Abstract
Foreign investment in United States real estate has escalated in recent years, the chief attractions appearing to be the relative economic and political stability of the United States, including the legal guaranties against confiscation of private property; the tendency of United States real estate to appreciate in value, often faster than the rate of inflation; the favorable tax treatment available to foreign investors; and, especially since 1978, the relatively lower prices, in terms of foreign currency, resulting from the decline of the dollar. Investments have ranged from agricultural lands to improved property, particularly shopping centers, office and industrial buildings, and hotel and resort facilities. Although certain sections of the country generally have been preferred over others, as prime properties in the more popular investment areas of the country become increasingly rare, foreign investments should become more widespread.
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Notes
U.S.C., Section 22. (1971).
U.S.C., Section 181.
U.S.C., Section 22, 28 Pub. Lands, December 1978.
U.S.C., Section 181.
U.S.C., Sections 1001–1025 (Supp. 1977).
Id., Section 1015.
C.F.R., Section 3202.2–1(b) (1977).
U.S.C.A., Section 797(c) (1976).
U.S.C.A., Section 315(b) (Supp. 1978). Grazing permits are issued only to United States citizens, those who have declared their intention to become citizens, or to groups, associations, or corporations authorized to conduct business under the laws of the State in which the grazing district is located.
U.S.C. app., Sections 1–44 (1970).
C.F.R., Sections 501–510 (1978).
C.F.R. 500 (1977). See also 31 C.F.R., Section 515 (Cuban Assets Control Regulations), and 31 C.F.R., Section 530 (Rhodesian Sanctions Regulations).
U.S.C.A., Sections 1501–1512 (Supp. 1977).
Id., Sections 1501, 1502.
Id., Section 1503.
Id., Section 1501.
Id., Section 1506.
Pub. L. Number 93–479, 88 Stat. 1450 (1974); 15 U.S.C.A., Section 78b.
Foreign Investment Study Act of 1974; Hearings Before the Subcommittee on Foreign Commerce and Tourism of the Senate Committee on Commerce, 94th Cong., 2d Sess. (1976).
U.S.C.A., Sections 3101–3108 (Supp. 1977).
Id., Section 3101(c).
Ex. Or. Number 11962, 9 January 1977, 42 F.R. 4323.
U.S.C.A., Section 3103(6).
Id., Section 3103(c).
Id., Section 3103(d).
Id., Section 3105.
Id., Section 3104(b).
C.F.R., Section 806.3(b) (1978).
U.S.C.A., Section 3102(10), 15 C.F.R., Section 806.7(j).
U.S.C.A., Section 3102(c).
Id., Section 3102(7), 15 C.F.R., Section 806.7(g).
U.S.C.A., Section 3102(8), 15 C.F.R., Section 806.7(h).
C.F.R., Sections 806.15(e), (f), (g).
Id., Section 806.15(d).
Fed. Reg. 54.623 (1978).
U.S.C.A., Section 3104(c), 15 C.F.R., Section 806.5.
U.S.C.A., Section 3104(c), (d), 15 C.F.R., Section 806.5.
U.S.C., Sections 3501–3508.
Id, Section 3501(a).
Id., Section 3501(b).
Id., Section 3501(c).
Id, Section 3501(d).
Id., Section 3502.
Id, Section 3505.
Id., Section 3508(1).
Id., Section 3508(3).
Id., Section 3508(4).
Missouri v. Holland, 252 U.S. 416 (1920).
Protocol to Convention of Establishment, United States-France, 25 November 1959, Paragraph 14, (1960) 11 U.S.T. 2398, 2423, T.I.A.S. Number 4625.
In this section, all statutory references are to the Internal Revenue Code of 1954, as amended, and all citations to regulations refer to the treasury regulations under that Code, as amended.
Pub. L. Number 89–809, 80 Stat. 1539 (1966), I.R.C., Sections 861–896.
See Regs., Sections 1.1–1(b), 1.871–1(a). Resident aliens are subject to special rules with regard to foreign taxes paid, see I.R.C., Section 901.
Reg., Section 1.871–2(b).
I.R.S. Publication 519, pp. 1–2; Rev. Rul. 69–611.
See I.R.C., Sections 871–877 and Section 1441 for non-resident alien individuals and Sections 811–884 and Section 1442 for alien corporations.
