Abstract
By way of introduction, it may be useful to define the scope and object of gerontology and geriatrics1.
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References
This monograph is mainly based on the author’s paper in Croat in “Simpozion o gerontologiji” (The Symposium on Gerontology) published by the Yugoslav Academy of Sciences and Arts, Zagreb 1958. The introductory part is based on the ideas put forward in a short article: M. D. Grmek, Les aspects historiques des problèmes fondamentaux de la Gérontologie, Le Scalpel, 110: 158–64, 1957.
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Various definitions of geriatrics and gerontology are discussed e.g. by: E. L. Touhy, The terms “Geriatrics” and “Gerontology”, Geriatrics, 5: 45, 1950;
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M. Bürger, Altern und Krankheit, 3d ed., Leipzig 1957. — Historical reviews may also be found in the works quoted below as the introductory part to the authors’ own hypotheses.
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H. Lampert, Die kolloidchemische Seite des Alterns und ihre Bedeutung für die Entstehung und Behandlung einiger Krankheiten, Z. Alternsforsch., 1: 96–114, 1938.
A. V. Nagornyi, Problema starenija i dolgoletija (Problems of ageing and longevity), Kharkov 1940;
A. V. Nagornyi, Starenije i prodlenije zhizni (Ageing and the prolongation of life), Moscow 1950.
A. V. Nagornyi, Nagornyi’s theoretical deductions are criticized by Zh. A. Medvedev, Teorija prof. A. V. Nagornogo o stareniji organizma (Prof. A. V. Nagornyi’s theory of ageing), Fiziol. zhurnal SSSR, 38: 523–9, 1952.
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W. Kuhn, Mögliche Beziehungen der optischen Aktivität zum Problem des Alterns, Experientia, 11: 429–36, 1955.
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Galen, De pulsibus ad tirones, 9; De causis pulsum, III, 5.
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Cf. S. R. Burstein, The historical background of gerontology, Geriatrics, 10: 189–93, 1955.
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J. Smith, Rolleston has summarized the modern medical interpretation of the verses of Ecclesiastes. His remarks were published in his book: Medical aspects of old age, London 1932.
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Cf. M. D. Grmek, Santorio Santorio, Zagreb 1952.
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Genesis, V, 5, 8 and 27. — Comments on the legendary age of biblical patriarchs in: W. Ebstein, Die Medizin im Alten Testament, Stuttgart 1901; F. D. Zeman, Life’s later years, The ancient Hebrews, J. Mt. Sinai Hosp., 11: 97–104, 1944;
J. J. Griffin, Bible and old age, J. Gerontol, 1: 464–71, 1946 and 2: 71, 1947.
Psalm XC, 10.
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Cf. H. V. Vallois, La durée de la vie chez l’homme fossile, Compt. rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 204: 60–62, 1937;
F. Weidenreich, The duration of life of fossil man in China and the pathological lesions found in his skeleton, Chin. med. J., 55: 34–44, 1939;
F. D. Zeman, Life’s later years, J. Mt. Sinai Hosp., 11: 46, 1944.
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W. R. Macdonnell, The expectation of life in ancient Rome, Biometr., 9: 366–80, 1914;
A. R. Burn, Hic breve vivitur, a study on the expectation of life in Roman Empire, Past and Present, n. 4, 2–31. 1953.
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J. L. Angel, Increase of length of life in ancient Greece, Amer. J. phys. Anthrop., 5: 231, 1947.
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Based on the collection of ancient Latin inscriptions T. Mommsen, Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum, vol. V, Berlin 1875 (with the Supplement), and a new record of Istrian inscriptions: Inscriptiones Italiae, vol. X, regio X, Roma 1934–1947.
Cf. W. F. Willcox, The length of life in the early Roman Empire, Actes Congr. int. de Population, Paris 1937.
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Cf. L. I. Dublin, op. cit.; H. E. Sigerist, Civilization and disease, Ithaca, N.Y., 1945.
B. Škerlj, Prispevek k srednjeveški demografiji (A contribution to the study of mediaeval demography), Arheol. vestnik, 3: 250–6, 1952;
M. D. Grmek, Iz hrvatske medicinske proslosti (From the Croat medical history), Zagreb 1954.
L. I. Dublin, op. cit.; S. Pellez, Studies on mortality since the Renaissance, Bull. Hist. Med., 21: 50–101, 1947;
R. H. Shryock, The development of Modern Medicine, New York 1947.
L. I. Dublin, op. cit.; S. Pellez, op. cit.; H. F. Dorn, The increase in average length of life, Publ. Health Rep. Wash., 52: 1753–77, 1937;
A. Keutzer, Ueber die Entwicklung der mittleren Lebensdauer von 1875–1950, Med. Mschr., 9: 361–4, 1955.
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A. Lindheim, Saluti senectutis, Wien 1909.
Cf. also M. A. Legrand, La longévité à travers les ages, Paris 1911,
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Ch. W. Hufeland, Die Kunst das menschliche Leben zu verlängern, Berlin 1796.
W. Harvey, Anatomia Thomae Parr, 1635.
Published as appendix to the book J. Betts, De natura et ortu sanguinis, London 1669;
W. Harvey, The anatomical examination of the body of Thomas Parr, Transl. by R. Willis, London 1847.
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F. D. Zeman, Thomas Parr, the old, old, very old man, J. Gerontol., 4: 160–1, 1949;
W. J. Ford, Old Parr, Bull. Hist. Med., 24: 219–26, 1950.
Cf. L. I. Dublin, A. J. Lotka & M. Spiegelman, Length of life, New York 1949.
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J. B. Fischer, De senio etc., Erfurt 1854.
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On the problems of the maximum duration of life, besides the publications quoted above, see: P. Flourens, De la longévité humaine et de la quantité de vie sur le globe, Paris 1855;
E. R. Lankester, On comparative longevity in man and the lower animals, London 1870;
A. Pütter, Zur Physiologie der Lebensdauer, Naturw., 8: 201–5, 1920;
R. Pearl, Span of life and average duration of life, Nat. Hist., N.Y., 26: 26–30, 1926;
R. Pearl, The rate of living, New York 1928;
R. Kafemann, Das Problem des langen Lebens von Gorgias bis Alexis Carrel, Altersprobleme, 1: 33–44, 1937;
W. M. Malisoff, The span of life, Philadelphia 1937; W. M. Cobb, Human longevity in fancy and fact, J. nat. med. Ass., 46: 107–12, 1954.
V. Korenchevsky, The longest span of life based on the records of centenarians in England and Wales, Brit. med. J., 193: 14–16, 1947.
D. Kotsovsky, Kann der Mensch länger leben? Med. Mschr., 9: 433–6, 1955.
Cf. L. I. Dublin, op. cit.; W. M. Cobb, op. cit.
Cf. A. V. Nagornyi, SSSR-strana dolgoletija (USSR — the land of longevity), Nauka i zhizn, no. 10, 27–28, 1951,
V. N. Nikitin, Dolgoletie (Longevity), Nauka i zhizn, no. 8, 27–28, 1954.
R. Pearl, The ancestry of longlived, Baltimore 1934.
Cf. A. H. Vogt, Die senile Determination des Keimplasmas, beobachtet an eineiigen Zwillingen des 55–81 Jahres, Schweiz. med. Wschr., 65: 576–9, 1935.
E. Jalavisto, Inheritance of longevity according to Finnish and Swedish genealogies, Ann. Med. Ind. Fenn., 40: 263, 1951.
Cf. A. L. Vischer, Menschen mit braunen Augen werden nicht alt? Münch. med. Wschr., 84: 381, 1937;
S. Šefic, Boja oka i duljina zivota (The colour of the eye and longevity), Lij. Vjes., 71: 97–102, 1949.
I. Chin Yuan, The influence of heredity upon the duration of life in man, based on a Chinese genealogy from 1365 to 1914, Hum. Biol., 4: 41–68, 1932.
Lukianos, Longaevi, 10, 215.
Plinius, Nat. hist., XIV, 60.
The monument is now in the Archaeological Museum, Zagreb.
Ph. de Diversis, Descriptio Ragusina, 1440; S. Razzi, La storia di Raugia, Lucca 1595.
Evliya Tchelebi, Putopis (Travelbook), I, Sarajevo 1954.
J. W. Valvasor, Die Ehre des Herzogthums Crain, vol. III, Laybach 1689.
According to the official data on the results of censuses in Yugoslavia in 1921, 1931, 1948, and 1953.
J. W. Goethe, Faust, I, v. 2337–2604. — Cf. Pezold, Gcethe und das Problem der Verjüngung, Dtsch. med. Wschr., 58: 1099–1100, 1932.
Papyrus Edwin Smith, 21, 9–22. — Cf. J. H. Breasted, The Edwin Smith surgical papyrus, Chicago 1930. — Loret made comments on the recipe for rejuvenation in: Mélanges Maspero, Mém. publiés par l’Inst. Franç. d’Archéol. orient., 66: 853–77, 1934.
About the legendary treatment of the enchantress Medea see, for instance, D. Hovorka & A. Kronfeld, Vergleichende Volksmedizin, Stuttgart 1908, I, 432. — Ovidius mentions it in his Metamorphoses. — Specially interesting data on the same subject may be found in a manuscript of the work “Splendor Solis” (British Museum) dating from 1582, ascribed to Salomon Trismosin.
Cf. G. Goldschmidt, Das Jungkochen in der griechischen Alchemie, Ciba-Zschr., 5: 1985–8, no. 57, 1938,
S. R. Burstein, The quest for rejuvenation, Geriatrics, 10: 536–40, 1955.
Cf. Pausanias, II, 38, 2; H. Ethé, Alexanders Zug zur Lebensquelle im Lande des Finsterniss, München 1871;
F. A. Ober, Ponce de Léon, New York 1908; L. Masson, La fontaine de jouvence, Aesculape, 1937, 233–51 and 1938, 16–23; S. R. Burstein, op. cit.;
C. Talbot, The fountain of life, Bull. Hist. Med., 31: 1–16, 1957.
Cf. P. Diepgen, Elixir, das köstlichste der Arzneien, Ingelheim 1951.
R. Bacon, Opus maius, VI. — Cf. M. Neuburger, Geschichte der Medizin, II, Stuttgart 1911.
R. Bacon, De retardatione accidentium senectutis et senii, in: A. G. Little & E. Withington, Opera hactenus inedita Rogeri Baconi, vol. IX, Oxford 1928.
Arnaldus de Villanova, De conservanda juventute et retardanda senectute, Lipsiae 1511.
Theophrastus Paracelsus, Bücher der Archidoxa, published in: K. Sudhoff, Paracelsus sämtliche Werke, vol. III, München 1922.
Plinius, Nat. hist., XXXII, 25.
C. Leemans, Papyri Graeci musei antiquarii publici Lugduni Batavorum, Leyden 1885;
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Cf. M. D. Grmek, Iz povijesti alkemije u Istri (From the history of alchemy in Istria), Medicinar, 4: 136–8, 1950.
J. H. Cohausen, Tentaminum physico-medicorum curiosa de vita humana theoreticae et practicae per pharmaciam prolunganda decas, Coesfeld 1699.
I Kings, 1. -Cf. W. Ebstein, Die Medizin im Alten Testament, Stuttgart 1901;
J. McKenzie, History of health, Edinburgh 1758;
C. J. Brim, Medicine in the Bible, New York 1936.
J. H. Cohausen, Hermippus redivivus, sive exercitatio physico-medica curiosa de methodo raro ad CXV annos prorogandae senectutis per anhelitum puellarum, ex veteri monumento Romano deprompta, nunc artis medicinae fundamenta stabilita, et rationibus atque exemplis, necnon singulari chymiae philosophicae paradoxo illustrata et confirmata, Frankfurt a.M. 1742. — A German translation published in 1753.
Cf. J. Steudel, Zur Geschichte der Lehre von den Greisenkrankheiten, Sudhoffs Arch. Gesch. Med., 35: 8–9, 1942; an anonymous short article in Ciba-Zeitschrift, 3: 1214–5, 1936.
Ch. W. Hufeland, Die Kunst das menschliche Leben zu verlängern, Berlin 1796.
Th. Sydenham, Observationes medicae, Geneva 1749, I, 4. Cf. Steudel, op. cit.
Cf. J. G. Frazer, The magic art, London 1926.
Cf. G. A. Lindeboom, The story of a blood transfusion to a Pope, J. Hist. Med., 9: 455–9, 1954.
M. Ficino, De triplici vita libri tres, Venice 1498. — Cf. M. W. Thewlis, op. cit.
Cf. N. S. R. Maluf, History of blood transfusion, J. Hist. Med., 9: 59–107, 1954;
M. Zimmermann & K. M. Houwell, History of blood transfusion, Ann. Med. Hist., 4: 415–33, 1932.
Cf. F. Gundrum, Oproduljeniu života (On the prolongation of life), Zagreb 1907.
E.g. O. G. Wilhelm, Régénération de vieux animaux par transfusion de sang jeune, Comp. rend. Soc. Biol., 99: 1199–1201, 1928.
M. Ficino, op. cit. -Cf. B. Meyer, Kuriosum, Frauenmilch als Verjüngungsmittel, Z. Fleisch-u. Milchhyg., 38: 266–7, 1928; M. W. Thewlis, op. cit.
M. Neuburger, Geschichte der Medizin, Stuttgart 1906, I, p. 105.
Ch. F. Brown-Séquard, Des effets produits chez l’homme par des injections souscutanées d’un liquide retiré des testicules frais de cobayes et de chiens, Compt. rend. Soc. Biol., 41: 415–22, 1889.
Cf. N. Dunbar (edit.), The “elixir of life”, Boston 1889;
R. H. Major, Ch. E. Brown-Séquard, Essays in Biology in honour of H. M. Evans, Univ. of California Press 1943, 371–7;
J. M. Olmsted, Ch. E. Brown-Séquard, a nineteenth century neurologist and endocrinologist, Baltimore 1946.
E. Steinach, Verjüngung durch experimentelle Neubelebung der alternden Pubertätsdrüse, Berlin 1920; Sex and life, forty years of biological and medical experiments, New York 1940.
Cf. G. F. Corners, Rejuvenation, How Steinach makes people young, New York 1923;
N. Haire, Rejuvenation, the work of Steinach, Voronoff and others, New York 1925;
H. Benjamin, Eugen Steinach 1861–1944, a life research, Sci. Mon., New York, 61: 427–42, 1945.
H. Benjamin, The Steinach method as applied to women, N.Y. med. J., 114: 687–92, 1923; Steinach therapy against old age, review of 10 years experience, Amer. Med., 38: 467–72, 1932.
S. Voronoff, O prodleniji zhizni (On the prolongation of life), Moscow 1923;
S. Voronoff, Étude sur la vieillesse et le rajeunissement par la greffe, Paris 1925;
S. Voronoff, Rejuvenation by grafting, London 1925;
S. Voronoff, The conquest of life, New York 1928;
S. Voronoff,Testicular grafting from ape to man, London 1929;
S. Voronoff, Les sources de la vie, Paris 1933. — Cf. N. Haire, op. cit.
R. Simon, Une nouvelle méthode de rajeunissement, Strassb. méd., 88: 313–6, 1928;
A. Alhaique, Il ringiovanimento dell’organismo col metodo di Doppler, Rinasc. med., 8: 25–7, 1931.
N. G. Lebedinsky, Bekämpfung der Alterserscheinungen durch teilweises Zerreiben und Zerdrücken des Hodengewebes (Versuche an Hunden), Biol. Zbl., 50: 392–422, 1930;
N. G. Lebedinsky, Wiederauffrischung des alternden Organismus durch teilweises Zerreissen des Hodengewebes, Schweiz. med. Wschr., 65: 137, 1935.
G. Zucchi, La diatermia delle ghiandole genitali in sostituzione degli innesti di Voronoff e dell’operazione del Doppler, Policlinico, 35: 1107–8, 1928.
Cf. the note 21. — Metchnikoff‘s contribution to the study of rejuvenation and the control of premature senility is also presented by A. V. Nagornyi (Vrach. delo, 25: 229–36, 1945)
and A. L. Shvartsman (Klin. med., 32: 84–87, 1954).
Cf. S. Metalnikoff, Immortalité et rajeunissement dans la biologie moderne, Paris 1924.
On the various methods of the prophylaxis of old age cf. H. Glaser, Der Kampf gegen das Altern, Wien 1952; Prophylaxe des Alters, Wien. med. Wschr., 106: 373–6, 1956.
Cf. A. Lorand, Verjüngung durch Anregung der Blutbildung, Leipzig 1930;
D. Kotsovsky, Stoffe zur integralen Reaktivierung alter Tiere und des Menschen, Monatsber., 2: 54–62, 1936;
A. Lorand, Problem of rejuvenation, Lancet, 1, 189–190, 1931;
C. I. Parhon, Biologia virstelor, Cercetäri clinicae si experimentale, Bucarest 1955.
P. Niehans, La sénescence et le rajeunissement, Paris 1937.
Cf. K. J. Fischer, Niehans, Arzt des Papstes, München 1956.
C. L Parhon & A. Aslan, Novocaina, factor eutrofic si intineritor in tratamentul profilactic si curativ al batrinetii, Bucarest 1955.
The most important publications on the historical development of geriatrics published so far: I. L. Nascher, A history of geriatrics, Med. Rev. of Revs., 32: 281–4, 1926;
J. I. Freeman, The history of geriatrics, Ann. Med. Hist., 10: 324–35, 1938;
J. Steudel, Zur Geschichte der Lehre von den Greisenkrankheiten, Sudhoffs Arch. Gesch. Med., 35: 7–27, 1942;
J. Steudel, Der Marasmus senilis und die Geschichte der Alterskrankheiten, Med. Welt, 16: 932 and 957, 1942;
F. D. Zeman, Life’s later years, Studies in the medical history of old age, J. Mt. Sinai Hosp., 8: 1161–1165, 1942; 11: 45– 52 , 97– 104 , 224– 231 , 300– 307 , 339–344, 1944; 12: 783– 791 , 833– 846 , 890– 901 , 939–953, 1945; 13: 241–256. 1947; 16: 308–322, 1950; 17: 53–68, 1950;
M. Neuburger, Zur Geschichte der Hygiene und der prophylaktischen Medizin des Greisenalters, Wien. klin. Wschr., 63: 797–801, 1951;
T. H. Howell, Our advancing years, London 1953;
M. W. Thewlis, The care of the aged, London 1954;
A. Ruiz Moreno, Notes para la historia de las enfermedades de la vejez, Humana Studia, ser. II, 6: 105–122, 1954.
A critical review of the main publications on the history of geriatrics and gerontology is given by G. Gruman, An introduction to the literature on the history of gerontology, Bull. Hist. Med., 31: 78–83, 1957.
About geriatrics in Corpus Hippocraticum cf. Auchier, Des maladies de la vieillesse d’après Hippocrate, Paris 1804;
J. Steudel, op. cit.; A. Ruiz Moreno, op. cit. and F. D. Zeman, op. cit.
Quotations from Hippocrates are translated on the basis of the Greek and French edition of E. Littré, Oeuvres complètes d’Hippocrate, Paris 1846–1861, and a Latin translation by Janus Cornarius, Hippocratis Coi opera omnia, Venice 1739.
Hippocrates, Aphorisms, I, 13, 14, II, 39, 54, III, 31.
Hippocrates, Praenotiones Coacae, 502; Aphorisms, II, 39, III, 24–31, VI, 6; Epidemiorum liber VI, 8, 11; De morbis, I, 2, 22; Praedictiones, II, 1.
Hippocrates, De diaeta, I, 32; Aphorisms, III, 18.
Hippocrates, Aphorisms, II, 49, 54, III, 18; De diaeta, I, 33.
Cf. Ch. G. Gumpert, Asclepiades Bithyni fragmenta, Weimar 1794;
R. M. Green, Asclepiades, his life and writings, New Haven 1955. — The American historian of medicine Ralph H. Major is of the opinion that Asclepiades “may be described as the father of geriatrics” (History of Medicine, Springfield 1954, p. 165).
A. C. Celsus, De re medica, II, Praef., 6.
A. C. Celsus, De re med., II, Praef., 4; III, 2, 12 and 9.
Aretaios, De causis et signis acutorum et diuturnorum morborum, Paris 1554. — About Aretaios‘ contribution to geriatrics cf. T. H. Howell, Our advancing years, London 1953,
and E. F. Cordell, Aretaeus the Cappa-docian, J. Hopk. Hosp. Bill., 1909, 371.
Galen, De sanitate tuenda, V, 4; De marcore, 5. — Cf. R. M. Green, A translation of Galen’s Hygiene, Springfield 1951. — Data on Galen‘s contribution to geriatrics are well presented by J. Steudel, op. cit.
Galen, De temperamentis, II, 2; De sanitate tuenda, V, 9; De marcore, 3.
Galen, Da sanitate tuenda, V, 4; VI, 2.
Galen, op. cit., V, 11; VI, 6.
Galen, Comm. sept, in Aph. Hipp., II, 40; III, 12; III, 31; De san. tuenda, V, 6; De temp., II, 2; De marcore, 1; De dissect, vulvae, 8; In progn. Hipp. comm., I; De praesag. ex puis., II, 4.
Galen, De san. tuenda, V, 3, 4, 7 and 10; De marcore, 9; De alim. facult., III, 29; Comm. sept, in Aph. Hipp., I, 13; De med. meth., I, 15; In Hipp. de victu acut. comm., IV, 19.
Galen, De san. tuenda, V, 4.
Oribasios, Euporiston, I, 11; Synopsis, V, 18. — Cf. Bussemaker-Daremberg, Oeuvres d’Oribase, Paris 1851–1876, III, 166 etc.
Aetios of Amida, Tetrabiblos, IV.
Paulus Aegineta, De re medica, I, 23.
Alexander Trallianus, De re medica, XII, 5.
Rhazes, Liber Almansoris, Basel 1544.
Ali Abbas, Regalis dispositio, Lyon 1523, I, 23.
Avicenna, Canon medicinae, Venice 1595, lib. I, fen 3, doctr. 3: Sermo universalis in regendo senes.
Avicenna, Cantica, Venice 1595, II, 99–105: Regimen senum.
Cf. F. D. Zeman, Life’s later years, The medicine of Islam, J. Mt. Sinai Hosp., 11: 399–44, 1945.
Isaac Judaeus, De particularibus dietis libellus, Padova 1487, fol. 51v et 56r.
Maimonides, De regimine sanitatis ad Soldanum Saladinum, Augsburg 1518;
Maimonides, Über die Lebensdauer, Transl. by G. Weil, Basel 1953.
Cf. W. Ebstein, Die Medizin im Alten Testament, Stuttgart 1901;
W. Ebstein, Die Medizin im Neuen Testament und im Talmud, Stuttgart 1903;
J. J. Griffin, Bible and Old Age, J. Gerontol., 1: 464–471, 1946 and 2: 71, 1947.
Cf. J. Ordronaux, The Code of Health of the School of Salernum, Philadelphia 1870;
Ch. Meaux Saint-Marc, L’Ecole de Salerne, Paris 1880.
R. Bacon, De retardandis senectutis accidentibus, et de sensibus conservandis, published in: Opera hactenus inedita R. Baconi, ed. by A. G. Little and E. Withington, vol. IX, Oxford 1928;
R. Bacon, The cure of old age and preservation of youth, transl. by R. Browne, London 1683.
Cf. E. Withington, Roger Bacon and Medicine, Bacon Essays, Oxford 1914;
J. Steudel, op. cit.; Anon., R. Bacon and his cure for old age, Ann. Roy. Coll. Surg. Engl., 18: 286–7. 1956.
Arnaldusde Villanova, De conservanda juventute et retardanda senectute, Leipzig 1511;
Arnaldusde Villanova, The conservation of youth and defence of age, Woodstock 1912.
Cf. E. Förster, Roger Bacons De retardandis senectutis accidentibus und Arnald von Villanovas De conservanda juventute et retardanda senectute, Leipzig 1924.
M. Ficino, De triplici vita libri tres, Venice 1498.
Ms. Bibl. Nat. lat. 11015. - Cf. E. Wickersheimer, Dictionnaire biographique des médecins en France au Moyen-Age, Paris 1936, I, 216.
S. Albicus, Vetularius, Leipzig 1484. — Cf. M. Neuburger, Geschichte der Medizin, Stuttgart 1911, II, 504.
Cf. O. Schrutz, Albikova zivotosprâva pro cisare Zikmunda, Cas. lek. cesk., 58: 86 , 117 and 145, 1909.
G. Zerbi, Gerentocomia, scilicet de senium cura atque victu, Roma, ex ofhcina E. Silveri, 1489.
Cf. F. D. Zeman, The Gerontocomia of Gabriele Zerbi, A fifteenth century manual of hygiene for the aged, J. Mt. Sinai Hosp., 10: 710–716, 1944;
L. Münster, Studi e ricerche su Gabriele Zerbi, Riv. stor. sci. med., 41, no. 1, 1950;
L., Münster, Il primo trattato pratico compiuto sui problemi della vecchiaia: La “Gerentocomia” di Gabriele Zerbi, Riv. Ital. di geront. e geriatr., 1, no. 1, 1951;
Glesinger, Lijecnici i cudotvorci (Physicians and magicians), Zagreb 1955.
Leonardo‘s drawings and notes concerning old age may be found in his Dell’ Anatomia, Fogli B, f. lor, llv and 22v; Fogli A, 3r; Codex Atlanticus, 71r, 76r, 112r, 252r; Treatise on Painting, chap. 168. -Cf. E. Belt, Leonardo da Vinci’s studies on the aging process, Geriatrics, 7: 205–11, 1952; Ch. O’Malley & C. M. Saunders, Leonardo da Vinci on the human body, New York 1952;
M. Galeazzi. Spunti di gerontologia in Leonardo da Vinci, Ann. med. nav., 58: 378–86, 1953.
Cf. F. D. Zeman, Life’s later years, The revival of learning, J. Mt. Sinai Hosp., 12: 833–46, 1945; J. Steudel, op. cit.
H. Brisianus, Geraeologia, Trident 1583. 198.
J. B. Montanus, Consultationes de variorum morborum curationibus, Basel 1557.
J. B. Montanus, Amatus Lusitanus, Curationum medicinalium centuriae septem, Venice 1566.
D. de Pomis, Enarratio brevis de senum affectibus praecavendis atque curandis, Venice 1588. —Cf. Münster, “Enarratio brevis de senum affectibus” de David de Pomis, le plus grand médecin israelite en Italie au XVI siècle, Rev. Hist. Méd. Hebr., 1954, 125–36.
G. Palaeotus, De bono senectutis, Roma 1595.
Cf. K. Stern & T. Cassirer, A gerontological treatise of the Renaissance: “De bono senectutis” by Gabriele Paleotti, Amer. J. Psychiatr., 102: 770–3, 1946.
A. du Laurens, Discours de la conservation de la vue, des maladies mélan-choliques, des catarrhes, et de la vieillesse, Paris 1597. — Cf. F. D. Zeman, op. cit.
Cornaro, Trattato de la vita sobria, Padova 1558;
Cornaro, Sure and certain methods of attaining a long and healthy life, with means of correcting a bad constitution, London 1704; Philadelphia 1793;
Cf. W. B. Walker, Luigi Cornaro, a Renaissance writer on personal hygiene, Bull. Hist. Med., 28: 525–34, 1954;
S. Marcovitch, An early record of vitamin C deficiency, Bull. Hist. Med., 14: 395–7, 1943;
H. E. Sigerist, Landmarks in the history of hygiene, London 1956.
S. Santorio, De medicina statica, Venice 1614;
Medicina statica, or rules of health, London 1676. —Cf. Steudel, op. cit., 13–15;
M. D. Grmek, Santorio Santorio, Zagreb 1952.
W. E. Vest, William Shakespeare gerontologist, Geriatrics, 9: 80–2, 1954.
A. Anselmus, Gerocomia, sive de senum regimine libri tres, Venice 1606;
F. Bacon, Historia vitae et mortis, London 1623;
F. Ranchin, Opuscula medica (containing a tractate: Gerokomike, de senum conservatione et senilium morborum curatione), Lyon 1627;
M. Sebizius, Dissertatio de senectutis et senum statu ac conditione, Strassburg 1641;
J. Michaelis, De senum affectibus, 1660 (published in Opera medica omnia, Nürnberg 1688);
H. Meibom, Epistola de longaevis, Helmstadt 1664;
V. Alberti, Dissertatio de senectute, Leipzig 1667.
Cf. F. D. Zeman, Life’s later years, The seventeenth century, J. Mt. Sinai Hosp., 12: 890–901, 1946:
C. Strong, Observations on gerontology in the seventeenth century, J. Gerontol., 7: 618–9, 1952;
J. T. Freeman, François Ranchin, contributor of an early chapter in geriatrics, J. Hist. Med., 5: 422–31, 1950.
Ch. Warlitz, Valetudinarium senum, Leipzig 1708;
Altmann, Dissertatio de senio eruditorum, Leipzig 1711;
Glagau, Dissertatio de senectute ipsa morbo, Leyden 1715.
R. Welsted, De aetate vergente liber, London 1724;
G. Cheyne, An essay of health and long life, London 1724;
J. Hill, The old man’s guide to health and long life, London 1761;
J. Fothergill, Rules for the preservation of health, London 1762.
J. Floyer, Medicina gerocomica, or the Galenic art of preserving old men’s healths, London 1724.
-Cf. J. A. Gunn, Sir John Floyer, Med. Press and Circ., 189: 297, 1934;
F. D. Zeman, Life’s later years, J. Mt. Sinai Hosp., 12: 939–941, 1945.
G. van Swieten, Oratio de senum valetudine tuenda, Wien 1778.
Cf. H. Glaser, Van Swietens Rat en die Alten, Neuburgers Festschrift, Wien 1948, 190–192.
A. Littré, Mém. Acad. roy. sci. de Paris, 1706, 25; J. Keill. Phil. Trans., 25: 306, 1706;
W. Cheselden, The anatomy of the human body, London 1713;
J. J. Scheuchzer, Phil. Trans., 42: 313, 1723.
J. B. Fischer, De senio ejusque gradibus et morbis necnon de ejusdem acquisitione tractatus, Erfurt 1754. -Cf. J. Steudel, op. cit.; F. D. Zeman, op. cit.
J. B. Morgagni, De sedibus et causis morborum per anatomen indagatis, Venice 1761. — Cf. P. Astruc, Essai sur Jean-Baptiste Morgagni, Paris 1950; G. Spina, op. cit.
Morgagni‘s geriatric observations deserve a detailed study. Cf. Morgagni, op. cit., Epist. II, art. 17; III, 11, IV, 11; VI, 12; VII, 9 and 10; XI, 6; XII, 2; XV, 15; XVI, 8 and 12; XVIII, 14; XVIII, 28; XIX, 58; XX, 5, 33, 39 and 63; XXI, 4, 15, 17 and 19; XXIII, 6 and 11; XXVI, 31; XXVII, 28; XXXIV, 25; XXXVII, 30; XXXVIII, 12 and 13; XLI, 6; XLIV, 15; XLVII, 24; LX, 6; LXII, 7; LXIV, 8; LXVII, 9 and 11; LXIX, 10.
J. B. Morgagni, op. cit., IX, 7. — M. Gerbezius, Pulsus mira inconstantia, Misc. curiosa Ephem. Acad. Nat. Cur., 10: 115–8, 1692.
B. Rush, An account of the state of body and mind in old age, with observations on its diseases and their remedies, In: Medical inquiries and observations, vol. II, Philadelphia 1805. — Cf. F. D. Zeman, op. cit. - About first geriatric works in America cf.
W. D. Postell, Some American contribution to the literature of geriatrics, Geriatrics, 1: 41–5, 1946.
Ch. W. Hufeland, Die Kunst das menschliche Leben zu verlängern, Berlin 1796 (in later editions under the title: Makrobiotik) ; The art of prolonging human life, London 1829.
Cf. Ch. W. Hufeland, Selbstbiographie, Edit. by W. von Brunn, Stuttgart 1937; M. Bürger, op. cit.
B. W. Seiler, Anatomiae corporis humani senilis specimen, Erlangen 1799;
B. W. Seiler, De morbis senum, Wittenberg 1806.
C. F. Canstatt, Die Krankheiten des höheren Alters und ihre Heilung, I-II, Erlangen 1839. — Cf. J. Steudel, op. cit.
Cf. G. Guillain & P. Mathieu, La Salpêtrière, Paris 1925. — A good presentation of the role of Salpêtrière in the development of geriatrics in France is given by
F. F. Zeman, Life’s later years, The nineteenth century, J. Mt. Sinai Hosp., 13: 241–256, 1947; 16: 308–322, 1950, and 17: 53–68, 1950. The articles quoted also contain a very good description of the development of the Anglo-American geriatric literature in the 19th century.
J. E. D. Esquirol, J. B. A. Chevallier, R. Villerme & A. J. B. Parent-Duchatelet, Note relative à quelques conditions que doivent présenter les hopitaux destinés à des individus agés de plus de 60 ans, et infirmes, Ann. Hyg. Publ., 9: 296–307, 1833.
The books on the hygiene of old age published in Paris by: J. A. Millot (1807), J. Tenon (1813), F. Terrier (1813), J. Salgues (1817) and S. Guyetant (1836).
Rostan, Mémoire sur cette question: l’asthme des vieillards est-il une affection nerveuse? Paris 1817;
Rostan, Recherches sur une maladie encore peu connue, qui a reçu le nom de ramollissement du cerveau, Paris 1820.
J. Cruveilhier, Anatomie pathologique du corps humain, vol. I-II, Paris 1829–1842.
C. R. Prus, Recherches sur les maladies de la vieillesse, Mém. Acad. roy. Méd., 8: 1–27, 1840.
J. H. Réveillé-Parise, Traité de la vieillesse hygiènique, médicale et philosophique, Paris 1853.
M. Durand-Fardel, Traité clinique et pratique des maladies des vieillards, Paris 1854.
R. Virchow, Die Cellularpathologie in ihrer Begründung auf physiologische und pathologische Gewebelehre, Berlin 1858.
Geist, Klinik der Greisenkrankheiten, 1–2, Erlangen 1857–1860.
C. Mettenheimer, Nosologische und anatomische Beiträge zu der Lehre von den Greisenkrankheiten, Leipzig 1863; Sectiones longaevorum, Frankfurt a.M. 1868.
Cf. H. Mettenheimer, Carl von Mettenheimer, Berlin 1940.
J. M. Charcot, Leçons sur les maladies des vieillards et les maladies chroniques, Paris 1867; Clinical lectures on senile and chronic diseases, Transl. by W. S. Tuke, London 1881. —
Cf. G. Guillain, J. M. Charcot, sa vie, son oeuvre, Paris 1955, and A. Ruiz Moreno, op. cit., 117–119.
J. Sinclair, The code of health and longevity, Edinburgh 1804.
Cf. R. Burstein, The “cure” of old age: codes of health, Geriatrics, 10: 328–32, 1955; F. D. Zeman, op. cit.
A. Carlisle, Essay on the disorders of old age, Philadelphia 1819.
G. E. Day, A practical treatise on the domestic management and most important diseases of advanced life, with an appendix upon the treatment of lumbago, sciatica, and paralysis, London and Philadelphia 1849.
A. Burns, Observations on some of the most frequent and important diseases of the heart, Edinburgh 1809;
T. L. Brunton, On the use of nitrite of amyl in angina pectoris, Lancet, 1: 97–98, 1867;
W. Murrell, Nitro-glycerine as a remedy for angina pectoris, Lancet, 1: 80–81, 1879.
D. Maclachlan, A practical treatise on the diseases and infirmities of advanced life, London 1863;
J. M. Fothergill, The diseases of sedentary and advanced life, New York 1885.
Cf. F. D. Zeman, op. cit.; W. D. Postell, op. cit.
E. Demange, Etude clinique et anatomo-pathologique de la vieillesse, Paris 1886;
J. Boy-Teissier, Leçons sur les maladies des vieillards, Paris 1895.
A. Seidel, Die Pathogenese, Komplikationen und Therapie der Greisenkrankheiten, Berlin 1889; Diseases of old age, New York 1890.
A good description of the progress in the knowledge of the diseases of old age made in the second half of the 19th century is given by F. D. Zeman, op. cit. Valuable data may also be found in the general reviews of the history of medicine by F. H. Garrison, A. Castiglioni, P. Diepgen, and R. H. Major.
J. G. Lobstein, Traité d’anatomie pathologique, Paris 1833, II, 553–600.
Cf. M. A. Ruffer, On arterial lesions found in Egyptian mummies (1580 B.C.-A.D. 525), J. Pathol. Bacteriol., 15: 453–62, 1911;
Buchheim, Die Arteriosklerose der alten Aegypter, Ther. Ber., 28: 79–83, 1956.
Cf. G. Elliot Smith, The unwrapping of Pharaoh, Brit. Med. J., 1: 342–343, 1908;
S. G. Shattock, Microscopic sections of the aorta of king Merneptah, Lancet, 1: 319, 1909.
Cf. F. Henschen, Geographic and historical pathology of arteriosclerosis, J. Gerontol, 8: 1–5, 1953.
S. von Basch, Ueber die Messung des Blutdruckes am Menschen, Z. klin. Med., 2: 79–96, 1881; Ein Metall-Sphygmomanometer, Wien. med. Wschr., 33: 673–5, 1883.
H. Huchard, L’arterio-sclérose subaiguë dans ses rapports avec les spasmes vasculaires et son traitement par la trinitrine, Gaz. Hop. (Paris), 60: 1034–5, 1887.
O. Josué, Athérome aortique expérimental par injections répétées d’adrénaline dans les veines, Cr. Soc. Biol., 55: 1374–6, 1903.
O. Klotz, Arteriosclerosis, Lancaster 1911.
N. Anitchkow & S. S. Chalatow, Ueber experimentelle Cholesterinsteatose und ihre Bedeutung für die Entstehung einiger pathologischen Prozesse, Zbl. allg. Path., 24: 1–9, 1913.
Cicero, Cato maior sive de senectute. The original text published, for instance, in Loeb Classical Library, New York 1930. An English translation e.g. Cicero‘s Cato, or an essay on old age, London 1773.
Cf. A. R. Chandier, Cicero’s ideal old man, J. Gerontol., 3: 285–9, 1948;
N. Crisafulli, Il de senectute di Marco Tullio Cicerone, Longevità, 1: 19–22, no. 4, 1952;
Carp, Cicero speaks on old age, Geriatrics, 10: 43–5, 1955.
Cf. M. Neuburger, Die Schilderung der Alterserscheinungen in der römischen Literatur, Eesti Arst, No. 1 and 3, 11–14 and 70–73, 1925.
W. Osler, The fixed period, Aequanimitas and other addresses, London 1906.
Cf. W. White, Re-echoes of Sir William Osier’s “The fixed period”, Bull. Hist. Med., 5: 937–40, 1937;
F. D. Zeman, Beard’s “legal responsibility on old age” and its possible relationship to Sir William Osier’s “fixed period” address, N.Y. St. J. Med., 54: 1527–9, 1954.
Cf. W. G. Sumner, Folkways, New York 1906;
J. Koty, Die Behandlung der Alten und Kranken bei den Naturvölkern, Stuttgart 1934;
W. Simmons, The role of the aged in primitive society, New Haven 1945;
W. Simmons, Attitudes toward aging and the aged: primitive societies, J. Gerontol., 1: 72–95, 1946;
H. E. Sigerist, History of medicine, vol. I, New York 1951;
E. Lips, Alter und die Behandlung der Alten bei den Naturvölkern, Zschr. Altersforsch., 7: 1–18, 1953.
Cf. B. E. Richardson, Old age among the ancient Greeks, Baltimore 1933;
W. Simmons, Old age security in other societies, Geriatrics, 3: 237–44, 1948;
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Democritus, fr. 201. — Cf. H. Diels, Die Fragmente der Vorsokratiker, 5th ed., Berlin 1935.
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Grmek, M.D. (1957). On Ageing and Old Age. In: Bodenheimer, F.S., Weisbach, W.W. (eds) Monographiae Biologicae. Monographiae Biologicae, vol 1-5. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-5246-6_2
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