Abstract
Having dealt in detail with all the stirring events of July 1888 in North Banten, it only remains for us to examine the mark they left on the fabric of Banten society and on the nature of Dutch rule during the years that followed. Once the embers of the rebellion had been extinguished, the Dutch government found itself faced with the problem of making administrative re-arrangements, not only with regard to the simple day-to-day operations of the administrative machinery, but also for the purpose of a long-range, profound transformation. In fact, the events of July 1888 forced the Dutch to re-examine their colonial policy. The new colonial policy that emerged, considerably altered by the ordeal of the rebellion, was undoubtedly correlative with the view of the rebellion that prevailed in government circles. In this section the influence of the revolt on bureaucratic reform, taxation policy, religious education, the position of the religious leaders and military precautions will be assessed in detail.
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References
Java Bode, July 11, 1888.
Bataviaasch Handelsblad, July 14, 1888.
Soerabaiasch Handehblad, July 18, 1888.
Bataviaasch Handehblad, July 14, 1888.
For the first opinion, see De Locomotief, July 18, 1888; for the second opinion, see Java Bode, July 16, 1888, which refers to a contention that the revolt might have something to do with the ‘zendingscirculaire’ (circular letter concerning the Christian mission) of the Minister of Colonies.
De Locomotief, July 13 and 26, 1888; see also Nederburgh (1888), pp. 14–29; van Sandick (1891), pp. 153–158.
Bataviaasch Handehblad, July 21, 1888; De Locomotief, July 28, 1888; WNI (1888–1889), pp. 9–11, 42–44.
WNI (1888–1889), p. 990.
Java Bode, Aug. 21, 22 and 23, 1888. This newspaper had a semi-official character; it had a “monopoly” of officials news, and it fully supported government policy. For Koch’s assessment of the character of this newspaper in the 1880s, see Koch (1956), p. 40; for the history of its development, see von Faber (n.d.), pp. 58–63. De Locomotief took an outspoken “colonialliberal” standpoint, and was the voice of what was later known as the “Ethical Policy” group; see Mühlenfeld, in KT, Vol. IV (1916), pp. 37–39; also von Faber (n.d.), pp. 65–68. De Locomotief can be regarded as the vehicle of the “colonial opposition”. Bataviaasch Handelsblad was based on a moderate and humanitarian view; TNI (1858), no. 1, pp. 276–292; see also von Faber (n.d.), pp. 50–51. Soerabaiasch Handelsblad, under the editorship of Uilkens, during a large part of the ‘eighties criticized Surabaja’s mercantile community and government officials, while it later supported the view that the interest of Surabaja and the hinterland should be defended; see von Faber (n.d.), pp. 75–82; also Koch (1956), p. 49.
Java Bode, Aug. 22, 1888; for the said measures, see Chap. II, pp. 62–66; they were also dealt with extensively in the report of the Director of the Department of Interior, see Report DDI, pp. 161–198; 240–246.
Java Bode, Aug. 23, 1888.
De Locomotief, Aug. 25, 1888; Nieuws van den Dag, Feb. 5, 1889.
Nieuws van den Dag, Nov. 5, 1888; Feb. 5, 1889; see also WNI (1888–1889), p. 1311. Groneman pointed out that the Banten revolt could have been a prologue to a general rising, if the government had not eliminated various abuses.
Nieuws van den Dag, Sept. 7, Oct. 6, 1889.
De Standaard, Sept. 26, 1888; see also Koch (1960), pp. 70–80. This newspaper voiced the principles of the Anti-Revolutionare Partij (Anti-Revolutionary Party, one of the major parties of Protestants) ; De Tijd was a Roman Catholic newspaper; Nieuwe Rotterdamsche Courant was liberal. See Schneider (1943). The Nieuws van den Dag was more an informative paper than an opinion paper; see Schneider (1951), p. 22.
De Standaard, Sept. 26, 1888.
See above, under note 15.
De Tijd, Aug. 29, 1888.
Nieuwe Rotterdamsche Courant, June 19, 1889, also cited in IG (1889), no. 2, p. 1427.
Ibidem.
De Standaard and De Tijd were in line with the colonial policy of the religious parties in the Netherlands, which at the end of the century stressed evangelization, while the more “liberally”-tinged Nieuwe Rotter-damsche Courant opposed such a policy.