I.R.C., Sections 871(a) and 441 for alien individuals and I.R.C., Sections 881(a) and 1442 for foreign corporations.
I.R.C., Section 871(a)(2).
I.R.C., Sections 873(a), 882(c)(1)(A).
I.R.C., Sections 871(d), 882(d).
I.R.C., Sections 871(b), 882(a).
I.R.C., Sections 873(a), 882(c)(1).
I.R.C., Section 875.
I.R.C., Section 864(b)(1).
I.R.C., Section 864(b)(2).
I.R.C., Sections 864(c)(1)(A), 864(c)(3).
I.R.C., Section 864(c)(2).
I.R.C., Sections 864(c)(4) and (5), Regs., Section 1.864–6.
I.R.C., Sections 864(c)(5)(A), Regs., Section 1.864.7(d).
I.R.C., Section 864(c)(4)(B)(i), Regs., Section 1.864–5(b)(1).
I.R.C., Section 864(c)(4)(B)(ii), Regs., Section 1.864–5(b)(2).
I.R.C., Section 864(c)(4)(B)(iii), Regs., Section 1.864–5(b)(3).
I.R.C., Section 864(c)(4)(D)(i).
I.R.C., Section 894(a).
Santa Clara County v. Southern Pacific Railroad Company, 118 U.S. 394, 396 (1886).
Yick Wo v. Hopkins, 118 U.S. 356 (1886).
F. S. Roysten Guano Co. v. Virginia, 253 U.S. 412, 415 (1920).
Korematsu v. United States, 323 U.S. 214 (1944).
Graham v. Richardson, 403 U.S. 365 (1971). Note, however, that this case also involved a fundamental right.
Yick Wo v. Hopkins, 118 U.S. 356 (1886).
Id.
Sugarman v. Dougall, 413 U.S. 634 (1973).
In re Griffiths, 413 U.S. 717 (1973).
Examining Board of Engineers, Architects and Surveyors v. Flores de Otero, 426 U.S. 572 (1976).
Reed v. Reed, 404 U.S. 71 (1971).
U.S. 503 (1947).
Blythe v. Hinckley, 180 U.S. 333 (1901).
U.S. at 517.
Zschering v. Miller, 389 U.S. 429 (1968).
Mississippi Code Ann., Section 89–1–23 (1972).
Connecticut Gen. Stat. Ann., Section 47–57 (1960).
See Hauenstein v. Lynham, 100 U.S. 483 (1880); Fairfax’s Devisee v. Hunter’s Lessee, 11 U.S. (7 Cranch) 603 (1812).
Henderson v. Mayor of City of New York, 92 U.S. 259 (1876).
United States Constitution, Article VI, Paragraph 2.
Pennsylvania v. Nelson, 350 U.S. 497, 502–10 (1956); see also Hines v. Davidowitz, 312 U.S. 52 (1941).
C.F.R. pts. 501–10 (1976).
C.F.R. pts. 500, 515, 530 (1975).
U.S.C. App., Sections 1 through 44 (1970).
Morrison, Limitations on Alien Investment in American Real Estate, 60 Minnesota Law Review 621, 663.
Alabama Constitution, Article 1, Section 34.
Alabama Code, Section 35–1–1 (1975).
Alabama Code, Section 10–2–2(2) (1975).
Alabama Code, Sections 10–2–230 through 10–2–256 (1975). Typically, the process of qualification to transact intrastate business requires filing with a state officer sufficient information regarding the foreign corporation to allow proper taxation of such intrastate business and the appointment of an agent for service of process. Penalties for failure to so qualify, besides civil penalties in favor of the state, include disqualification from maintaining any suit based upon such business. In most states, however, where a claim of failure to comply with the foreign corporation qualification procedures is made, the defect may be cured by making the appropriate filing and paying the statutory fees and penalties.
See Alabama Code, Section 10–2–160(4) (1975).
Alaska Stat., Section 13.11.060 (1977).
Id., Sections 10.05.597, 10.05.615.
Id., Sections 10.05.603, 10.05.009(4).
Id., Section 38.05.190 (1973).
Arizona Rev. Stat., Sections 33–1201 through 33–1210, which limited the rights of aliens not eligible to citizenship and corporations controlled by such aliens, were repealed by 1978 Laws ch. 129. That act also removed restrictions on alien purchase of state lands (Arizona Rev. Stat., Section 37–231). While the state constitution and statutes are now silent on the question of whether an alien may own real property, the intent of 1978 Laws, ch. 129, appears to have been to remove all restrictions.
