of fishing on Galapagos rocky reef communities: reanalysis using corrected data. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 375:209–218

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Spalding MD, Ravilious C, Green EP (2001) World atlas of coral reefs. UNEP/WCMC, Univ California Press, Berkeley, p 424

    Google Scholar 

  • Springer VG (1958) Systematics and zoogeography of the clinid fishes of the subtribe Labrisomini Hubbs. Pubs Inst Mar Sci Univ Texas 5:417–492

    Google Scholar 

  • Squires DF (1959) Results of the Puritan-American Museum of Natural History Expedition to western Mexico, 7. Corals and coral reefs in the Gulf of California. Bull Amer Mus Nat Hist 118:367–432

    Google Scholar 

  • Steenburgh WJ, Schultz DM, Colle BA (1998) The structure and evolution of gap outflow over the Gulf of Tehuantepec, Mexico. Mon Weather Rev 126:2673–2691

    Google Scholar 

  • Stefani F, Benzoni F, Pichon M, Cancelliere C, Galli P (2008) A multidisciplinary approach to the definition of species boundaries in branching species of the coral genus Psammocora (Cnidaria, Scleractinia). Zoolog Scr 37:71–91

    Google Scholar 

  • Stehli FG, Wells JW (1971) Diversity and age patterns in hermatypic corals. Syst Zool 20:115–126

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Steller DL, Riosmena-Rodríguez R, Foster MS, Roberts CA (2003) Rhodolith bed diversity in the Gulf of California: the importance of rhodolith structure and consequences of disturbance. Aquatic Conserv: Mar Freshw Ecosyst 13:S5–S20

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Steller DL, Riosmena-Rodríguez R, Foster MS (2009) Living rhodolith bed ecosystems in the Gulf of California. In: Johnson ME, Ledesma-Vázquez J (eds) Atlas of coastal ecosystems in the western Gulf of California: tracking limestone deposits on the margin of a young sea. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, pp 72–82

    Google Scholar 

  • Stevenson MR, Guillén O, Santoro de Ycaza J (1970) Marine atlas of the Pacific coastal waters of South America. University of California Press, Berkeley, p 23

    Google Scholar 

  • Sweet WV, Morrison JM, Liu Y, Kamykowski D, Schaeffer BA, Xie L, Banks S (2009) Tropical instability wave interactions within the Galápagos Archipelago. Deep-Sea Res Part I: Oceanogr Res Paps 56:1217–1229

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Trichet J (2009) Origine, situation et traits morphologiques généraux de I’île. In: Charpy L (ed) Clipperton, environnement et biodiversité d’un microcosme océanique. Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris; IRD, Marseille. Patrimoines naturels 68:23–28

    Google Scholar 

  • Vargas-Ángel B (1996) Distribution and community structure of the reef corals of Ensenada de Utría, Pacific coast of Colombia. Rev Biol Trop 44:643–651

    Google Scholar 

  • Vargas-Ángel B (2001) Corals and coral reefs of the Pacific coast of Colombia with special reference to spatial and temporal patterns of environmental disturbances. PhD dissert, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida, p 209

    Google Scholar 

  • Vargas-Ángel B (2003) Coral community structure off the Pacific coast of Colombia: onshore vs offshore reefs. Atoll Res Bull 499:1–21

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vargas-Ángel B, Zapata FA, Hernández H, Jiménez JM (2001) Coral and coral reef responses to the 1997–98 El Niño event on the Pacific coast of Colombia. Bull Mar Sci 69:111–132

    Google Scholar 

  • Vera M, Banks SA (2009) Health status of the coralline communities of the northern Galapagos Islands Darwin, Wolf and Marchena. Galapagos Res 66:65–74

    Google Scholar 

  • Veron JEN (1995) Corals in space and time: the biogeography and evolution of the Scleractinia. Comstock/Cornell, Ithaca, London, p 321

    Google Scholar 

  • Veron JEN (2000) Corals of the world, vols 1–3. Austrlian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville

    Google Scholar 

  • Veron J, Stafford-Smith M, DeVantier L, Turak E (2015) Overview of distribution patterns of zooxanthellate Scleractinia. Front Mar Sci 1:81. doi:10.3389/fmars.2014.00081

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • von Prahl H (1986a) Corales y arrecifes coralinos. In: von Prahl H, Alberico M (eds) Isla de Gorgona, Biblioteca Banco Popular. Textos Universitarios, Bogotá, Colombia, pp 59–87

