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Coral Reef Bioerosion in the Eastern Tropical Pacific

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Coral Reefs of the Eastern Tropical Pacific

Part of the book series: Coral Reefs of the World ((CORW,volume 8))

Abstract

Bioerosion, the weakening and erosion of hard substrates by boring, etching, and grazing organisms, is a major structuring force on coral reefs of the Eastern Tropical Pacific (ETP). Bioerosional processes are the main source of reef erosion, and facilitate recycling of reefal carbonate. In healthy reefs, a dynamic balance exists between destructive (i.e. bioerosion) and constructive (i.e. bioaccretion) processes, allowing for maintenance and growth of reef frameworks. In changing environments, however, bioerosion rates can exceed those of coral calcification, leading to reduced reef development and the destruction of reef frameworks. In the ETP, high rates of bioerosion are promoted by nutrient-rich upwelling and high primary productivity conditions, recurrent coral bleaching and mortality events, and a chemical environment characterized by high-pCO2 and low aragonite saturation state. Here we examine bioerosion in ETP coral habitats and the variable roles of reef-dwelling bioeroder taxa: microbial euendoliths (microendoliths), sponges, polychaetes, sipunculans, crustaceans, molluscs, echinoids, and reef fishes. Among these agents of bioerosion, sponges, sipunculans, bivalves, and echinoderms have been relatively well studied in this region, while information is currently lacking or limited for microendolith assemblages, polychaetes and reef fishes. The frequency of coral invasion by clionaid sponges (e.g., Cliona vermifera and Thoosa mismalolli) is variable between ETP coral habitats. Dense boring sponge assemblages can lead to high rates of carbonate losses exceeding those of bioaccretion. Boring bivalves (i.e., species of Lithophaga and Gastrochaena) are very abundant on many actively accreting reefs and are generally more prominent contributors to reef erosion in the ETP than in other regions. Sea urchins are by far the most destructive grazers of coral substrates in habitats where abundant. Following ENSO-associated coral mortality events, intense bioerosion by sea urchins has impeded coral recovery and compromised reef health at many eastern Pacific sites. This chapter reviews factors important in ETP bioerosion, and current knowledge of bioeroder populations in the region.

In loving memory of our colleague Ana Cecilia Fonseca Escalante (1970–2013)

Dreaming about boring a tunnel to escape from prison?

Dreaming about boring a reef and discover its formation history?

Dreaming about boring a being to possess it?

Dreaming about boring an oil pit that attaches us to money? Or

Dreaming about boring a skeleton to keep enclosed?

It is finally just dreaming about “boring to cope with boredom.”

Revista de Biología Tropical 2006 54:101–115

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Acknowledgments

J.J. Alvarado acknowledges several sources for their financial support: Vicerectoría de Investigación, Universidad de Costa Rica, Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología de Costa Rica (MICIT), Consejo Nacional para Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas de Costa Rica (CONICIT), Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología de Mexico (CONACYT). J.L. Carballo acknowledges the CONACYT SEP for funding project 2008-102239. We are grateful for the comments offered by J. Cortés and two anonymous reviewers that improved this chapter. B. Grassian acknowledges P. Hutchings and K. Kleemann for providing comments that substantially improved the quality of this chapter, D. F. McNeill for preparation of specimens for photography, and M. Palacios and colleagues for their contribution of Fig. 12.7.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Centro de Investigación en Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, 2060-1000, San José, Costa Rica

    Juan José Alvarado

  2. Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Marine Biology and Ecology, University of Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL, 33149, USA

    Benjamin Grassian

  3. Departamento de Biología, Universidad del Valle, Calle 100, no 13-00, Cali, Colombia

    Jaime Ricardo Cantera-Kintz & Edgardo Londoño-Cruz

  4. Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnologia (estación Mazatlán), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Mazatlán, Mexico

    José Luis Carballo

  5. Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, 215 S Ferry Rd, Narragansett, RI, 02882, USA

    Benjamin Grassian

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Alvarado, J.J., Grassian, B., Cantera-Kintz, J.R., Carballo, J.L., Londoño-Cruz, E. (2017). Coral Reef Bioerosion in the Eastern Tropical Pacific. In: Glynn, P., Manzello, D., Enochs, I. (eds) Coral Reefs of the Eastern Tropical Pacific. Coral Reefs of the World, vol 8. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-7499-4_12

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