Id., Section 14–2112 (1974).
Id., Section 10–002(11) (1974).
Id., Section 10–107 (1974). With respect to the rights of domestic corporations to deal in real property see Id., Section 10–004(4) (1974).
Id., Section 10–110 (1974).
Arkansas Constitution, Article 2, Section 20.
Arkansas Stat. Ann., Section 50–301 (1971 replacement).
Id., Section 64–102(B) (1966 replacement).
Id., Section 64–1201.
`(A) prohibition against acts by foreign corporations will not be implied, in the absence of an express prohibition or a disclosed rule of public policy.’ Fletcher, Cyclopedia of the Law of Private Corporations, Section 8353 (1977).
Arkansas Stat. Ann., Section 10–926 (1976 replacement).
California Constitution, Article 1, Section 20. Earlier constitutional restrictions on resident foreigners were repealed in 1974.
California Civ. Code, Section 671.
California Corp. Code, Sections 171, 2105, 2101.
Id., Section 2105.
Id., Sections 206, 207, 208.
California Pub. Res. Code, Section 6801.
Colorado Constitution, Article 11, Section 27.
Colorado Rev. Stat., Section 15–11–112 (1973).
Id., Section 7–1–102(8).
Id., Section 7–9–107.
Id., Section 7–9–104.
Id., Section 7–3–101(d).
Connecticut Gen. Stat. Ann., Section 47–57 (Rev. 1958).
Id., Section 47–58.
Id., Section 45–278.
Id., Sections 33–284(j), 33–284(u), 33–396.
Id., Section 33–401.
Id., Section 33–397(a).
Delaware Code Title 25, Section 306 (1974).
Id, Section 308.
Id., Section 307.
Id., Title 8, Section 371(a).
Id., Title 25, Section 305.
District of Columbia Code Ann., Section 45–1501 (1973). See also 48 U.S.C., Section 1508.
U.S.C., Sections 1501–1512.
Id., Section 1502.
F.2d 635 (D.C. Cir. 1929), 58 App. D.C. 391, cert. Den., 279 U.S. 867.
U.S.C. 1508 (Supp. 1977).
District of Columbia Code Ann., Section 19–321 (1973).
Id., Sections 29–902(b), 29–902(o).
Id., Section 29–933(a).
Id., Section 29–201.
U.S.C., Section 1502 (Supp. 1977), Larkin v. Washington Loan and Trust Co, 31 F.2d 635 (D.C. Cir. 1929).
Federal law permanently bars from citizenship subversives (8 U.S.C., Section 1424), deserters from the armed forces during wartime or draft evaders if convicted (Section 1425), those relieved from training or service in the armed forces because of their alienage (Section 1426) and the many categories of aliens who may never be lawfully admitted to the United States for permanent residence (Section 1182(a)).
Florida Constitution, Article 1, Section 2.
Florida Stat. Ann., Section 732.1101 (Supp. 1977).
Id., Section 607.004(2).
Id., Section 607.304(1).
Id., Sections 607.307, 607.011(2)(b).
Defined as `the subjects of foreign governments, not naturalized under the laws of the United States’. Georgia Code Ann., Section 79–302 (1973).
Id., Section 79–303.
Id., Sections 22–102(b) (Rev. 1977), 22–1401(a).
Id., Sections 22–1402, 22–202(6)(5).
Hawaii Rev. Stat., Sections 206–9, 516–33 (Supp. 1974).
Id., Section 171–68.
Id., Section 171–74.
Id., Section 171–71.
Id., Section 418–1.
Id., Section 418–7.
Idaho Code, Section 55–103 (1957).
Id., Section 15–2–112.
Idaho Constitution, Article II, Section 10, Idaho Code, Sections 30–1–2, 30–1–106.
Id., Sections 30–1–11, 30–1–4.
Id., Section 58–313.
Illinois Rev. Stat., Chapter 6, Sections 1, 2 (Smith-Hurd Supp. 1978).
Id., Section 2. A provision allowing such action to be brought by a private citizen has been held unconstitutional. Kunstman v. Shinsaku Nagano, 389 III. 231, 59 N.E. 2d 96 (1945).
Illinois Rev. Stat., Chapter 6, Section 3.
Id., Section 9.
Id., Chapter 32, Sections 157.2–2, 157.106 (Smith-Hurd 1975).
Id., Sections 157.103, 157.5.
Id., Section 157.7.
Indiana Code Ann., Section 32–1–8–1 (1973).
Id., Section 32–1–8–2.
Id., Section 32–1–8–1.
Id, Sections 23–1–1–1(b), 23–1–11–4.
Id., Sections 23–1–11–2, 23–1–2–2(b)(4).
Id., Sections 23–1–2–2(a), 23–1–2–2(b).
Iowa Constitution, Article I, Section 22.
Iowa Code Ann., Section 567.2 (House file 148).
Id., Section 567.1(1).
Section 567.3.
Id., Section 567.5.
Id., Section 567.6.
Id., Sections 567.8, 567.9.
Id., Section 567.11.
Id., Section 567.10.
Id., Sections 567.1 through 567.11.
Id., Section 567.1(4).
Id., Section 172C.4.
Id., Section 172C.4 (house file 451).
Id., Sections 172C.5 through 172C.10.
Id., Section 172C.4(12).
Kansas Constitution, Bill of Rights, Section 17 (1889).
Kansas Stat. Ann., Section 59–511 (1977).
Id., Section 59–512.
Id., Sections 17–7301(a), 17–7305(c), 17–7505.
Id., Section 17–7305(c).
Id., Section 17–7505.
Id., Section 17–5901.
Id., Section 17–5902.
Kentucky Rev. Stat. Ann., Section 381.290 (1970).
Id., Section 381–300.
Id., Section 381.320.
Id., Section 381.310.
Id., Section 381.330.
Id., Sections 271A.010(2), 271A.520, 271A.540, 271A.545.
Id, Sections 271A.525, 271A.020.
Id., Section 271A.705.
Kentucky Ops. A.G. 78–585.
Louisiana Rev. Stat., Sections 12:1(k), 12:301, 12:304.
Id., Sections 12:306, 12:41(B)(4).
Maine Rev. Stat. Ann., tit. 33, Section 451 (1978).
Id., tit. 18, Section 901.
Id., tit. 13A, Section 102(11).
Id., tit. 13A, Section 1204, tit. 13A, Section 202(1).
Maryland Real Prop. Code, Section 14–101 (1975).
Maryland Corp. Ass’ns. Code, Section 1–101(L) (1975).
Massachusetts Gen. Laws Ann., Chapter 184, Section 1 (1970).
Id, Chapter 206, Section 27A.
Id., Chapter 181, Section 1.
Id., Chapter 181, Section 3.
Id., Chapter 181, Section 2 and Chapter 156, Section 7.
Michigan Comp. Laws Ann., Section 26.1105 (1970).
Id.
Id., Section 26.1106.
Id., Sections 21.200(107)(2), 21.200(1016)(1).
Id., Sections 21.200(1002), 21.200(261)(A).
Minnesota Stat. Ann., Section 500.221(2) (Supp. 1975).
Id., Section 500.221(1).
Id., Section 500.221(3).
Id., Section 500.221(4).
Id, Sections 300.02(6), 303.06, 303.08.
Id., Sections 303.09, 300.08(4).
Id., Section 500.221.
Id., Section 500.24 (Supp. 1977–78).
Id., Sections 500.24(2)(c) and (d).
Mississippi Constitution, Article 4, Section 84(19).
Mississippi Code Ann., Section 89–1–23.
Id.
Id., Sections 79–3–3, 79–3–211, 79–3–219.
Id., Sections 79–3–213, 79–3–7(d).
Id., Section 29–1–75.
Missouri Rev. Stat., Section 442.560 (1978).
Id., Section 442.586.
Id.
Id., Sections 442.576, 442.586.
Id., Section 442.566.
Id., Sections 442.560 through 442.591.
Id., Sections 350.010 through 350.030.
Id., Section 350.030.
Montana Stat. 1979, Chapter 115.
Montana Code Ann., Section 72–2–214 (1975).
Id., Sections 35–1–102(2), 35–1–1001(3), 35–1–1008.
Id., Sections 35–1–1005, 35–1–108(4).
Id., Section 77–2–306.
Nebraska Constitution, Article I, Section 25.
Nebraska Rev. Stat., Section 76–402 (1970).