    Google Scholar 

  • von Prahl H (1986b) Crustáceos decápodos asociados a diferentes hábitas de la Ensenada de Utría. Actualidades Biológicas 15:95–99

    Google Scholar 

  • von Prahl H (1990) Malpelo la roca viviente. Fondo FEN COLOMBIA, Editorial Presencia, Bogotá, Colombia

    Google Scholar 

  • von Prahl H, Erhardt H (1985) Colombia: corales y arrecifes coralinos. Fondo FEN COLOMBIA, Editorial Presencia, Bogotá, Colombia, p 295

    Google Scholar 

  • von Prahl H, Mejía A (1985) Primer reporte de un coral acropórido, Acropora valida (Dana, 1846), (Scleractinia: Astrocoeniida: Acroporidae) para el Pacífico Americano. Rev Biol Trop 33:39–43

    Google Scholar 

  • von Prahl H, Guhl F, Grogl M (1979) Gorgona. Futura Grupo Editorial Ltd, Bogotá, Colombia, p 279

    Google Scholar 

  • Wallace CC (1999) Staghorn corals of the world. CSIRO Publ, Melbourne, p 422

    Google Scholar 

  • Walsh WJ, Cotton S, Jackson L, Lamson M, Martin R, Osada-D’Avella K, Preskitt L (2013) First record of Acropora gemmifera in the main Hawaiian Islands. Coral Reefs. doi:10.1007/s00338-013-1092-3

    Google Scholar 

  • Wellington GM (1982) Depth zonation of corals in the Gulf of Panama: control and facilitation by resident reef fishes. Ecol Monogr 52:223–241

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wellington GM, Glynn PW (2007) Responses of coral reefs to El Niño-Southern Oscillation sea-warming events. In: Aronson RB (ed) Geological approaches to coral reef ecology. Ecol Stud 192:342–385. Springer, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Wellington GM, Glynn PW, Strong AE, Navarrete SA, Wieters E, Hubbard DK (2001) Crisis on coral reefs linked to climate change. EOS, Trans Amer Geophys Union 82(1):5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wells JW (1983) Annotated list of the scleractinian corals of the Galápagos. In: Glynn PW, Wellington GM (eds) Corals and coral reefs of the Galápagos Islands. University of California Press, Berkeley, pp 212–295

    Google Scholar 

  • Wieters EA, Medrano A, Pérez-Matus A (2014) Functional community structure of shallow hard bottom communities at Rapa Nui, Easter Island. Lat Am J Aquat Res 42:827–844

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Williams GJ, Maragos JE, Davy SK (2008) Characterization of the coral communities at Palmyra Atoll in the remote Central Pacific Ocean. Atoll Res Bull 557:1–30

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zapata FA (2001) Formaciones coralinas de Isla Gorgona. In: Barrios LM, López-Victoria M (eds) Gorgona marina: contribución al conocimiento de una isla única. INVEMAR, Serie Publicaciones Especiales No. 7, Santa Marta, pp 27–40

    Google Scholar 

  • Zapata FA, Vargas-Ángel B (2003) Corals and coral reefs of the Pacific coast of Colombia. In: Cortés J (ed) Latin American coral reefs. Elsevier Science, Amsterdam, pp 419–447

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Zapata FA, Vargas-Ángel B, Garzón-Ferreira J (2001) Salud y conservación de las comunidades coralinas In: Barrios LM, López-Victoria M (eds) Gorgona marina: Contribución al conocimiento de una isla única. INVEMAR, Serie Publicaciones Especiales No. 7, Santa Marta, pp 41–50

    Google Scholar 

  • Zapata FA, Rodríguez-Ramírez A, Rodríguez-Moreno M, Muñoz C, López-Victoria M (2007) Confirmation of the occurrence of the coral Pavona chiriquiensis Cnidaria: Anthozoa: (Agariciidae) in the Colombian Pacific. Boletín de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras 36:307–312

    Google Scholar 

  • Zapata FA, García JL, Tobón A (2008) Formaciones coralinas en las localidades de Piñas (Punta Cruces) y El Acuario (Cabo Marzo). In: Giraldo A, Valencia B (eds) Chocó: paraíso por naturaleza - Punta Cruces y Cabo Marzo. Departamento de Biología, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia, pp 23–32

