Abstract
In the early 1820s when a young man named Heinrich Börnstein left his home in Lemberg in Galicia, Austrian territory since the partition of Poland, in order to make his way in the world, his father warned him,
Keep out of any conversation on politics and the organization of the state; even among close friends keep completely silent on these matters. Believe that each state is just as important for the temporal affairs of humanity as religion is for eternal salvation. Only simpletons and frauds pretend with their limitations to know everything better than anyone else, to be able to do everything better, and even to intend better. Don’t even joke about matters of government. If something seems questionable or even wrong, then trust that your lack of insight has given you a mistaken point of view.1
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References
Heinrich Börnstein, Fünfundsiebzig Jahre in der alten und neuen Welt, Memoiren eines Unbedeutenden (2nd ed., 2 v., Leipzig, Wigand, 1884), I, 109.
M 16 XII 18.
M 24 I 15.
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Hanns Schütter, Kaiser Franz und die Napoleoniden vom Sturze Napoleons bis zu dessen Tode, Archiv für österreichischen Geschichte LXXII (1888), 333–613; Edouard Werthei-mer, Die Verbannten des ersten Kaiserreiches.
To Metternich, 22 December 1815, Gentz Briefe, III, 316; Bibl, Wiener Polizei, 324–5; Springer, I, 299–300.
P 28 XII 16; M 19 I, 3 IV 17, P 6 IV 17; M 30 VI 19.
M 14, P 28 II 17; P 30 X, M 11 XI 16. Helfert, Gesch. Lomb.-Ven., 31–4, 36–7, 39–40, 41–2; R. John Rath, “The Habsburgs and the Great Depression in Lombardy-Venetia, 1814–18,” Journal of Modern History, XIII (1941), 305–21, esp. 305–6, 318–19, 320. The article emphasizes “the more benign intentions” of Francis I and the attempts made by the Haps-burg government to alleviate the worst evils of the great depression of 1814–18. The article does not consider the responsibilities of rulers to peoples whom they seize by force nor the degree to which Italian subjects paid for the recovery measures.
P 2, 8, M 18 II 17; P 26 III 17.
P 2, 8, M 18 II 17; P 26 III, M 5 IV 17; M 1 V 17; P 21 III 18 (N). According to P 26 III 15, Salis-Sils, brother of Johann von Salis-Soglio, disapproved of this undertaking. Ernst Brand, “Die Auswirkungen der deutschen Demagogenverfolgungen in der Schweiz,” Basler Zeitschrift für Geschichte und Altertum-Kunde, XLVII (1948), 137–208, 144.
P 21 III, M 1 V 18 (N); P 19 II 19. Springer, I, 262–3.
M 22, P 25 X 16. Renate Vowinckel, Ursachen der Auswanderung, gezeigt an badischen Beispielen aus dem 18. und 19. Jahrhunderten, Vierteljahrsheft für Sozial- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte, Beiheft 37 (Stuttgart, Kohlhammer, 1939)
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M 8, P 25 III 17; P 2, M 11 IV 17; M 8, 15, 29 VI 17. On the last sentence, especially M 11 IV 17. Metternich, Nachgelassenen Papieren, III, 51–3.
M 30, P 31 V 17; P 2, 7, 28 VI 17; M 4, 13, 23, 28 VI, 3, 14 VII 17. Georg Leibbrandt, Die Auswanderung aus Schwaben nach Russland 1816–1823 (Stuttgart, Ausland und Heimat AG, 1928), cited by Ernest J. Knapton, The Lady of the Holy Alliance, The Life of Julie de Krüdener (New York, Columbia Univ. Press, 1939), 181–2, 188, 190. Madame de Krüdener’s son-in-law, Berckheim, was an agent organizing this emigration for Alexander I. In the first six months of 1817 more than nine thousand Wuerttem-bergers were said to have left for the Caucasus.
P 1 VII 17.
P 1, 3, 4, 16, 21 VII 17; M 6, 7, 14, 15, 19, 30 VII, 3, 10 VIII 17; P 12 VIII, 16 X 17.
M 16 XII 17, 15 II 18, 23 HI, 8 IV, 19 IX 21, 25 VI, 5 VIII 22, 29 IX 23, 15 IV 24; Walker, 15–16, 19–24, 31.
P 8 VIII, M 11, 29 VIII 17; P 2, 8, M 10, 12 IX 17; M 20 XII 17. Knapton, 170–1, 188; Metternich, Nachgelassenen Papieren, III, 52–3.
M 3 VII 17; P 8, M 22 VIII 17; M 20, P 30 IX 17; M 19 XI 17. The leaders were a Nuremberg merchant, Johann Tobias Liesling, and a priest, Martin Boos. According to Grellet, 214, the latter was proscribed for declaring fundamental Christian truths about the natural corruption of the heart of man and about salvation by grace through the death of Christ and not by works.