Id., Section 76–413.
Id., Section 76–414.
Id., Section 76–405.
Id., Section 76–408.
Id., Section 4–107.
Id., Section 76–411.
Id., Sections 76–402, 76–414.
Id., Section 76–413.
Id., Section 76–411.
Id., Section 76–404.
Id., Section 76–406.
Id., Section 76–407.
Id., Sections 76–1503, 76–1506.
Nevada Rev. Stat., Section 111.055 (1973).
Id., Section 134.230.
Id., Sections 80.010, 80.040 (Supp. 1977).
Id., Sections 111.055, 78.060(2)(d) (1973).
New Hampshire Rev. Stat. Ann., Section 477:20 (1968).
Hanafin v. McCarthy, 95 N.H. 36, 37, 57 A.2d 148, 149 (1948); Lazarow v. Moraros, 101 N.H., 383, 143A.2d 669 (1958).
New Hampshire Rev. Stat. Ann., Section 300:4(a).
Id., Section 300:1.
Lumbard v. Aldrich, 8 N.H. 31 (1835).
New Jersey Rev. Stat., Section 46:3–18 (Supp. 1975).
Id.
Id., Section 3A:25–10.
In Re Estate of Kish, 52 N.J. 454, 246, A.2d, 1 (1968).
New Jersey Rev. Stat., Sections 14A:1–2(j), 14A:13–4(2).
Id., Sections 14A:13–4(2), 14A:3–1(1)(d).
Id., Section 14A:13–1.
New Mexico Stat. Ann., Section 70–1–24 (1953).
New Mexico Constitution, Article II, Section 22 (as amended in 1921).
-30 A.G. Op. 11, See also N. Mex. Ops. A.G. 1963–64, Number 63–120, indicating the possible unconstitutionality under the United States Constitution of the above cited provision of the New Mexico Constitution.
New Mexico Stat. Ann., Sections 51–24–2(B), 51–30–1, 55–30–5.
Id., Section 51–30–2, 51–24–4(D).
New Mexico Constitution, Article II, Section 22.
New York Real Prop. Law, Section 10(2) (1968).
Id., Section 15.
Id., Section 10(3).
New York Surr. Ct. Proc. Act, Section 2218 (Supp. 1975).
New York Bus. Corp. Law, Section 1304(b) (1963).
Id., Section 1307.
North Carolina Gen. Stat., Section 64–1 (1975).
Id., Section 64–3.
Id., Section 64–5.
Id., Sections 55–2(4), 55–131(a), 55–137, 55–138.
Id., Sections 55–132, 55–17(b)(1).
North Dakota Cent. Code Ann., Section 47–01–11 (Supp. 1979).
Id., Section 47–10.1–02.
Id., Section 47–10.1–04.
Id., Section 47–10.1–05.
Id., Section 30.1–04–12.
Id., Sections 10–19–02(2), 10–22–01, 10–22–05.
Id., Sections 10–22–02, 10–19–04(4).
Id., Sections 47–10.1–01 through 47–10.1–06.
Id., Sections 10–06–01 through 10–06–06.
Ohio Rev. Code Ann., Section 2105.16 (1968).
Id.
Id., Section 5301.254 (effective 19 March 1979).
Id., Section 5301.99 (effective 19 March 1979).
Id., Section 1703.01(B).
Id., Section 1703.01(c).
Id., Section 5301.254.
Id., Section 5301.99.
Oklahoma Constitution, Article 22, Section 1.
Oklahoma Stat. Ann., tit. 60, Sections 121 through 127 (1971).
Id., Section 122. This section is of questionable validity insofar as it purports to apply to a resident alien who leaves Oklahoma but remains in the United States.
Id., Section 123.
Id., tit. 18, Section 1.2(3) (1975).
Id., Section 1.199.
Oklahoma Constitution, Article 22, Section 2; Oklahoma Stat. Ann., tit. 18, Section 1.20 (Supp. 1977–78).
Wall Street Journal, 19 September 1979, at p. 16, column 3.
Oklahoma Stat. Ann., tit. 18, Section 951 (Supp. 1977–78).
Id., Sections 951, 955.
Id., Section 956.
Id., Section 952 (misdemeanor, fine not more than 500 dollars).
Oregon Rev. Stat., Sections 57.004(7), 57.665(1), 57.675(1)(a).
