Skip to main content

The Stress of Discrimination: A Possible Influence on Drug Use Trajectory?

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Drug Use Trajectories Among Minority Youth

Abstract

This chapter discusses racial discrimination as a possible factor in African American – white differences in drug use trajectory. The central question addressed in this chapter is whether racial discrimination, at both the macro and the micro level, play a significant role in changing patterns of substance use over the life course for African Americans and whites. We specifically focus on the transition to young adulthood, and the growing adversity likely encountered by minority young adults. Two central arguments are made: First, we argue that the transition to adulthood is one that can be problematic for all adolescents. For some the road may be rocky, and for others, relatively smooth. Secondly, there is the added stress of dealing with the harsh world of racial disadvantage that confronts minority youth as they transition. This may be an added burden for minority youth. Both of these factors may combine to increase substance use over the young adulthood for African Americans.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Aguirre, A., Jr., & Turner, J. H. (2007). American ethnicity. New York: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • APSE Research Brief. (2009, July). Vulnerable youth and the transition to adulthood. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arnett, J. J. (2004). Emerging adulthood: The winding road from late teens through early twenties. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arnett, J. J. (2005). The developmental context of substance use in emerging adulthood. Journal of Drug Issues, 35, 235–254.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bachman, J. G., O’Malley, P. M., Schulenberg, J. E., Johnston, L. D., Bryant, A. L., & Merline, A. C. (2002). The decline of substance use in young adulthood. Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barnes, P. W., & Lightsey, O. R. (2005). Perceived racist discrimination, coping, stress, and life satisfaction. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 33, 48–61.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barnes, G., Farrell, M., & Banerjee, S. (1994). Family influences on alcohol abuse and other problem behaviors among African American and White adolescents in a general population sample. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 4, 183–201.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bensley, L. S., Van Eenwyk, J., & Simmons, K. W. (2000). Self-reported childhood sexual and physical abuse and adult HIV-risk behaviors and heavy drinking. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 18, 151–158.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Berkel, C., Murry, V. M., Hurt, T. R., Chen, Y. F., Brody, G. H., Simons, R. L., Cutrona, C., & Gibbons, F. X. (2009). It takes a village: Protecting rural African American youth in the context of racism. Journal of Youth & Adolescence, 38, 175–188.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blank, R. M. (2001). An overview of trends in social and economic well-being by race. In America becoming. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boardman, J. (2004). Stress and physical health. Social Science and Medicine, 58, 2473–2483.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boardman, J., & Robert, S. (2000). Neighborhood socioeconomic status and perceptions of self-efficacy. Sociological Perspectives, 43, 117–136.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boardman, J., et al. (2001). Neighborhood disadvantage, stress, and drug use among adults. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 42, 151–165.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bonilla-Silva, E. (1997). Rethinking racism: Toward a structural interpretation. American Sociological Review, 62, 465–479.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bradizza, C. M., Reifman, A., & Barnes, G. M. (1999). Social and coping reasons for drinking: Predicting alcohol misuse in adolescents. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 60, 491–499.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brody, G. H., Stoneman, Z., & Flor, D. (1996). Parental religiosity, family processes, and youth competence in rural two parent African American families. Developmental Psychology, 32, 696–706.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Broman, C. L. (2007). Perceived discrimination and alcohol use among African American and white college students. Journal of Alcohol and Drug Education, 51, 8–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Broman, C. L., Mavaddat, R., & Hsu, S. (2000). The experience and consequences of racial discrimination. Journal of African American Psychology, 26, 165–180.