    Google Scholar 

  • Zapata FA, Rodríguez-Ramírez A, Caro-Zambrano C, Garzón-Ferreira J (2010) Mid-term coral-algal dynamics and conservation status of a Gorgona Island (Tropical Eastern Pacific) coral reef. Rev Biol Trop 58(Suppl. 1):81–94

    Google Scholar 

  • Zapata FA, Jaramillo González J, Navas Camacho R (2011) Extensive bleaching of the coral Porites lobata at Malpelo, Colombia, during a cold water episode in 2009. Bol Invest Mar Cost 40(spec suppl):185–193

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The following organizations facilitated research in the ETP: Mexico—Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT) project numbers 108302 and 183534; Costa Rica—Centro de Investigación en Ciencias del Mar y Limnología (CIMAR), University of Costa Rica; Panama—University of Panama, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (STRI); Colombia—Colciencias, Conservation International, Fundación para la Promoción de la Investigación y la Tecnología del Banco de la República, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (INVEMAR), Parques Nacionales Naturales, Universidad del Valle, World Wildlife Fund, and members of the Coral Reef Research Group at Universidad del Valle; Ecuador—Charles Darwin Foundation, Galápagos National Park Service, Charles Darwin Research Station; Conservation International; Khaled bin Sultan Living Oceans Foundation, Saudi Arabia; Chile, Rapa Nui—Henri and Michel Garcia (ORCA Diving Center), H. Buck-Weise, I. Burgues, A. Medrano, T. Navarrete Fernandez, A. Perés-Matus, FONDECYT grant no. 1130167, and Center for Marine Conservation Nucleo Milenio Initiative P10-033F; research at several ETP sites was supported by the U.S. National Science Foundation (Biological Oceanography Program) and the U.S. National Geographic Society. Assistance with coral distributional records and species identifications was kindly offered by I.B. Baums, E.H. Borneman, S.D. Cairns, D. Fenner, D.K. Hubbard, and J.E.N. Veron. Joshua Levy helped with the graphics, tables, and organization of the text, and Rafael Araujo with editorial advice. The organization and clarity of this overview benefitted greatly from suggestions offered by A.C. Baker, W.M. Goldberg, and L.T. Toth. Finally, we are all indebted to the late John W. Wells, directly or indirectly, for showing us the way in the study of eastern Pacific corals.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL, 33149, USA

    Peter W. Glynn

  2. Escuela de Biología/Museo de Biología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias del Mar y Limnología (CIMAR), Universidad de Costa Rica, 11501-2060, San Pedro, San José, Costa Rica

    Juan J. Alvarado

  3. Marine Ecosystem Research Programme, Charles Darwin Research Station, Galápagos, Ecuador; Conservation International, c/o Christian Lavoie, Av. Catalina Aldáz N34-181 y Portugal, Edificio Titanium II, Piso 4, of. 402, Quito, Ecuador

    Stuart Banks

  4. Centro de Investigación en Ciencias del Mar y Limnología (CIMAR), Escuela de Biología, Ciudad de la Investigación, Universidad de Costa Rica, 2060, San Pedro, San José, Costa Rica

    Jorge Cortés

  5. Department of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Halmos College of Natural Sciences and Oceanography, Nova Southeastern University, 3301 College Avenue, Fort Lauderdale, FL, 33314-7796, USA

    Joshua S. Feingold

  6. Energy, Environment and Water Research Center (EEWRC), The Cyprus Institute (CyI), P.O. Box 27456, 1645, Nicosia, Cyprus

    Carlos Jiménez

  7. Department of Geography, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Kilauea, P.O. Box 1338, Honolulu, HI, 96754, USA

    James E. Maragos

  8. Instituto Nazca de Investigaciones Marinas, Avenida 12 de Octubre, # 1615, entre calle 20 y 21, Salinas, Ecuador

    Priscilla Martínez

  9. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, 0843-03092, Panama, Republic of Panama

    Juan L. Maté

  10. Department of Environmental Science, Policy, & Management, University of California, Berkeley, # 326 Mulford Hall, Berkeley, 94720, CA, USA

    Diana A. Moanga

  11. Estación Costera de Investigaciones Marinas, Advanced Studies in Ecology and Biodiversity, Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia, Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 114-d, Alameda 340, Santiago, Chile