P 1, M 16, 20 XII 17; M 22, P 27 V 18. Mettemich to Lebzeltern, Florence, 28 VI 17, Nachgelassenen Papieren, III, 51–2.
Catholic Encyclopedia, II (1907), 129; Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, XXVI, 454–5.
M 20 XII 17, 14, 17 I 18; P 3 III, 14 IV 18.
P 14 IV 18; 31 VIII 17. Catholic Encyclopedia, IX, 590.
M 29 IV 17. Stem, I, 305, 339–40; Heinrich von Treitschke, Deutsche Geschichte im ’neunzehnten Jahrhundert (5 v., Leipzig, Hirzel, 1886–95), II, 294–382, 405–6.
P 4 V 17. Treitschke, II, 169–71, 406–11.
P 14 XI 17; 26 IX 18 (N). Max Doblinger, “Der burschenschaftlichen Gedanke auf Österreichs Hochschulen vor 1859,” 33–4; Stern, I, 449–56. Treitschke, II, 411–16, 422–32.
Paul Molisch, “Die Wiener akademische Legion und ihr Anteil an den Verfassungskämpfen des Jahres 1848,” Archiv für Österreichische Geschichte, CX (1924), 1–207, 14
26a Dobiinger (36–7), declares that theological students from Siebenbürgen (Transylvania) had been in the Burschenschaften since 1815 and (72), that six theological students at Jena were at the Wartburg festival. Georges Weill, L’Europe du XIXe siècle et l’idée de nationalité (Paris, Albin Michel, 1938), 79.
Molisch, 15–16.
P 21 V 18; Gentz-Pilat, 285; Carlsbad, 25 July 1818; Adam Müller was then at the resort. Molisch, 18–19; Treitschke, II, 461–4.
M 12, P 14 III 18 (N). Also M 17 VI 18 (N); 15 IX 18, Johannisberg.
M 29 V 18 (N) (“To be opened personally”); P 9, 26 IX 18 (N); M 18 IX 18 (N), Johannisberg; M 8 X, 8 XI 18 (N), Aachen; P 10, 27 X 18; 10 XI 18 (N). On 5 February 1822 Moritz Trenck von Tonder wrote to the police about the expulsion of his Badenese friend, Baron von Botzheim, from Vienna. P 6 II 22 (N). “Il y avait en Vestphalie, dans le château de monsieur le baron de Thunder-ten-tronck, un jeune garcon à qui la nature avait donné les moeurs les plus douces.” First sentence of Candide ou l’Optimisme traduit de l’allemand de M. le Docteur Ralph (Paris, Hazan, 1947).
M 27 X 18 (N), Aachen (“To be opened personally”); Molisch, 17–19, with reference to the likemindedness of Wittgenstein and Metternich; Walter M. Simon, The Failure of the Prussian Reform Movement (Ithaca, Cornell Univ. Press, 1955), 137–9, with reference (138n.) to “the obvious fact that Wittgenstein was in Metternich’s service.” Treitschke, II, 485–6.
Doblinger, 34; M 6 III 19.
Doblinger, 38–9; Ernst Förster, Aus der Jugendzeit (Berlin and Stuttgart, Spemann, 1887), 147.
The two students to Heidelberg were Adolf Maria Pinkas, later important in Bohemian politics, and Karl Heinrich Fischer. Georg Heer, “Geschichte der Deutschen Burschenschaft, II. Die Demagogenzeit,” QD-Bursch, X (1927), 30–4. Hermann Münch, Böhmische Tragödie, 159–60.
Molisch, 16; Heer, 30–4; Doblinger, 39–40.
Förster, 156–7.
Stern, I, 555. Gentz Briefe, III, 376: to Metternich, 1 April 1819; Metternich, Nachgelassenen Papieren, III, 220–4.
Gentz Briefe, III, 387: 9 April 1819.
Ibid., 379: 1 April 1819; 380–2: 6 April 1819.
Metternich to Gentz, Rome, 10 April 1819, Gentz Briefe, III, 391–2; id., 9 April 1819, ibid., 388–89 (Nachgelassenen Papieren, III, 227).
P 15 IV 19. On the murder, Treitschke, II, 519–24, 525–35. Gentz to Metternich, Vienna, 25 April 1819, Nachgelassenen Papieren, III, 237.
M 5, P 6 IV 19; M 14 VIII 20. Doblinger, 72–3.
Rome, 23 April 1819, Gentz Briefe, III, 408–10; the analysis is ud; Nachgelassenen Papieren, III, 234–6.
M 30 IV 19. Jahrbuch der Grillparzer Gesellschaft, III (1893), 356 on Waehner.
Förster, 147–50; Doblinger 41–2; M VI 19 (no day): Berlin had inquired about För-ster’s expulsion as a recruiter for the Burschenschaft.
Doblinger, 41–2.
p 24 V (quotation), 29 VI 19.
25 April 1819, Gentz Briefe, III, 411–18; Metternich, Nachgelassenen Papieren, III, 237–42.
M 17, 20 VI 19, Perugia; 18 VIII 19.
Perugia, 17 June 1819, Gentz Briefe, III, 464–70, 465; Nachgelassenen Papieren, III, 250–6. Gentz to Metternich, 1 July 1819, Gentz Briefe, 437–7. Treitschke, II, 534–40.
P 16 (N), M 28 II 19; P 3 III 19; M 4 X 19.
Ibid.
M 10, P 13 (N) VII 19; M 19 VIII 19. Other warnings, M 16, 21 VII 19. Hans Schreider, “Das Attentat des Apothekers Karl Löning auf den Präsidenten Ibell (1819),” QDBursck, V (1920), 153p–70. Treitschke, II, 524–5.
Gentz Briefe, III, 482: 9 July 1819.
P 15 VII 19 (“secret”). Also P 23 VII 19; M 17, 20 VI, 9, 16, 21 VII 19; P 6 I 20 (N). Springer, I, 301–2.
M 26 VII 19, Carlsbad (“secret?”); Nachgelassenen Papieren, III, 217.
Ibid.; P 15 (“secret”), 23 VII 19; M 24 VIII 19, Carlsbad. Karl Friedrich Heinrich Marx was born in Carlsruhe and after winning a prize at Heidelberg in 1817 studied in Vienna. After his arrest in 1819 he was held nine months for investigation. Later in his career he was professor at Göttingen. Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, XX, 540–1. Paul Wentzke, “Die Anfänge der Freiburger Burschenschaft,” QDBursch, III (1912), 1–83, 59–61, 65–6; Doblinger, 45, 46–7, 52–3; Simon, 209–15. Treitschke, II, 540–69.
M 17 VIII 19, Carlsbad.
Treitschke, II, 569–88. Metternich, Nachgelassenen Papieren, III, 219.
M 4 X 19.
M 29 XI 19; P 4, 6, 19, 27 I 20 (N); M 2 II 20. Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, IX, 378–89, 383, 385; A. Petzold, “Die Zentral-Untersuchungs-Kommission in Mainz,” QDBursch, V (1920), 171p–258, 212.
P 4 IV 20.
P 28 VIII 20 (N).
Doblinger, 50–2; Heer, 31.
Heer, 31; Otto Erich Deutsch, The Schubert Reader, A Life of Franz Schubert in Letters and Documents (New York, W. W. Norton, 1947). 128–30; Doblinger, 53–7, 58–72; “Polizeidirektor Amberg in Innsbruck über die Dichter Johann Senn,” fahrbuch der Grill-parzer Gesellschaft, XXXII, 148–51; Molisch, 17; Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, XXXIV, 33–4.
Molisch, 15. For the entire affair surveyed in the following paragraphs see M 22 II 20 (N) (referring to M 1 XII 19, which I have not found); M 1, 5 III, 8 IV, 2 X 20 (N); P 26 VII 20 (N); M 23 I 21; P 7 V 21 (N), 10 IX 22; M 10 IX 22, 31 III, 30 V 23, 25 I 24. Springer I, 302; Doblinger, 77; Bibl, Wiener Polizei, 286–7; Edgar Bonjour, H. S. Offler, G. R. Potter, A Short History of Switzerland (Oxford, Clarendon, 1952), 240–2, 244–5, 248–9; Heer, 31; “Johann Heinrich David Zschokke (1771–1848),” Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, XLV, 449–59.
Förster, 181–99, 206. Förster complained to the Prussian minister Altstein but never received a response from the Austrian government nor his purloined papers. M 25 XII 21; 16 V, 18 VII 22, 2 II 23, 5 IX 24: repeated inquiries about what happened and a Prussian claim for compensation because of mistreatment of a student. Springer, 302–3. W. A. B. Coolidge, The Alps in Nature and History (London, Methuen, 1908), 359.
P 9 X 20; M 24 XI 20 (N), Troppau (“To be opened personally”). Petzold, 251; Heer, 109–12.
M 20 V 21 (N), Laibach; 2 VIII, 11, 27 IX, 25 X, 16 (N) XII 21; 6 IV, 6 V 22. 69 M 6 IV, 6 V 22.
M 22 XI 23. The youths were Adam Zamoiski and one Piontkiewiecz.
M 25 VIII 22, 22 VIII 23; 25 X 21. Petzold, 223–44, 248, 252; Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, V, 101–5; XXVII, 709–12; XIII, 62–3.
M 5, 10 II 24 (N) (“urgent”); P 20 II 24; M 22 II 24 (N) (“very urgent”); Petzold, 231, 232; IIse, 38. M 23 III 24 (N) (“urgent”); M 17 IV 24 (N); Treitschke, III, 309–10.
M 10 II 24 (“urgent”); M 15, 24 (“urgent”) III 24 (N); M 6 V 24; 1 and 1 (N) VIII 24 Johannisberg; 6 VIII 24 (N), Ischl; 11 XI 24. Petzold, 251.
M 14 II 24 (“urgent”); P 16, 24 V 24; M 22 XI 23; M 3, 13 (N) IV, 16 (N) VIII, 12, 31 (“urgent”) XII (N) 24; P 30 XI 24; M 25 II 25 (N).
M 6 III, 21 IX (N) (“very urgent”), 26 XII (N) 24; P 11 XII 24.
M 24 III 24 (N) (“urgent”): enclosure, Campz, Berlin, 5 III 24. Gentz to Metter-nich, Weinhaus, 11 VI 26, Gentz Briefe, III (2), 272.
M 5, 27 IV 24; 24, 25, 26 IX, 11 XI (N) 24. Fischer was another name mentioned, presumably Karl Heinrich Fischer who had been at Heidelberg with Adolf Pinkas.
M 22 XII 26 (“urgent”); 23 II, 21 III 27 (“urgent”); 25 IV 24 (N); 11 XII 24 (N). A. Andryane, Memoirs of a Prisoner of Slate, 3–45.
M 24 IX 24 (N); 25 IV 23; 26 IX, 22 X, 13 XI (“urgent”), 24 (N), 9 VII (N), 24 XI 25; 9 I 26; 8 II, 31 III, 13, 31 V, 4, 20 VII, 24 VIII, 20, 22 XII 26.
M 19, 29 (“urgent”) I 26; 5, 21 II, 4, 9 III, 8 V 26; last quotation 3 V 26. Ilse, 51; Petzold, 173–6, 179–80, 182–3, 191; Stern, II, 421–2; Treitschke, III, 343–6, 351–4.
M 22 VI 24; M 31 X, 9 XII (N) 24; M 15 I, 4 III, 13 VI 25; P 10 X, 30 XII 24. Heer, 33–4.
M 14 X 22, 2 XI 25, 26 I 26.
M 24 II 26; 10 VI, 3 VIII 27. Other instances of avoiding contact with foreigners, M 28 III, 29 VII 23, 20 VI 28.
M 22 XI 28; M 3, P 8 XI 28; M 8 XII 28.
M 18 VIII, 23 XI 29. According to Doblinger, QDBursch, VII (1925), 78, Protestant theological students from Transylvania and Hungary were permitted to study aboard in 1827–8.
M 2 X 30; K. Glossy, Jahrbuch der Grillparzer Gesellschaft, XXI (1912), iv. “Victor, Freiherr von Andrian Werburg (1813–1858),” Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, I, 451–2. Oesterreich und dessen Zukunft, published anonymously in 1842; second part in 1847.
M 9 (quotation), P 16 III 31; M 4 IV 31, referring to the Emperor’s order of March 29. K. Glossy, Jahrbuch der Grillparzer Gesellschaft, XXI (1912), xvi, v; Doblinger, 79
Victor Bibl, Metternich in neuer Beleuchtung (Vienna, Seidel, 1928), 61; Oberhummer, I, 170–1.
K. Glossy, Jahrbuch der Grillparzer Gesellschaft, XXI (1912), v.
M 11 X 30; P 12 VII, M 5 VIII 31. According to Julius Marx, “Die Zensur der Kanzlei Metternichs,” Österreichische Zeitschrift für öffentliches Recht, IV (n.s.) (1952), 170–237, 181 n., the Austrian authorities at one point were so annoyed about the Society’s involvement with political questions that they talked of cancelling the meeting.
The outbreak of cholera prevented the Vienna meeting from being held until 1832. R. Hinton Thomas, Liberalism, Nationalism and the German Intellectuals (1822–1847) (Cambridge, Heffer, 1951), 139. Thanks largely to Alexander v. Humboldt, the group met in Berlin in 1828 for the first time.
M 11 X 30.
Fritz Reinöhl, “Die österreichischen Informationsbüros des Vormärz, ihre Akten und Protokolle,” Archivalische Zeitschrift, XXXVIII (1929), 261–88.
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Emerson, D.E. (1968). Subversion in Austria and Germany. In: Metternich and the Political Police. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-6095-9_4
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