    Google Scholar 

  • Broman, C. L., et al. (2001). Stress and distress among the unemployed. New York: Kluwer Academic Plenum Publishers.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Brook, J. S., Balka, E. B., Brook, D. W., Win, P. T., & Gursen, M. D. (1998). Drug use among African Americans: Ethnic identity as a protective factor. Psychological Reports, 83, 1427–1446.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Broudy, R., Brondolo, E., Coakley, V., Brady, N., Cassells, A., Tobin, J. N., & Sweeney, M. (2007). Perceived ethnic discrimination in relation to daily moods and negative social interactions. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 30, 31–43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, T. N. (2003). Critical race theory speaks to the sociology of mental health: Mental health problems produced by racial stratification. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 44, 292–301.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Browning, C. R., & Cagney, K. A. (2003). Moving beyond poverty. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 44, 552–571.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Caetano, R., & Clark, C. L. (1998). Trends in alcohol consumption patterns among Whites, African Americans and Hispanics: 1984 and 1995. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 59, 659–668.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Caldwell, C. H., Sellers, R. M., Bernat, D. H., & Zimmerman, M. A. (2004). Racial identity, parental support, and alcohol use in a sample of academically at-risk African American high school students. American Journal of Community Psychology, 34, 71–82.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carpenter, K., & Hasin, D. (1999). Drinking to cope with negative affect and DSM-IV alcohol use disorders. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 60, 694–704.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carver, C. S., Scheier, M. F., & Weintraub, J. K. (1989). Assessing coping strategies: A theoretically based approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 267–283.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chatters, L. M. (2000). Religion and health: Public health research and practice. Annual Review of Public Health, 21, 335–367.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Choi, Y., Harachi, T. W., Gillmore, M. R., & Catalano, R. F. (2006). Are multiracial adolescents at greater risk? American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 76, 86–97.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Colder, C. R., & Chassin, L. (1993). The stress and negative affect model of adolescent alcohol use and the moderating effects of behavioral undercontrol. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 54, 326–333.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cooper, M. L., Russell, M., Skinner, J. B., Frone, M. R., & Mudar, P. (1992). Stress and alcohol use: Moderating effects of gender, coping and alcohol expectancies. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 101, 139–152.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cooper, M. L., Frone, M. R., Russell, M., & Mudar, P. (1995). Drinking to regulate positive and negative emotions: A motivational model of alcohol use. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69(5), 990–1005.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cox, W. M., & Klinger, E. (1988). A motivational model of alcohol use. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 97, 168–180.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cox, W. M., & Klinger, E. (1990). Incentive motivation, affective change, and alcohol use: A model. In W. M. Cox (Ed.), Why people drink: Parameters of alcohol as reinforcer (pp. 291–314). New York: Gardner Press, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crum, R. M., Lillie-Blanton, M., & Anthony, J. C. (1996). Neighborhood environment and opportunity to use cocaine and other drugs in late childhood and early adolescence. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 43, 155–161.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cutrona, C. E., Russell, D. W., Hessling, R. M., Brown, P. A., & Murry, V. (2000). Direct and moderating effects of community context on the psychological well-being of African American women. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 1088–1101.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Diez-Roux, A. V., et al. (2001). Neighborhood of residence and incidence of coronary heart disease. New England Journal of Medicine, 345, 99–106.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dotterer, A. M., McHale, S., & Crouter, A. C. (2009). Sociocultural factors and school engagement among African American youth. Applied Developmental Science, 13, 61–73.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ellen, I. G., et al. (2001). Neighborhood effects on health. Journal of Urban Affairs, 23, 391–408.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Farley, R., & Allen, W. R. (1987). The color line and the quality of life in America. New York: Russell Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Feagin, J. R. (1991). The continuing significance of race: Anti-African American discrimination in public places. American Sociological Review, 56, 101–116.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Feagin, J. R. (2000). Racist America. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Feagin, J. R., & Vera, H. (1995). White racism. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Forman, T. A. (2003). The social psychological costs of racial segmentation in the workplace: A study of African Americans’ well-being. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 44, 332–352.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fothergill, K. E., & Ensminger, M. E. (2006). Childhood and adolescent antecedents of drug and alcohol problems: A longitudinal study. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 82, 61–76.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fredrickson, G. M. (1982). White supremacy. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fuller, C. M., et al. (2005). Effects of race, neighborhood, and social network on age at initiation of injection drug use. American Journal of Public Health, 95, 689–695.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Galaif, E. R., Stein, J. A., Newcomb, M. D., & Bernstein, H. C. G. (2001). Gender differences in the prediction of problem alcohol use in adulthood: Exploring the influence of family factors and childhood maltreatment. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 62, 332–340.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Galea, S., & Rudenstine, S. (2005). Challenges in understanding disparities in drug use and consequences. Journal of Urban Health, 82, iii5–iii12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Galea, S., Nandi, A., & Vlahov, D. (2004). The social epidemiology of substance use. Epidemiologic Reviews, 26, 36–52.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Galen, L. W., & Rogers, W. M. (2004). Religiosity, alcohol expectancies, drinking motives and their interaction in the prediction of drinking among college students. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 65, 469–476.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Galvan, F. H., & Caetano, R. (2003). Alcohol use and related problems among ethnic minorities in the United States. Alcohol Research & Health, 27, 87–94.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldberg, M., Al-Homsi, N., Goulet, L., & Riberdy, H. (1995). Incidence of cancer among persons living near a municipal solid waste landfill in Montreal, Ouebec. Archives of Environmental Health, 5, 416–424.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ham, L. S., Bonin, M., & Hope, D. A. (2007). The role of drinking motives in social anxiety and alcohol use. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 21, 991–1003.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Herd, D. (1989). The epidemiology of drinking patterns and related problems among U.S. African Americans. In NIAAA research monograph 18, Alcohol use among U.S. ethnic minorities. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office.