    Sergio Navarrete

  12. Departamento Académico de Biología Marina, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur, Carretera al sur km 5.5. col. El Mezquitito, 23080, La Paz, B.C.S, Mexico

    Héctor Reyes-Bonilla

  13. Department of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Halmos College of Natural Sciences and Oceanography, Nova Southeastern University, 8000 North Ocean Drive, Dania, FL, 33004, USA

    Bernhard Riegl

  14. Instituto Nazca de Investigaciones Marinas, Avenida 12 de Octubre # 1615, entre calle 20 y 21, Salinas, Ecuador

    Fernando Rivera

  15. Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center, Coral Reef Ecosystem Division, NOAA Inouye Regional Center, 1845 Wasp Blvd, Bldg #176, Honolulu, HI, 96818, USA

    Bernardo Vargas-Ángel

  16. Estación Costera de Investigaciones Marinas, and Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, La Alameda 340, Santiago, Chile

    Evie A. Wieters

  17. Departamento de Biología, Universidad del Valle, Apartado Aéreo 25360, Cali, Colombia

    Fernando A. Zapata

Authors
  1. Peter W. Glynn
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Juan J. Alvarado
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Stuart Banks
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Jorge Cortés
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Joshua S. Feingold
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Carlos Jiménez
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. James E. Maragos
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Priscilla Martínez
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Juan L. Maté
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. Diana A. Moanga
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  11. Sergio Navarrete
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  12. Héctor Reyes-Bonilla
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  13. Bernhard Riegl
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  14. Fernando Rivera
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  15. Bernardo Vargas-Ángel
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  16. Evie A. Wieters
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  17. Fernando A. Zapata
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Peter W. Glynn .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. RSMAS MBE, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA

    Peter W. Glynn

  2. NOAA/AOML, Miami, Florida, USA

    Derek P. Manzello

  3. RSMAS CIMAS - NOAA/AOML, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA

    Ian C. Enochs

Appendix: Coral Species Presence (1)/Absence (0) Data Matrix

Appendix: Coral Species Presence (1)/Absence (0) Data Matrix

Presence/absence of zooxanthellate scleractinian corals at 15 eastern Pacific and four central/south Pacific localities. Recent sources for each locality are listed in the caption to Fig. 5.7. No species re-assignments were attempted for the central/south Pacific taxa listed. Pocillopora verrucosa and Pocillopora elegans are treated as separate species. GOC, Gulf of California; TMM, tropical mainland Mexico; REV, Revillagigedo Islands; CLP, Clipperton Atoll; ELS, El Salvador; NIC, Nicaragua; CRM, Costa Rican mainland; COC, Cocos Islands; PAN, Panama; COL, Colombia; MAL, Malpelo Island; ECD, Ecuador; GLS, southern Galápagos Islands; GLN, northern Galápagos Islands; RPN, Rapa Nui (Easter Island); HAW, Hawaii Is., including the NW Is.; JOH, Johnston Atoll; PIT, Pitcairn Islands, including Pitcairn, Henderson, Oeno, and Ducie Islands; PAL, Palmyra Atoll.

Species

Locality

GOC

TMM

REV

CLP

ELS

NIC

CRM

COC

PAN

COL

MAL

ECD

GLS

GLN

RPN

HAW

JOH

PIT

PAL

Acropora abrotanoides

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

Acropora aculeus

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Acropora acuminata

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

Acropora aspera

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Acropora austere

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

Acropora cerealis

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

1

Acropora cf. solitaryensis

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

Acropora clathrata

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Acropora cymbicyathus

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Acropora cytherea

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

1

1

Acropora delicatula

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Acropora digitifera

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

Acropora divaricata

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

Acropora elseyi

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

1

Acropora florida

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Acropora formosa a

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Acropora gemmifera b

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

1

1

Acropora glauca

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Acropora globiceps

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

Acropora granulosa

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Acropora humilis

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

1

1

Acropora hyacinthus

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

Acropora latistella

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

Acropora listeri

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

Acropora longicyathus

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Acropora loripes

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

1

1

Acropora lutkeni

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

Acropora microclados

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

Acropora microphthalma

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

Acropora monticulosa

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Acropora multiacuta

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Acropora nana

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Acropora nasuta

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

1

1

Acropora palmerae

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

Acropora paniculata

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

0

1

Acropora pocilloporina

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

Acropora polymorpha

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Acropora polystoma

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Acropora reticulata

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Acropora retusa

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

Acropora robusta

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

Acropora samoensis

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

Acropora secale

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

Acropora selago

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

1

Acropora sp. (Line and Phoenix Is.)