De Locomotief, July 26; Aug. 9, 11, 17 and 20, 1888.
De Locomotief, Oct. 1, 1888.
De Locomotief, July 26 and 30, 1888.
De Locomotief, July 24, 1888.
De Locomotief, Aug. 16, 1888.
De Locomotief, Aug. 20, 1888; the introduction of vaccination gave rise to disturbances in 1820, see above, Chap. IV, p. 9; at about the same time the religious leaders’ aid was called in to introduce vaccination in Prijangan, see Olivier, Vol. I (1827), pp. 301–302. Cf. Roorda van Eysinga (1856), p. 66.
De Locomotief, July 26, 1888.
Appendix VIII.
Report DDI, Appendix I, especially as regards the complaints against Raden Penna.
Ibidem.
O.I.B. July 15, 1888, no. 4.
Report of the Director of the Department of Interior, Sept. 18, 1888, no. 5162, in Vb. Feb. 7, 1889, no. 4.
See above, Chap. I, pp. 16–19.
Groneman (1891), pp. 102–103. Its publication was anxiously expected, especially by the press, see WNI (1888–1889), p. 252.
The Director of the Department of Interior to the Gov. Gen., July 19, 1888, La B, in MR 1888, no. 506.
Ibidem.
Report DDI, pp. 133–150.
Report DDI, p. 221.
Report DDI, pp. 228–233; cf. van den Berg, in TBG, Vol. XXVIII (1883), pp. 158–175; Holle, in TBG, Vol. XXXI (1886), pp. 67–81.
Report DDI, p. 221.
Report DDI, pp. 150–159,
Report DDI, p. 149.
Report DDI, 203–215.
Report DDI, p. 214.
Java Bode, Aug. 22, 1888; Report DDI, p. 214, 216, 226.
Java Bode, Aug. 22, 1888.
See above, Chap. II, pp. 62–66.
Report DDI, p. 240.
Report DDI, p. 244.
Report DDI, p. 246.
Report DDI, p. 249.
Report DDI, pp. 249–257; see Staatsblad 1867, no. 114.
Report DDI, p. 259; see note signed by the Regent of Pandeglang, Sept. 14, 1888, in Report DDI, Appendix U.
In the post-rebellion period, native civil servants tended to avoid any semblance of religious zeal, see Snouck Hurgronje’s note on Banten, Aug. 15, 1892; see also below, p. 312.
Report DDI, p. 258; van den Berg, in TBG, Vol. XXXI (1882), p. 553.
Report DDI, p. 258; see above, Chap. V, pp. 148 ff.
Report DDI, pp. 250–254.
Letter from the Minister of Colonies to the Gov. Gen., Sept. 27, 1889, no. 12, in Vb. Sept. 27, 1889, no. 12.
Report DDI, pp. 260–263.
Advice of the Vice-President of the Council of the Indies, Oct. 5, 1888, in MR 1888, no. 1652.
IG (1891), no. 2, p. 1206; Advice of t(he Council of the Indie)s, Oct. 5, 1888, Kommissoriaal No. 16547, in MR 1888, no. 1652.
Ibidem.
Van Sandick traced the popular discontent to several hardships of the previous decade: the cattle plague (1879), the fever epidemic (1880), famine (1881–1882), the Mt. Krakatau eruption (1883) ; and also to excessive assessment of taxes, see above, Chap. II, pp. 62–66.
Nederburgh (1888) in his “Tjilegon-Bantam-Java”.
Java Bode, Aug. 22, 1888.
Report DDI, pp. 233–234; see also WNI (1888–1889), pp. 113–114.
Ibidem.
Report DDI, Appendix I; see above, Chap. III, under note 61.
Report DDI, pp. 236–240; see also Java Bode, Aug. 23, 1888.
WNI (1888–1889), pp. 165, 1521.
Ibidem; by the court of justice is meant the co-called “Rechtbank van Omgang” (Ambulatory Court). Raden Penna’s successor was M. Ng. Wir-jadidjaja, see O.I.B. Jan. 21, 1889, no. 3.
WNI (1888–1889), p. 76.
Java Bode, Aug. 23, 1888; see Advice of the Council of the Indies, Oct. 5, 1888, Kommissoriaal, No. 16547.
WNI (1888–1889), p. 77.
WNI (1888–1889), pp. 1257–1257; see also Weekblad voor Indië, Vol. III (1906–1907), pp. 894–895.
WNI (1888–1889), pp. 794f., 895 f,. p. 946, pp. 989 f., pp. 1191 f., pp. 1470 f., pp. 1520 ff., pp. 1642 f., pp. 1699 f., pp. 1815 if., pp.1887 f., pp. 2181 f., p. 2251, pp. 2438 f, pp. 2602 f.; also WNI (1889–1890), pp. 72 f., pp. 194 f., pp. 459 ff., pp. 564 ff., pp. 681 f., p. 1032, p. 1085, pp. 1441 f.
A. Djajadiningrat (1936), pp. 233–234; WNI (1888–1889), pp. 1815 f. See also Snouck Hurgronje’s note of Aug. 15, 1892.
A. Djajadiningrat (1936), p. 234.
A. Djajadiningrat (1936), p. 235.
WNI (1888–1889), p. 1815.
IG (1891), no. 2, pp. 1142–1144.
This means: the government is very judicious; see WNI (1889–1890), p. 565.
O.I.B. Apr. 14, 1884, no. 10.
Missive of the Resident of Banten, July 7, 1889, no. 249, in MR 1889, no. 597. See also O.I.B. Aug. 28, 1889, no. 14.
Missive of the Resident of Banten, July 7, 1889, no. 249; see above, Chap. III, p. 79.
E.g. in the past: Tjondronegoro, Gondokusumo ; see above Chap. III, p. 85.
Missive of the Resident of Banten, July 7, 1889, no. 249.
A. Djajadiningrat (1936), p. 94. The resident seems to have intended him to become the future Patih of Anjer; WNI (1888–1889), p. 2602.
For the genealogy of the Djajadiningrats, see Appendix III.
Surawinangun was a son of R.T. Suta Angunangun, see above Chap. III, p. 86; see WNI (1888–1889), p. 2438, esp. as regards his inauguration.
Missive of the Resident of Banten, July 7, 1889, no. 249.
Note of the Director of the Department of Interior, July 20, 1889, no. 3895, in MR 1889, no. 597.
Kommissoriaal, July 22, 1889, no. 703, in MR 1889, no. 597.
Note of the Director of the Department of Interior, July 20, 1889, no. 3895.
Missive of the Resident of Banten, Aug. 11, 1889, no. 279, in MR 1889, no. 597.
Missive of the Resident of Banten, July 7, 1889, no. 279; Kommissoriaal, July 22, 1889, no. 703, in MR 1889, no. 597; also Missive of the Resident of Banten, Aug. 11, 1889, no. 279.
Missive of the Resident of Banten, Aug. 11, 1889, no. 279.
O.I.B. Aug. 28, 1889, no. 14; for the inauguration, see WNI (1888–1889), p. 2438. For his activities during his administration, see his autobiography, MS in the collection of the Bataviaasch Genootschap, MS Holle, no. 266.
O.I.B. Oct. 16, 1889, no. 27; see also Regeeringsalmanak, 1890, 1891; Javaansche Almanak, 1889, 1890, 1891.
Java Bode, Aug. 21, 1888; Nieuws van den Dag, Sept. 17, Oct. 6, 1888.
Java Bode, Sept. 8 and 15, 1888; also IG (1889), no. 2, pp. 1783–1785; see also Chap. VIII, pp. 269 ff.
Nieuws van den Dag, Sept. 17 and Oct. 6, 1888; WNI (1888–1889), p. 946. De Locomotief, Aug. 11, 1888, referred to a “rebellion-mythus” circulating in various places; see Snouck Hurgronje, in Gobée and Adriaanse, Vol. II (1959), p. 1157.
Missive of the Resident of Banten, June 15, 1889, no. 207, in Vb. Feb. 6, 1890, no. 14. The pradjurits may be regarded a native armed force, with a function inbetween that of a regular army and the police; they resembled the old corps of djajengsekars. Their field of operation was limited to their own region, see Vb. Jan. 23, 1890, no. 22, esp. the notes of Bureau A3 of the Ministry of Colonies.
Missive of the Resident of Banten, Feb. 27, 1889, no. 58, in MR 1889, no. 154 or in Vb. Jan. 28, 1890, no. 8.
O.I.B. Oct, 31, 1889, no. 5; see also WNI (1889–1890), pp. 194–195.
Appendix IX.
Report DDI, pp. 161–198; 240–246; see above Chap. II, pp. 62–64.
Missive of the Resident of Banten, Feb. 27, 1889, no. 58.
Ibidem.
Note of the Director of the Department of Interior, Apr. 8, 1889, no. 1957, in MR 1889, no. 377 or Report of the Director of Finance, Apr. 5, 1890, no. 4988, in Vb. Jan. 28, 1890, no. 8.
Letter of the First Government Secretary, May 27, 1889, no. 163, in MR 1889, no. 377 or in Vb. Jan. 28, 1890, no. 8.
Note of the Director of the Department of Interior, Apr. 8, 1889, no. 1957.
Benda and McVey (1960), pp. 52–53; Adviser for Native Affairs to the Gov. Gen., Aug. 24, 1921, no. 560, in Collection of the Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde, MS, no. H 797.
Missive of the Resident of Banten, Jan. 7, 1889, no. 92, in Vb. Jan 23, 1890, no. 22.
Ibidem.
Note of the Director of the Department of Interior, March 15, 1889, no. 1414, in Vb. Jan. 23, 1890, no. 22. Mention was made of H. J. W. van Lawick van Pabst, whom he recommended as the right man to conduct the investigation.
Note from the Chief Inspector of the Cultures to the Director of the Department of Interior, Apr. 8, 1889, no. 1958, in Vb. Jan. 23, 1890, no. 22.
Advice of the Council of the Indies, May 31, 1889, Kommissoriaal, No. 8522, in Vb. Jan. 23, 1890, no. 22.
Missive of the Resident of Banten, Feb. 27, 1889, no. 58.
The Gov. Gen. to the Minister of Colonies, July 17, 1890, no. 11, in Exh. Aug. 28, 1890, no. 29. See further about the 1878 regulation concerning the trade tax and Brooshooft’s criticism, Brooshooft (n.d.), pp. 175–178.
The Gov. Gen. to the Minister of Colonies, July 17, 1890, no. 11.
Staatsblad, 1892, no. 275.
See the testimony of the Assistant Wedana of Balagendung, in Appendix VIII. See further the note of the Chief of the Public Health Service, Jan. 16, 1889, no. 34, in MR 1890, no. 468 or in Exh. Apr. 21, 1890, no. 97. For an instance of difficulties in performing the vaccination after the rebellion, see A. Djajadiningrat (1936), pp. 150–154. For the way in which difficulties in introducing vaccination in Prijangan had been overcome, see Olivier, Vol. I (1827), p. 301–302; also Roorda van Eysinga (1856), p. 66.
Note of the Chief of the Public Health Service, Jan. 16, 1889, no. 34; see also the report of the physician of the residency of Banten, May 17, 1889, no. 56, in Exh. Apr. 21, 1890, no. 97.
For the various abuses and evils, see Advice of Snouck Hurgronje, June 20, 1889, no. 11, in Vb. Oct. 18, 1889, no. 54. See also his advices in Gobée and Adriaanse, Vol. I (1959), pp. 1306–1465.
Bekasi (1869), Madiun (1869), Pekalongan (1872), Prijangan (1872); see de Waal, Vol. I (1876), pp. 236–237.
Note of Holle, Aug. 20, 1873, no. 126, in Vb. June 3, 1874, no. 31.
Advice of the Council of the Indies, Oct. 31, 1873, in Vb. June 3, 1874, no. 31.
Nieuws van den Dag, Oct. 6, 1888; WNI (1888–1889), p. 946.
Missive of the Resident of Banten, Dec. 22, 1888, no. 175, in MR 1888, no. 863 or in Vb. Feb. 7, 1889, no. 4.
Ibidem.
Ibidem.
Ibidem; see also Report DDI, Appendix U. One of the chief measures taken by the government to control religious education was to keep records on the religious teachers, the so-called guru-register. In Banten this register was better kept than in other regions; see KT, Vol. VI (1917), p. 736.
Report DDI, Appendix U.
Missive of the Resident of Banten, Dec. 22, 1888, no. 175.
Note of Holle, Sept. 20, 1890, no. 104, in Vb. Dec. 2, 1890, C15.
Ibidem.
Ibidem; in the 1870s there was a tendency for Arabian dress to become popular; it was also worn by people who had not made the hadj yet.
Ibidem.
Ibidem.
Ibidem.
Ibidem; see also Note of Holle, Nov. 27, 1888, no. 50, in Vb. Feb. 8, 1889, no. 31; also Snouck Hurgronje, in VG, Vol. IV, part 1 (1924), pp. 71–85.
Reports on Banten in the post-rebellion period made still more frequent mention of the kjais in Banten, who were very powerful and enjoyed prestige among the population. See Adviser for Native Affairs to the Gov. Gen., Aug. 24, 1921, no. 560. See also Benda and McVey (1960), pp. 2–22.
Note of Holle, Sept, 20, 1890, no. 104.
Missive from the Gov. Gen. to the Minister of Colonies, Nov. 19, 1888, no. 1652, in Exh. Dec. 27, 1888, no. 117 or in Vb. Feb. 7, 1889, no. 4.
Note of Snouck Hurgronje, June 7, 1889, no. 7, in Collection of the Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde, MS, no. H 797 ; also in Gobée and Adriaanse, Vol. III (1965), pp. 1980–1986.
Ibidem.
Missive of the Resident of Banten, June 24, 1889, no. 217 in Exh. Aug. 20, 1889, no. 59.
Advice of certain members of the Council of the Indies, June 21, 1889, in Exh. Aug. 20, 1889, no. 59. For the influence of the exiles on their environment, see Missive of the Assistant Resident of Gorontalo, Apr. 16, 1889, no. 48, and that of the Resident of Menado, June 2, 1889, La U, in MR 1889, no. 483.
Note of Snouck Hurgronje, June 7, 1889, no. 7.
Snouck Hurgronje, in Gobée and Adriaanse, Vol. II (1959), p. 1157.
a synoptic report of this tour is given by van Ronkel, in BKI, Vol. CI (1942), pp. 311–339.
Cited by Holle in his note of Sept. 20, 1890, no. 104.
Ibidem.
Snouck Hurgronje’s note of August 15, 1892, also in Gobée and Adriaanse, Vol. III (1965), pp. 1986–1999, esp. p. 1991. See also VG, Vol. IV, part 1 (1924), p. 254.
Snouck Hurgronje, in VG, Vol. IV, part 1 (1924), p. 255; also his note of August 15, 1892.
Snouck Hurgronje’s note of August 15, 1892; see also VG, Vol. IV, part 2 (1924), p. 421.
Snouck Hurgronje, in VG, Vol. IV, part 2 (1924), p. 422.
Note of Snouck Hurgronje, Aug. 15, 1892; see esp. in Gobée and Adriaanse, Vol. III (1965), pp. 1989–1990.
Ibidem. Dusun literally means village.
Ibidem; see also Opleidingsschool voor Inlandsche Ambtenaren te Serang, n.p. (1918).
Note of Snouck Hurgronje, August 15, 1892.
Unfortunately, several non-Bantenese officials had been promoted during their service in Banten, not because of their capacities or qualifications as civil servants, but because of their clientage to European officials; this gave rise to much resentment among the Bantenese against non-Bantenese officials; see Snouck Hurgronje’s note of Aug. 15, 1892; also in Gobée and Adriaanse, Vol. III (1965), p. 1990.
The Adviser on Native Affairs to the Gov. Gen., August 24, 1921, no. 560.
Ibidem; see also: the Adviser on Native Affairs to the Gov. Gen., Oct. 20, 1921, no. 11336, in Collection of the Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Landen Volkenkunde, MS, no. H 797.
Note of Snouck Hurgronje, August 15, 1892; also in Gobée and Adriaanse, Vol. III (1965), p. 1990. The term “zakelijke motieven” may denote the same as the Weberian term “legal-rational norms”.
Note of Snouck Hurgronje, August 15, 1892; see also Gobée and Adriaanse, Vol. III (1965), p. 1992.
WNI (1888–1889), pp. 1520–1522.
WNI (1889–1890), p. 681; the monument was inaugurated on Dec. 22, 1889.
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Kartodirdjo, S., Wertheim, W.F. (1966). The Sequel of the Revolt. In: The Peasants’ Revolt of Banten in 1888. Verhandelingen van het Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde, vol 50. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-6357-8_9
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