    Google Scholar 

  • Herd, D. (1990). Subgroup differences in drinking patterns among African American and white men: Results from a National Survey. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 51, 221–232.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Herd, D. (1997). Sex ratios of drinking patterns and problems among African Americans and whites: Results from a national survey. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 58, 75–83.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hill, C. V., Neighbors, H., & Gayle, H. (2004). The relationship between racial discrimination and health for African American Americans: Measurement challenges and the realities of coping. African American Research Perspectives, 10, 89–98.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hops, H., Duncan, T. E., Duncan, S. C., & Stoolmiller, M. (1996). Parent substance use as a predictor of adolescent use: A six-year lagged analysis. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 18, 157–164.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Horton, E. G. (2007). Racial differences in the effects of age of onset on alcohol consumption and development of alcohol-related problems among males from mid-adolescence to young adulthood. Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse, 6, 1–14.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hughes, D. (2003). Correlates of African American and Latino parents’ messages to children about ethnicity and race: A comparative study of racial socialization. American Journal of Community Psychology, 31, 15–33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hunsberger, B. (2002). A longitudinal study of religious doubts in high school and beyond. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 41, 255–266.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnston, L. D., O’Malley, P. M., & Bachman, J. G. (2000). The monitoring the future national results on adolescent drug use. Bethesda: National Institute on Drug Abuse.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, J. M. (1997). Prejudice and racism (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones-Webb, R., Hsiao, C. Y., & Hannan, P. (1995). Relationships between socioeconomic status and drinking problems among African American and white men. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 19(3), 623–627.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jones-Webb, R., Hsiao, C. Y., Hannan, P., & Caetano, R. (1997a). Predictors of increases in alcohol-related problems among African American and white adults: Results from the 1984 and 1992 National Alcohol Surveys. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 23, 281–299.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jones-Webb, R., Snowden, L., Herd, D., Short, B., & Hannan, P. (1997b). Alcohol-related problems among African American, Hispanic and White men: The contribution of neighborhood poverty. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 58, 539–545.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kandel, D. B. (1995). Ethnic differences in drug use: Patterns and paradoxes. In G. Botvin, S. Schinke, & M. Orlandi (Eds.), Drug abuse prevention with multiethnic youth. Thousand Oaks: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keefe, K., & Newcomb, M. D. (1996). Demographic and psychosocial risk for alcohol use: Ethnic differences. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 57, 521–530.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kessler, R. C., Mickelson, K. D., & Williams, D. R. (1999). The prevalence, distribution, and mental health correlates of perceived discrimination in the United States. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 40, 208–230.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kilpatrick, D. G., Aciemo, R., Resnick, H. S., Saunders, B. E., & Best, C. L. (1997). A 2-year longitudinal analysis of the relationships between violent assault and substance use in women. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 65, 834–847.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Krieger, N. (2003). Does racism harm health? Did child abuse exist before 1962?-on explicit questions, critical science, and current controversies: An ecosocial perspective. American Journal of Public Health, 93, 194–199.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lambert, S. F., et al. (2009). Perceptions of racism and depressive symptoms in African American adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 38, 519–532.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Langeland, W., & Hartgers, C. (1998). Child sexual and physical abuse and alcoholism: A review. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 59, 336–348.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • LaViest, T. A. (2003). Racial segregation and longevity among African-Americans. Health Services Research, 38, 1719–1733.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • LaViest, T. A., & Wallace, J. M., Jr. (2000). Health risks and the inequitable distribution of liquor stores in African-American neighborhoods. Social Science & Medicine, 51, 613–617.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lemke, S., Brennan, P. L., Schutte, K. K., & Moos, R. H. (2007). Upward pressures on drinking: Exposure and reactivity in adulthood. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 68, 437–445.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, M. A., et al. (2008). Fitting in and feeling fine: Conformity and coping motives as mediators of the relationship between social anxiety and problematic drinking. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 22, 58–67.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lindsay, V. (2006). Factors that predict freshmen college students’ preference to drink alcohol. Journal of Alcohol and Drug Education, 50, 7–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Loewen, J. W. (2005). Sundown towns: A hidden dimension of American racism. New York: Touchstone.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin, J. K., Tuch, S. A., & Roman, P. M. (2003). Problem drinking patterns among African American: The impacts of reports of discrimination, perceptions of prejudice, and “risky” coping strategies. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 44, 408–425.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Massey, D., & Denton, N. (1993). American apartheid. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maton, K. I., & Zimmerman, M. A. (1992). Psychosocial predictors of substance use among urban African American male adolescents. Drugs and Society, 6, 79–113.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McCreary, D. R., & Sadava, S. W. (2000). Stress, alcohol use and alcohol-related problems: The influence of negative and positive affect in two cohorts of young adults. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 61, 466–474.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Merline, A. C., O’Malley, P. M., Schulenberg, J. E., Bachman, J. G., & Johnston, L. D. (2004). Substance use among adults 35 years of age: Prevalence, adulthood predictors, and impact of adolescent substance use. American Journal of Public Health, 94, 96–102.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mudar, P., Kearns, J. N., & Leonard, K. E. (2002). The transition to marriage and changes in alcohol involvement among African American couples and white couples. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 63, 568–576.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Muthen, B., & Muthen, L. K. (2000). The development of heavy drinking and alcohol-related problems from ages 18 to 37 in a U.S. National sample. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 61, 290–300.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Neblett, E. W., Phillip, C. L., Cogburn, C. D., & Sellers, R. M. (2006). African American adolescent’s discrimination experiences and academic achievement: Racial socialization as a cultural compensatory and protective factor. Journal of African American Psychology, 32, 199–218.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nielsen, A. L. (1999). Testing Sampson and Laub’s life course theory: Age, race/ethnicity and drunkenness. Deviant Behavior, 20, 129–151.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • O’Malley, P. M., & Johnston, L. D. (2002). Epidemiology of alcohol and other drug use among American college students. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 14, 23–39.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pachter, L. M., et al. (2010). Perceived racism and discrimination in children and youths. Health & Social Work, 35, 61–70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Parker, J. D., Woodruff, T. J., Basu, R., & Schoendorf, K. C. (2005). Air pollution and birth weight among term infants in California. Pediatrics, 115, 121–128.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perkins, H. W. (1999). Stress-motivated drinking in collegiate and postcollegiate young adulthood: Life course and gender patterns. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 60, 219–227.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Peske, H., & Haycock, K. (2006). Teaching inequality: How poor and minority students are shortchanged on teacher quality. Washington, DC: The Education Trust.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pickett, K. E., & Pearl, M. (2001). Multilevel analyses of neighborhood socioeconomic context and health outcomes: A critical review. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 55, 111–122.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Polednak, A. P. (1993). Poverty, residential segregation, and African American/white mortality ratios in urban areas. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, 4, 363–373.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pritchard, M. E., Wilson, G. S., & Yamnitz, B. (2007). What predicts adjustment among college students? A longitudinal panel study. Journal of American College Health, 56, 15–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Read, J. P., Wood, M. D., Kahler, C. W., Maddock, J. E., & Palfai, T. P. (2003). Examining the role of drinking motives in college student alcohol use and problems. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 17, 13–23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Robert, S. A. (1999). Socioeconomic position and health. Annual Review of Sociology, 25, 489–516.