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Acropora sp. (slanted cones)

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Acropora sp. B

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

Acropora sp. C

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

Acropora spicifera

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Acropora squarrosa

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Acropora striata

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

Acropora subulata

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

Acropora syringodes c

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Acropora tenuis

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Acropora tortuosa

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

Acropora valida

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

1

1

Acropora vaughni

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

Acropora verweyi

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Acropora yongei

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

Alveopora tizardi

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

Alveopora verrilliana

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Astreopora cf. moretonensis

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

Astreopora expansa

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Astreopora gracilis

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Astreopora listeri

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Astreopora myriophthalma

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

Astreopora ocellata

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Astreopora suggesta

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Caulastrea cf. furcata

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

Coscinaraea columna

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

Coscinaraea wellsi

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

Ctenactis echinata

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Cycloseris curvata

1

1

1

0

0

0

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

1i

0

0

0

0

0

Cycloseris cyclolites

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Cycloseris fragilis

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Cycloseris sp.

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Cycloseris tenuis

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

1

Cycloseris vaughani

1

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

1

1

0

Cyphastrea ocellina

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

0

0

Cyphastrea serailia

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

Diaseris distorta

1

1

1

0

0

0

1

1

1

1i

0

1

1

0

0

1

0

0

0

Echinophyllia aspera

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Echinophyllia echinata

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Echinophyllia sp.

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Favia amicorum

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Favia chinensis

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Favia favus

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Favia matthaii

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

Favia pallida

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Favia rotumana

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

Favia rotundata

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Favia speciosa

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Favia stelligera

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

Favites abdita

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Favites flexuosa

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Favites halicora

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Favites pentagona

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Favites russelli

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Fungia concinna

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Fungia fungites

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Fungia granulosa

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

1

Fungia horrida

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Fungia moluccensis

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Fungia paumotensis

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

Fungia repanda

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Fungia scutaria

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

1

1

Gardineroseris planulata

0

1

0

0

0

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

0

1

0

0

1

Goniastrea australensis

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

Goniastrea edwardsi

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Goniastrea pectinata

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Goniastrea retiformis

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Halomitra pileus

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Herpolitha limax

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Hydnophora exesa

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Hydnophora microconos

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Hydnophora pilosa

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Hydnophora rigida

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Isopora brueggemanni

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

1

Isopora cuneata

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Isopora palifera

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Leptastrea agassizi

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

1

Leptastrea bewickensis

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

1

Leptastrea hawaiiensis

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

Leptastrea pruinosa

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

1

1

Leptastrea purpurea

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

1

1

1

Leptastrea sp. A

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Leptastrea sp. B

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Leptastrea sp. C

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Leptastrea transversa

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

1

1

Leptoria phrygia

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Leptoseris hawaiiensis

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

1

0

Leptoseris incrustans

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

1

0

Leptoseris mycetoseroides

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

1

Leptoseris papyracea

1

1

0

0

0

0

1

1

1

1

0

1

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

Leptoseris scabra

0

0

0

1

0

0

1

1

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

1

1

0

0

Leptoseris solida

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

1

0

Leptoseris tubulifera

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

Lobophyllia corymbosa

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Lobophyllia hemprichii

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

Merulina ampliata

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Montastrea annuligera

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Montastrea curta

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

Montipora aequituberculata

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

Montipora australiensis

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

Montipora bilaminata

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

Montipora caliculata

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

Montipora capitata

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

1

1

Montipora complanata

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

Montipora crassituberculata

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

Montipora danae

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Montipora dilatata

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

1

Montipora efflorescens

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Montipora elschneri

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Montipora flabellata

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

0

1

Montipora foliosa

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Montipora foveolata

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

Montipora grisea

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

Montipora hoffmeisteri

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

1

Montipora informis

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Montipora lobulata

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

Montipora millepora

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Montipora monasteriata

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Montipora nodosa

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

Montipora patula

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

0

1

Montipora peltiformis

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Montipora socialis

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Montipora sp. 4 cf. incrassata

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

1

0

Montipora tuberculosa

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

1

1

Montipora venosa

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

Montipora verrilli

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

0

1

Montipora verrucosa

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

1

0

Pachyseris sp.

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Pachyseris speciosa

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Parahalomitra robusta

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Pavona cactus

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Pavona chiriquiensis

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

0

0

0

0

0

1

Pavona clavus

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

0

0

Pavona divaricata

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Pavona duerdeni

1

1

1

1

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

0

1

Pavona explanulata

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Pavona frondifera

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

1

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Pavona gigantea

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

0

0

0

0

0

Pavona maldivensis

0

0

1

1

0

0

1

1

1

1

1

0

0

1

0

1

1

1

1

Pavona minuta

0

0

1

1

0

0

0

1

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Pavona sp. cf. pollicata

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

Pavona sp. 1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

Pavona varians

0

1

1

1

0

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

1

1

Platygyra daedalea

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

Platygyra lamellina

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Platygyra pini

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Platygyra ryukyuensis

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Platygyra sinensis

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Plesiastrea versipora

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

Pocillopora damicornis

1

1

1

0

1

1

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

Pocillopora danae

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

Pocillopora effusus

0

1

0

1

1

0

0

0

0

1

1

1

1

1

0

0

0

0

0

Pocillopora elegans

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

0

0

1

0

Pocillopora eydouxi

1

1

1

1

0

0

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

Pocillopora inflata

0

1

0

0

0

0

1

1

1

0

0

1

1

1

0

0

0

0

0

Pocillopora laysanensis

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

Pocillopora ligulata

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

1

1j

1j

1

1

1

0

0

Pocillopora meandrina

1

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

Pocillopora molokensis

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

0

0

Pocillopora sp.

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Pocillopora sp. 1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

Pocillopora sp. 2

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Pocillopora sp. 11 cf. capitata

1

1

1

0

1

0

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

0

1

Pocillopora verrucosa

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

Pocillopora woodjonesi

0

0

1

1

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

1

0

Pocillopora zelli

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

1

Porites aff. Annae

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

1

0

Porites annae

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Porites arnaudi

0

0

1

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Porites australiensis

0

0

1

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

Porites baueri

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Porites brighami

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

Porites compressa

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

Porites duerdeni

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

Porites evermanni

0

1

0

1

0

0

1

1

1

1

0

1

0

1

0

1

1

0

1

Porites hawaiiensis

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

Porites lichen

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Porites lobata

0

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

Porites lutea d

0

1

1

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

1

Porites murrayensis

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Porites panamensis

1

1

1

0

1

1

1

0

1

1

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Porites pukoensis

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

Porites rus

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

1

Porites solida e

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Porites sp.

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Porites studeri f

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

Porites superfusa

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Porites sverdrupi

1

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Porites vaughani

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Psammocora albopicta

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

Psammocora brighami

1

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

0

1

1

1

0

0

0

0

0

Psammocora contigua

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Psammocora explanulata

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

Psammocora haimeana g

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

Psammocora nierstraszi

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

0

1

Psammocora obtusangula

0

0

0

0

1

1

1

0

1

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

Psammocora profundacella

0

1

1

1

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

Psammocora stellata

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

1

1

1

1

0

1

Psammocora superficialis h

1

1

1

1

0

0

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

1

1

0

0

0

1

Psammocora verrilli

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

Sandalolitha robusta

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Scolymia cf. vitiensis

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

Siderastrea glynni

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Stylocoeniella guentheri

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

Stylophora pistillata

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Symphyllia recta

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Turbinaria frondens

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Turbinaria reniformis

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Turbinaria sp.

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

 

19

26

25

21

11

10

25

22

27

28

13

23

20

22

15

62

44

87

163

  1. aWallace (1999) recognizes this species as Acropora muricata
  2. bWalsh et al. (2013)
  3. cA junior synonym of A. longicyathus
  4. dThis species is probably Porites evermanni
  5. eA frequently misnamed species
  6. fType locality in Hawaii
  7. gFrequently confused with Psammocora nierstraszi
  8. hFrequently confused with Psammocora explanulata
  9. iOnly dead skeletons present
  10. jRequires confirmation (see Hickman 2008)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Glynn, P.W. et al. (2017). Eastern Pacific Coral Reef Provinces, Coral Community Structure and Composition: An Overview. In: Glynn, P., Manzello, D., Enochs, I. (eds) Coral Reefs of the Eastern Tropical Pacific. Coral Reefs of the World, vol 8. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-7499-4_5

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation