Abstract
Wherever there is land in use, somebody may be said to hold the land. Whether an individual, a firm, a group, a tribe, a community, or a State, there is at least one user having some kind of title, formal or informal. In most of the discussion of the recent past, the distinction between owner-operated and rented land has overshadowed other problems of land tenure, at least outside of the Communist orbit. How much of a simplification this traditional dichotomy respresents is now gradually emerging. Founded as it is on traditional legal doctrine, the concept of ownership cannot retain the same economic significance under changing material and cultural circumstances; and so the evaluation of ownership and tenancy also tends to be modified. The psychological difference, too, derives from the concepts of legal ideology and is likely to be modified with shifts in the general situation.
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Notes
Cf W. Stark, Ursprung und Aufstieg landwirtschaftlicher Grossbetriebe in den böhmischen Ländern (Brunn 1934).
M. Confino, Domaines et seigneurs en Russie vers la fin du XVIIIe siècle (Paris 1963).
A. Gurland, Grundzüge der muhammedanischen Agrarverfassung und Agrarpolitik, mit besonderer Berücksichtigung türkischer Verhältnisse (Dorpat 1907).
Cf M. E. Christie (M. E. Seebohm), The evolution of the English farm (London 1952).
V. Ricchioni, “Sopravvivenza dell’enfiteusi nel mezzogiorno,” Rivista di economia agraria Vol. 14, No (Rome 1959, Mar) showing, i. a., that recent emphyteutic contracts have included hard economic consequences for tenants.
In this sense still M. Sering & C. v. Dietze (ed.) Die Vererbung des ländlichen Grundbesitzes in der Nachkriegszeit (München & Leipzig 1930), Vol. 3, p. 4.
On Albania, see A. Blanc, “Recherches sur les communautés patriarcales et les structures agraires en Albanie du Nord,” Bulletin de l’Association de géographes français (Paris 1960, May/June).
L. Dikoff, “Die rechtliche Lage des Landbesitzes vom Standpunkt des Erb-und Sachenrechtes,” Die nationalökonomische Struktur der bulgarischen Landwirtschaft, hrsg v. J. St. Molloff (Berlin 1936), p. 97.
See G. C. Broderick, English land and English landlords. An inquiry into the origin and character of the English land system, with proposals for its reform (London 1881), pp 156 sqq. On eastern Germany, see J. Conrad in Jahrbücher für Nationalökonomie und Statistik (Berlin 1888), p. 149. On Italy, at a more recent date, see A. Serpieri, La struttura sociale dell’agricoltura italiana (Rome 1947), and M. Rossi-Doria, “Problemi del lavoro in agricoltura” Annuario dell’agricoltura italiana (Rome 1950), pp 369-404.
G. García-Badell y Abadia, “La distribución de la propiedad agrícola de España en las diferentes catgorías de fincas,” Revista de estudios agro-sociales, No 30 (Madrid 1960, Jan.) For older periods see Fr. de Cárdenas, “Del estado de la propiedad territorial de España durante la edad media,” Revista de España (Madrid 1872), and P. Carrión, Los latifundios en España (Madrid 1932).
Publications statistiques hongroises, N.S. Vol. 18, “Dénombrement de la population des pays de la Sainte Couronne Hongroise en 1900, 9me partie, Conditions de la propriété bâtie et foncière” (Budapest 1907).
Norges offisielle statistikk, XI. 103 (Oslo 1952), pp 50 sq.
Thus, L. García de Oteyza, “Los regimenes de la explotación del suelo nacional,” Revista de estudios agro-sociales (Madrid 1952, Oct–Dec), pp 49-62; also the French farm censuses of 1882, 1892, 1929, and 1946.
See for instance Norges offisielle statistikk, VIII. 188 (Oslo 1932) pp 83-100, and ibid., XI. 103 (Oslo 1952), pp 48 sqq.
See the early Russian property statistics as quoted in Appendix 5, under the USSR.
C. S. Orwin & W. R. Peel, The tenure of agricultural land, 2ed. (Cambridge 1926), pp 20, 22, and S. G. Sturmey, “Owner-farming in England and Wales 1900–1950,” Manchester School of economic and social studies, Sept 1955, Vol. 23, pp 245–260.
F. Dovring, “Les recensements agricoles français,” Bulletin mensuel de statistique, Supplément trimestriel (Paris 1955, Apr–Jun).
For instance, Les diverses formes du métayage, Vol. 1 (Paris 1953), overlooks in the general report (by J. Milhaud) how the land coverage in the censuses was so different as to vitiate any comparison between several departments. Cf also G. Sévérac, “Réflexions sur le métayage en France,” Economie rurale, 48 (Paris 1961, Apr–Jun), pp 3–15.
D. J. Alexander, “A note on the conacre system in Northern Ireland,” Journal of agricultural economics (Reading 1963, Jun). See also L. F. Cain, “Land tenure in Ireland in the modern period,” Agricultural History, Vol. 27 (Urbana, Illinois, 1953).
L. García de Oteyza, “Los regímenes de explotación del suelo nacional,” Revista de estudios agro-sociales (Madrid 1952, Oct–Dec), pp 49-62.
H. Hopfner, Die ländlichen Siedlungen der altkastilischen Meseta (Hamburg 1939), especially pp 140 sq, quoting statistics available in local administrative offices.
D. H. Fransens, Een onderzoek naar de toestand van de landbouwers in Rump en Gellicum (Wageningen 1950, processed), pp 13 sq.
Chr. Evelpides, Ē georgia tēs Ellados (Athens 1944), p. 25, footnote 2. On the occurrence of mixed tenures see, in addition to the 1950 census of agriculture, also A. A. Diamantopoulos, Ē pedias tou Mornou (Athens 1940), pp 32 sq, N. E. Ai’valiotakis, O kampos tēs Messenias kai ai oreinai lekanai avtou (Athens’42), pp 92 sq, and idem, Ai oreinai lekanai Feneou-Stymfalias (Athens’41).
F. Dovring, “Les recensements agricoles français,” Bulletin mensuel de statistique, Supplément trimestriel (Paris 1955, Apr–Jun).
H. Krause, “Pachtland und Betriebsgrössen. Reichsgebiet,” Berichte über Landwirtschaft (Hamburg & Berlin 1937, Vol 21), pp 733 sqq, and idem, “Pachtland und Betriebsgrössen. Landschaftliche Unterschiede,” Berichte über Landwirtschaft (Hamburg & Berlin 1938), Vol. 22, pp 252-280.
Unstable farm holdings occur both where mixed tenure is combined with short-term or precarious leases and where the whole type of tenure is precarious. See for instance, M. Rossi-Doria, “Considerazioni circa il carattere dei contratti di compartecipazione e di colonia parziaria nel Mezzogiorno d’Italia,” Rivista di economia agraria (Rome 1948), pp 318-333; M. R. Savatier, La distinction entre métayage et salariat (Paris 1948); A. Prax, “Métayage et société,” Progrès agricole et viticole (Lyon 1951), pp 246-250; L. H. Thiney, “Le métayage est-il une société?” Revue de législation agricole (Paris 1951), pp 43-45; and A. N. Houwing, “Pacht of maatschappij?” De Pacht (The Hague 1951, May), pp 130-140.
Cf A. Finzi, “Diritto di proprietà e disciplina di produzione,” Atti del primo congresso nazionale di diritto agrario (Firenze 1936).
French C. c. 522.524, includes livestock, straw, and manure. German BGB 94-97: distinction between “Bestandteile” and “Zubehör”. Italian C. c. 812: land and buildings, trees, etc.; 817-818 on “pertinenze”, cf also 816 on “universalità di mobili.” Swedish statute of 1875 on real estate: includes a limited set of fixtures; attached chattel is not dealt with here but is treated separately in the rules on tenancy. The rule of English Common Law was that quicquid plantatur solo, solo cedit (what is planted on the land accrues to it).
French C. c. 1821 (undiminished inventory), 1824 (manure is inventory, not part of the holder’s profit). Italian C. c. 1640–1642. German BGB 582 sqq. Cf also B. W. Adkin, A handbook of the law relating to Landlord and Tenant, 12 ed. (London 1947), pp 219 sqq, and 280 sq.
L. de Pina Manique, A fragmentaçăo da propriedade rústica (Lisbon 1935).
L. Dikoff, “Die rechtliche Lage des Landbesitzes vom Standpunkt des Erb-und Sachenrechtes,” Die sozialökonomische Struktur der bulgarischen landwirtschaft, hrsg. v. J. St. Molloff (Berlin 1936), p. 98.
Ley de 20.12.1952 sobre concentración parcelaria, Art. 9.
Code rural, 1:1:3, art. 35.
“Flurbereinigungsgesetz vom 14. Juli 1953,” Bundesgesetzblatt 1 (Bonn 1953, 18 July).
Cf C. A. Ramberg, in Lantbrukstidskrift för Dalarne (Falun 1952), pp 87-95.
K. Skovgaard, in the F.A.O. Agricultural Studies, 11 (Rome 1951), pp 52 sq.
A. Durand, La vie rurale dans les massifs volcaniques des Dores, du Cézallier, du Cantal et de l’Aubrec (Aurillac 1946), pp 140 sqq; J. Baert, “Deling van grond bij boerennalatenschap,” De Pacht (The Hague 1949), pp 134-152; A. W. Ashby & I. L. Evans, The agriculture of Wales and Monmouthshire (Cardiff 1944), p. 85, and M. Tcherkinsky, “The evolution of the system of succession to landed property in Europe,” Monthly Bulletin of Agricultural Economics and Sociology (Rome, IIA, 1941, Jun.).
French C. c. 832, cf Greek C. c. 1889, still providing for only facultative indivisibility.
On the geography of Anerbenrecht, see W. Henkelmann, “Grundstückszusammenlegung und Erbrechtsform,” Deutsche Agrarpolitik im Rahmen der inneren und äusseren Wirtschaftspolitik… hrsg. Fr. Beckmann, H. Bente & B. Harms (Berlin 1932), Vol. 1, pp 601–612; E. Grass & A. Münzinger, “Die Flurbereinigung in Süddeutschland,” Berichte über Landwirtschaft (Hemburg & Berlin 1936), Sonderh. 123, p 33 and the map facing p. 49, and W. Hartke, “Zur Geographie der bäuerlichen Liegenschaften in Deutschland,” Petermann’s geographische Mitteilungen (Gotha 1940), pp 16-19 and Plate 3.
E. H. Kaden, “The peasant inheritance law in Germany,” Iowa Farm Review (Iowa City 1934–35), pp 350-368.
Statute of 1947, 3 July, No 139; cf A. Bedřich, „A propos des questions de la propriété agricole et sa protection,” Bulletin de droit tchécoslovaque (Prague 1952, Dec. 1), p. 332. Cf also Fr. Kuber, “Besitzwechsel,” in V. Brdlík, Die sozialökonomische Struktur der Landwirtschaft in der Tschechoslowakei (Berlin 1936), pp 111-118.
J. Skeie, Odelsretten og aseteretten (Oslo 1951).
Sovetskoe grazhdanskoe pravo, red. D. N. Genkin (Moscow 1950), Vol. 1, pp 340 sq. Cf the Constitution of the USSR, Art. 7; further V. Gsovski, Soviet Civil Law (Ann Arbor 1948), Vol. 1, pp 773 sqq, and V. K. Grigor’ev, B. V. Erofeev & M. S. Lipetsker, Zemel’noe i kolkhoznoe pravo (Moscow 1957), pp 91 sqq, 252 sqq.
F. Dovring, “European reactions to the Homestead Act,” Journal of Economic History 22:4 (New York 1962, Dec), pp 461–472.
Reichsheimstätten-Gesetz of 1924, Jan 18. Cf M. Sering & C. v. Dietze, (ed.) Die Vererbung des ländlichen Grundbesitzes in der Nachkriegszeit (München & Leipzig 1930), Vol. 3, pp 4 sq with note 7; Smallholdings, First Report of the Smallholdings Advisory Council (London 1949); Land Settlement in Scotland, Report by the Scottish Land Settlement Committee (Edinburgh 1945); D. Arnskov, Smallholdings in Denmark (Copenhagen 1924); Loi de 12/6 1909 sur la consommation d’un bien de famille insaisissable; cf M. Augé-Laribé, La politique agricole de la France de 1880 à 1940 (Paris 1950), pp 89 sq.
Spain: Ley sobre colonización y distribución de la propiedad de las zonas regables, of 1949, April 4. Portugal: Regulamento de Lei No 2,014. Aproveitamento de terrenos pela colonizaçăo. Decreto No. 36,709 de 5 de Janeiro de 1948, in its Divisăo 3, stating that the owner may decide which one of the heirs is to take over the entire holding, but admitting also that the holding may remain undivided family property. This regards only the holdings created by the Junta de Colonizaçăo interna.
On England see G. Hallett, The economics of agricultural land tenure (London 1960), especially chapters 3 and 4.
Code rural art. 837 sqq, cf art. 809 sqq.
R. Savatier, article in Semaine juridique (Paris 1948), 2, 4420: “Le désir de donner la terre à celui qui la cultive l’emporte sur celui d’assurer au fermier une exploitation durable.”
Statute of 1951, July 7; cf W. G. A. Lammers, “De gewijzigde belgische pachtwetgeving,” Landbouwwereldnieuws (The Hague 1952, Jan), pp 53-57.
Belgian C. c. 1743, 1748; cf the statute of 1929, Mar 7, para. 3.
M. J. Boerendonk, Farm tenancy policy in the Netherlands (The Hague 1950). See also J. Pen, “Het pachtbeleid,” Economisch-statistische berichten (Rotterdam 1960), pp 900-902, 920-923.
Provvedimenti in materia agraria… Legislazione aggiornata al 1 guigno 1953… (Milano 1953), pp 3-43, and subsequent annual statutes in the Gazzetta ufficiale.
A. de Feo, “I patti agrari,” Notiziario C.G.I.L. (Rome 1954), pp 107-110, with proposed statute text, pp 111-117. More recent proposals include the complete suppression of sharecropping. Cf also F. Alvis, “L’equo canone d’affitto nelle provincie emiliane,” Rivista di economia agraria (Rome 1959), pp 460 sqq.
Cf L. Garcia de Oteyza, “Los regimenes de explotación del suelo nacional,” Revista de estudios agro-sociales (Madrid 1952), pp 49-62.
Constitution of the USSR, artt. 6–8; Ustav sel’skokhoziaĭstvennoĭ arteli — osnovnoi zakon kolkhoznoi zhizni (Moscow 1951), pp 36 sqq.
Ustav sel’skokhoziaistvennoi arteli (Moscow 1951), st. 13.
M. Gendel’man, “Vnutrikhoziaĭstvennoe zemleustroístvo kolkhozov s neskol’kimi naselennymi punktami,” Sotsialisticheskoe sel’skoe khoziaĭstvo (Moscow 1952, Mar), pp 38-46.
Thus the Bulgarian statute which is among the most radical ones, in V. Chervenkov, op. cit. (see Chapter 7).
A. W. Ashby & I. L. Evans, The agriculture of Wales and Monmouthshire (Cardiff 1944), p. 93, about the “good” landlord who charged a low rent but contributed no investment either.
Cf V. A. Dicey, Lectures on the relations between Law and Public Opinion in England during the nineteenth century (London 1905, re-ed. 1924).
A. W. Ashby & I. L. Evans, The agriculture of Wales and Monmouthshire (Cardiff 1944), p. 85.
K. Skovgaard & A. Pedersen, Survey of Danish agriculture (Copenhagen 1946), pp 35 sq.
Fr. Houillier, “Les modes de faire-valoir en France. L’importance économique et sociale du fermage,” Agriculture pratique (Paris 1951, Sep), pp 415-418.
P. Caziot, La valeur de la terre en France, 3 éd., rev., (Paris 1952), pp 27 sqq; cf also P. Voirin, “La propriété dite culturale dans le nouveau statut français du fermage,” Legislative information (Rome, FAO, 1950, Sep), pp 115–124.
Fr. Houillier, “Les modes de faire-valoir en France. Le métayage,” Agriculture pratique (Paris 1952, Jan), pp 11-14, and H. de Farcy, “La répartition des modes de faire-valoir en France,” Revue de géographie de Lyon (Lyon 1951), and Les diverses formes du métayage, Vol. 1 (Paris 1953).
Cf M. Andrault, article in Revue de législation agricole (Paris 1951, Sep–Oct).
L. Garcia de Otayza, “Los regímenes de explotación del suelo nacional,” Revista de estudios agro-sociales (Madrid 1952), pp 49-62. Cf also M. Garcia Isidro, “Contratos de aparceria: el célebre articulo 70 de la ley de 1940,” Agricultura (Madrid 1951, Feb), pp 70-74.
M. Rossi-Doria, “Considerazioni circa il carattere dei contratti di compartecipazione e di colonia parziaria nel Mezzogiorno d’Italia e i modi di una loro regolazione,” Rivista di economia agraria (Rome 1948), pp 318-333.
Thus at least in the Po valley; but also instances such as the portwine district in northern Portugal, and the Spanish huerta on the Mediterranean coast, would probably justify analogous conclusions.
M. Tcherkinsky, The land tenure systems of Europe (Geneva, League of Nations, 1939).
K. Kroeschell, Die Bodenordnung in der modernen Gesellschaft (Schriftenreihe für ländliche Sozialfragen, H. 34, Hannover 1951).
G. Prawitz, Jordfrågan (Stockholm 1951).
C. V. Noilhan, “Une évolution de la législation française en faveur de l’indivisibilité de l’exploitation agricole,” Académie d’agriculture de France, Comptes rendus (Paris 1951, Apr 11), pp 240-253.
O. Howald, “Das neue Bodenrecht,” Agrarpolitische Revue (Zürich 1949, fasc. 4), pp 121-128; idem, “Das neue schweizerische Landwirtschaftsgesetz,” Agrarische Rundschau (Wien 1952, Fasc. 8), pp 9-18; O. Kauffmann, Die Neuordnung des Landwirtschaftsrechtes (Zürich & Strasbourg 1952, reproducing two articles from the Agrarpolitische Revue).
Italian statute, No 841, of Oct 21, 1950. Cf L. Gui, “Le prime sei aziende modello,” Agricoltura (Rome 1952, May), pp 5-8, and A. Serpieri, “Imprese contadine e non contadine nell’agricoltura italiana,” Rivista di economia agraria (Rome 1951), pp 71-82. The Spanish statute is the Ley de explotaciones agrarias ejemplares of July 14, 1952; cf A. Leal García, “La ley de explotaciones agrarias ejemplares,” Revista de estudios agro-sociales (Madrid 1953, Apr–Jun).
Statute of 1951, 11 July, No 5, Recueil des lois (Prague) on sale and lease of land, and Statute of 1947, July 3, on farm inheritance. Cf A. Bedřich, “A propos des questions de la propriété agricole et sa protection,” Bulletin de droit tchécoslovaque (Prague 1952, Dec), p. 332.
“Leggi di riforma fondiaria e prowedimenti connessi,” including a number of statements relating to this legislation, published as a special issue of L’agricoltura italiana (Rome 1951); “Ley de colonizatión de grandes zonas,” Boletin oficial del estado (Madrid 1940, January 25, No 25). Cf R. Gomez Ayau, in the Revista de estudios agro-sociales (Madrid 1952), p. 32.
B. Rossi, “Il fondamento giuridico del limite alla proprietà,” L’agricoltura italiana (Rome 1950), pp 169-171; A. Ballarin Marcial, “El sentido humano del nuevo derecho de la agricoltura,” Arbor (Madrid 1953), pp 481-500; J. L. del Arco, “La nouvelle loi espagnole concernant l’entreprise agricole familiale,” Agrarpolitische Revue (Zürich 1953).
G. Costanzo, “The small holding: its creation and its problems,” Monthly Bulletin of Agricultural Economics and Sociology (Rome, IIA, 1943), pp 81–115.
H. Campion, Public and private property in Great Britain (London 1939).
“Statens utarrenderade domäner arrendeåret 1910–11,” Kungl. Statistiska Centralbyrån, Statistiska Meddelanden Ser. A, Vol. 1:2 (Stockholm 1913). On public forests in Sweden, see the official series, Kungl. Domänstyrelsens förvaltning, Skogsväsendet… 1911/12 et sqq, later changed to Sveriges officiella Statistik, Domänverket (annual issues).
A. E. Davies & D. Evans, Land nationalisation: the key to social reform (London 1921); R. A. Price, Public freeholds (London 1944); L. B. Powell, The land: State or free? (London 1946); R. G. Proby, “The future of private landowning,” Central Landowners Association, Journal (London 1949), pp 75-82. 165a. Thus. G. Clauson, Communal land tenure (Rome, FAO, 1953).
J. Días, Vilarinho da Furna. Uma aldeia comunitaria (Porto 1948); idem, Rio de Onor: comunitarismo agro-pastoril (Porto 1953).
J. Costa, Colectivismo agrario en España, 2 ed. (Madrid 1915); cf also M. Le Lannou, Pâtres et paysans de la Sardaigne (Tours 1941).
R. Belitch, La propriété foncière en Yougoslavie (Paris 1930).
See for instance J. M. Zumalacárregui, Ensayo sobre el orígen y desarollo de la propiedad comunal en España hasta el final de la Edad Media (Madrid 1903); L. Carretero y Nieva, Las comunidades castellanas en la historia y en el estado actual (Segovia 1922), and R. Altamira, Historia de la propiedad comunal (Madrid 1927).
P. Gronset, “Stölshamnene våre, Utskifting må til,” Norsk landbruk (Oslo 1944), pp 144 sq; on communal pastures in Norway see H. Slogedal, article in Tidsskrift for det norske landbrug (Oslo 1948), pp 4-13.
W. H. Ubbink, “Schaarweiden”, De Pacht (The Hague 1951), pp 162-180.
Bundesgesetz über die Erhaltung des bäuerlichen Grundbesitzes, of 1951, June 12, especially its art. 17. Cf also O. Kauffmann, Die Neuordnung des Landwirtschaftsrechtes (Zürich & Strasbourg 1952).
A. Durand, La vie rurale dans les massifs volcaniques des Dores, du Cézallier, du Cantal et de l’Aubrec (Aurillac 1946), pp 130 sqq, and J. P. Moreau, “Un cas particulier d’usages agraires: Les ‘communaux à viager’,” Revue de géographie de Lyon 33 (1958), pp 311–316.
G. Medici, “Proprietà collettive, demani, usi civici,” Rivista di economia agraria (Rome 1948), pp 303-317. Cf also G. Vöchting, “Mischbesitz, Allmende und Gemeindeeigentum in Süditalien,” Jahrbücher für Nationalökonomie und Statistik 162 (1950).
A. Leal García, “Modalidades de la propiedad inmobiliaria en la provincia de Cáceres,” Boletín del instituto de reforma agraria (Madrid 1934, Jun).
R. García Redruello, “Derecho rural consuetudinario: las’ suertes’ como forma de propiedad colectivizada en el agro español,” Surco (Madrid 1947), pp 29 sq.
P. Benassi, Affittanze collettive (Torino 1920), pp 43 sqq, with examples of Statutes, pp 101 sqq.
G. Pesce, La compartecipazione collettiva nell’azienda agraria, 2 ed., (Rome 1937).
Joint farming co-operatives, A preliminary survey (Geneva, ILO, 1949); H. F. Infield, “Cooperative farming in the world today,” Cooperative living (Poughkeepsie, N.Y., 1949, Spring); H. F. Infield & J. B. Maier, Cooperative group living: an international symposium on group farming and the sociology of cooperation (New York 1950).
G. Gojat & M. Tournier, “L’application des principes communautaires à la répartition des terres communales,” Diagnostic économique et social. Economie et humanisme (Paris 1951), pp 291-294.
P. Coutin, “Les exploitations agricoles en France,” Revue de l’action populaire (Paris 1951), pp 583 sqq.
P. Coulomb, “Réflexions sur la structure des groupements agricoles d’exploitation” l’Economie rurale 55 (Paris 1963, Jan/Mar), pp 61–69.
For instance, Spravochnik predsedatel’ia kolkhoza, 3 ed., (Moscow 1948); cf A. Vucinich, Soviet economic institutions (Stanford 1952), pp 57 sqq.
A. Kraeva, “Voprosy sochetaniíà lichnykh i obshchestvennykh interesov v kolkhozakh,” Voprosy ėkonomiki (Moscow 1961, No 8), pp 72-79.
G. Kotov, “O Perspektive zblizheniíà kolkhoznoĭ i sovkhoznoĭ form khoziaistva,” Voprosy ėkonomiki (Moscow 1961, No 2), pp 26-39.
For the background, see D. Warriner, Revolution in Eastern Europe (London 1950), chapters 7 and 8.
O. v. Frangeš, “Agricultural labour communities in south-eastern Europe,” Monthly Bulletin of Agricultural Economics and Sociology (Rome, IIA, 1941), pp 22–32.
Ibid., pp. 25sq; I. Balev. Zěmědělskoto stopanstvo i kooperativnata obrabotka na zemiata (Sofia 1940), p. 45; N. I. Kanev, Kooperativno obrabotvane na zemiate i natsionalen stopanski plan (Sofia 1939), and M. Genovski, Obsrtvenost i kultura (Sofia 1939), pp 202 sq.
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Dovring, F., Dovring, K. (1965). Land Tenure. In: Land and Labor in Europe in the Twentieth Century. Studies in Social Life. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-6137-6_5
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