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenbloom, S. R., & Way, N. (2004). Experiences of discrimination among African American, Asian American, and Latino adolescents in an urban high school. Youth & Society, 35, 420–451.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rutledge, P. C., & Sher, K. J. (2001). Heavy drinking from the freshman year into early young adulthood: The roles of stress, tension-reduction drinking motives, gender and personality. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 62, 457–466.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sanchez-Hucles, J. (1998). Racism: Emotional abusiveness and psychological trauma for ethnic minorities. Journal of Emotional Abuse, 1, 69–87.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sanders-Phillips, K. (1996a). Correlates of health promotion behaviors in low-income African American women and Latinas. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 12, 450–458.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sanders-Phillips, K. (1996b). The ecology of urban violence. American Journal of Health Promotion, 10, 308–317.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Satcher, D. (2001). Mental health: Culture, race, and ethnicity. A supplement to mental health: A report of the Surgeon General. Department of Health and Human Services. Rockville: Public Health Service.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schinke, S., DiNoia, J., Schwinn, T., & Cole, K. (2006). Drug abuse risk and protective factors among African American, urban adolescent girls: A randomized trial of computer delivered, mother-daughter intervention. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 20, 496–500.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schneider, K. T., Hitlan, R. T., & Radhakrishnan, R. (2000). An examination of the nature and correlates of ethnic harassment experiences in multiple contexts. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85, 3–12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schuckit, T. A., & Smith, T. L. (2006). An evaluation of the level of response to alcohol, externalizing symptoms, and depressive symptoms as predictors of alcoholism. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 67, 215–227.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schulenberg, J. E., O’Malley, P. M., Bachman, J. G., Wadsworth, K. N., & Johnston, L. D. (1996). Getting drunk and growing up: Trajectories of frequent binge drinking during the transition to adulthood. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 57, 289–304.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schulenberg, J. E., Sameroff, A. J., & Cicchetti, D. (2004). The transition to adulthood as a critical juncture in the course of psychopathology and mental health. Development and Psychopathology, 16, 799–806.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schulz, A. J., et al. (2000). Unfair treatment, neighborhood effects, and mental health in the Detroit metropolitan area. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 41, 14–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Seaton, E. K., & Yip, T. (2009). The name assigned to the document by the author. This field may also contain sub-titles, series names, and report numbers. School and neighborhood contexts, perceptions of racial discrimination, and psychological well-being among African American adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 38, 153–163.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Seaton, E. K., Caldwell, C. H., Sellers, R. M., & Jackson, J. S. (2008). The prevalence of perceived discrimination among African American and Caribbean African American youth. Developmental Psychology, 44, 1288–1297.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shih, R. A., et al. (2010). Racial/ethnic differences in adolescent substance use. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 71, 640–651.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, C. (2003). Theorizing religious effects among American adolescents. Journal of Scientific Study of Religion, 42, 17–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Strycker, L. A., Duncan, S. C., & Pickering, M. A. (2003). The social context of alcohol initiation among African American and White youth. Journal of Ethnicity and Substance Abuse, 2, 35–42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Subramanian, S. V., et al. (2005). Racial disparities in context: A multilevel analysis of neighborhood variations in poverty and excess mortality among African American populations in Massachusetts. American Journal of Public Health, 95, 60–265.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMSHA). (2007). Results from the 2006 National survey on drug use and health: National findings. (Office of applied studies, NSDUH). Rockville.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, J., & Turner, R. J. (2002). Perceived discrimination, social stress, and depression in the transition to adulthood: Racial contrasts. Social Psychological Quarterly, 65, 213–225.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Terrell, F., Miller, A. R., Foster, K., & Watkins, C. E. (2006). Racial discrimination – Induced anger and alcohol use among African American adolescents. Adolescence, 41, 485–492.