Id., Sections 57.660, 57.030(4).
Id, Section 57.757 as amended by 1977 Or. Laws, Chapter 49, Sections 2–4, 13, 14. This was a temporary measure for information gathering only and is effective only until 1 July 1981.
Id., Sections 517.010, 517.044.
Id., Section 273.255.
Pennsylvania Stat. Ann., tit. 68, Section 32 (1965).
Id., tit. 20, Section 2104(8).
Id., tit. 15, Section 1002(8), tit. 20, Sections 2001A, 2003, 2004.
Id., tit. 15, Section 2012.
Rhode Island Gen. Laws, Section 34–2–1 (1956).
Id., Sections 7–1.1–2(b), 7–1.1–99, 7–1.1–103.
Id., Sections 7–1.1–4(d), 7–1.1–100.
South Carolina Constitution, Article III, Section 35.
South Carolina Code, Section 27–13–30 (1976).
Id., Section 27–13–40.
Id., Section 27–13–10.
Id., Sections 33–23–10, 33–1–20(c), 33–1–20(u).
Id., Section 27–13–10.
Id., Sections 27–13–30, 27–13–40.
South Dakota Compiled Laws Ann., Section 43–2–9 (1967).
Id., Section 29–1–17.
Id., Section 43–2A-2 (Supp. 1979).
Id., Sections 43–2A-3, 43–2A-4.
Id., Section 43–2A-6.
Id., Sections 47–2–1(2), 47–8–7.
Id., Sections 47–8–2, 47–8–4, 47–2–58(4).
Id., Section 47–9A-3 (Supp. 1977).
Tennessee Code Ann., Section 64–201 (1976).
Id.
Id., Sections 48–102(m), 48–1101(1).
Id., Sections 48–402(c), 48–103(3).
Texas Rev. Civ. Stat. Ann., Article 166a.
Id., Article 1302–4.01, 1302–4.02, 1302–4.03.
Id., Article 1302–4.04.
Id., Article 1302–4.05.
Id., Article 1302–4.06, 1302–4.07.
Utah Code Ann., Section 75–2–112 (1975).
Id., Sections 16–10–2(b), 16–10–102, 16–10–106.
Id., Sections 16–10–103, 16–10–4(d).
Vermont Constitution, Chapter II, Section 66.
State v. Boston, Concord Montreal R. R. Co., 25 Vt. 170 (1853).
Vermont Stat. Ann., tit. 11, Section 1802(2), tit. 11, Section 2101.
Id., tit. 11, Section 2102, tit. 11, Section 1852(4).
Virginia Code Ann., Section 55–1 (1974).
Id., Section 64.1–4.
Id., Sections 13.1–102, 13.1–106, 13.1–2(d).
Id., Section 13.1–103.
Washington Rev. Code Ann., Section 64.16.005 (Supp. 1976). Constitutional restrictions against alien ownership of real property were repealed in 1966.
Id., Sections 23A.32.010, 23A.32.050.
Id., Section 23A.32.020.
West Virginia Constitution, Article II, Section 5.
West Virginia Code, Section 36–1–21 (1966).
Id., Section 42–1–4.
Id., Sections 31–1–6(j), 31–1–53, 31–1–54 (Supp. 1976).
Id., Sections 31–1–8(d), 31–1–50.
Id., Section 11–12–75.
Wisconsin Constitution, Article 1, Section 15.
Wisconsin Stat. Ann., Section 710.02 (Spec. Pamphlet 1977).
Id., Section 710.01.
Id., Sections 180.02(2), 180.801, 180.813.
Id., Sections 180.04(4), 180.807.
Id., Sections 710.02.
Id., Section 182.001 (Supp. 1977–78). The restrictions of this section when combined with the restrictions of Section 710.02 effectively foreclose large-scale farming operations in Wisconsin by foreign interests.
Wyoming Constitution, Article 1, Section 29.
Wyoming Stat. Ann., Section 34–15–101 (1977).
Id., Section 34–15–102.
Id., Section 34–15–103.
Id., Section 2–3–107.
Id., Sections 17–1–102(ií), 17–1–701, 17–1–705, 17–1–706.
Id., Sections 17–1–702, 17–1–104(iv).
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Salkin, R. (1980). United States. In: Campbell, D. (eds) Legal Aspects of Alien Acquisition of Real Property. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-4421-8_13
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