    Google Scholar 

  • Utsey, S. O., Ponterotto, J. G., Reynolds, A. L., & Cancelli, A. A. (2000). Racial discrimination, coping, life satisfaction, and self-esteem among African Americans. Journal of Counseling and Development, 78, 72–80.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wagner, J., & Abbott, G. (2007). Depression and depression care in diabetes: Relationship to perceived discrimination in African Americans. Diabetes Care, 30, 364–366.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wallace, J. (1999). Explaining race differences in adolescent and young adult drug use: The role of racialized social systems. Drugs & Society, 14, 21–36.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wallace, J. M., & Muroff, J. R. (2002). Preventing substance abuse among African American children and youth: Race differences in risk factor exposure and vulnerability. The Journal of Primary Prevention, 22(3), 235–261.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wallace, J. M., Bachman, J., O’Malley, P., & Johnston, L. (1995). Racial/ethnic differences in adolescent drug use. In G. Botvin, S. Schinke, & M. Orlandi (Eds.), Drug abuse prevention with multiethnic youth. Thousand Oaks: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wallace, J. M., Forman, T. A., Guthrie, B. J., Bachman, J. G., O’Malley, P. M., & Johnston, L. D. (1999). The epidemiology of tobacco, alcohol, and other drug use among African American youth. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 60, 800–809.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wallace, J. M., Bachman, J. G., O’Malley, P. M., Johnston, L. D., Schulenberg, J. E., & Cooper, S. M. (2002). Tobacco, alcohol, and illicit drug use: Racial and ethnic differences among U.S. high school seniors, 1976–2000. Public Health Reports, 117, S67–S75.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wallace, J. M., Brown, T. N., Bachman, J. G., & LaViest, T. A. (2003). The influence of race and religion on abstinence from alcohol, cigarettes and marijuana among adolescents. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 64, 843–859.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wallace, J. M., Yamaguchi, R., Bachman, J., O’Malley, P., et al. (2007). Religiosity and adolescent substance use. Social Problems, 54, 308–328.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Waters, M. C. (1999). African American identities. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weaver, A. J., Pargament, K. I., Flannelly, K. J., & Oppenheimer, J. E. (2006). Trends in the scientific study of religion, spirituality, and health. Journal of Religion and Health, 45, 208–214.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wechsler, H., Davenport, A., Dowdall, G., Moeykens, B., & Castillo, S. (1995). Binge drinking in college. Journal of the American Medical Association, 273, 1903.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • White, H. R., Labouvie, E. W., & Papadaratsakis, V. (2005). Changes in substance use during the transition to adulthood: A comparison of college students and their noncollege age peers. Journal of Drug Issues, 35(2), 281–306.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Widom, C. S., Ireland, T., & Glynn, P. J. (1995). Alcohol abuse in abused and neglected children followed up: Are they at increased risk? Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 56, 207–217.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, D. R., & Collins, C. (2001). Racial residential segregation: A fundamental cause of racial disparities in health. Public Health Reports, 116, 404–416.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wills, T. A., Yaeger, A. M., & Sandy, J. M. (2003). Buffering effect of religiosity for adolescent substance use. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 17, 24–31.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, W. J. (1990). The truly disadvantaged. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Clifford L. Broman .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Broman, C.L. (2016). The Stress of Discrimination: A Possible Influence on Drug Use Trajectory?. In: Thomas, Y., Price, L. (eds) Drug Use Trajectories Among Minority Youth. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-7491-8_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-7491-8_6

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-94-017-7489-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-017-7491-8

  • eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics