Abstract
The trend towards environmental protection is gaining momentum. Social and political forces are increasing the pressure for more environmentally-sound technological decisions. Companies also recognize that initiatives such as adoption of proper materials and waste management, efficient process and product design, energy efficiency, and recycling can be both profitable and environmentally preferable. New standards and mandates are encouraging companies to better manage their environmental costs and considerations; international standards1 are now requiring companies to develop environmental management systems.
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Notes
Compliance with ISO 14001 standard, the Environmental Management System (EMS) specification document, has strong potential for becoming a de—facto requirement for conducting trade.
Hakkinen, T. and Kaipiainen, M. 1996. Ecological Criteria in Building Design and Planning, Finnish Building Information Institute, [on—line] http://www.rts.fi/ecologi.htm
Standard guide for residential Green Building is at present under consideration in an ASTM technical Committee
http://www.archrecord.com/CONTEDUC/ARTICLES/8_99_I.asp
PRé, Product Ecology Consultants, Tools for Ecodesign [on line]: http://www.pre.nl/designer.html
In Holland, rainwater pipings traditionally had a diameter of 80 mm; after a deeper analysis of the building regulations, the diameter was reduced to 30 mm due to a simple optimisation of the hydraulic properties of the water inlet.
http://www.crest.org/environment/gotwh/general/materials/index.html (AIA Environmental Resource Guide)
http://solstice.crest.org/environment/greenclips/msg00098.html
http://pti.nw.dc.us/publications/pubs.pdf (PTI — Public Technology, Inc. — Urban Consortium Environmental Task Force)
http://www.crest.org/efficiency/iiec-seguide/guide.html (Solstice)
http://www.eren.doe.gov/consumerinfo/energy_savers (U.S. Department of Energy — EREN, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy)
http://www.greenbuilder.com/sourcebook (Green Builder Sourcebook)
www.nps.gov (National Park Service)
http://www.ecodesign.bc.ca (Ecodesign)
http://www.aett.gov.bc.ca/environmental/data/environt/sec—one.htm (British Columbia — Ministry of Advanced Education, Training and Technology — Environmental Report)
http://www.maho.org/guidelines.html (Design Guidelines for Maho Bay Camps, Inc. and the U.S. National Park Service)
The Passive Solar Industries Council (PSIC)
http://www.fin.gov.bc.ca/cd/documents/Green—Buildings—Checklist200l.pdf
http://www.recycle.net/ncra/gbdbase.html (Green Building Products and Materials Directory)
http://www.greenseal.org (Green Seal Products Directory)
http://www.enviresource.com (On—line Catalog of the Environmental Home)
http://www.greenbuilder.com/sourcebook (Sustainable Building Sourcebook)
http://es.epa.gov/new/business/aia/aia.html (The Environmental Resource Guide)
http://www.advancedbuildings.org (Advanced Technologies)
http://www.greenbuilder.com/sourcebook/contents.html (Green Builder Sourcebook)
http://www.shai.com/projects/envkb.htm (EnvKB, Environmental Knowledge Base)
Dewees Island Chronicle, Vol. V n.1, [on—line]:http://www.deweesisland.com/culture_newsletters.asp
The problem is: right information at the right site. Do citizens search for a web site devoted to sustainable building, hosted by research institutes, or do they surf around home agencies?
http://www.its-canada.com/reed (REED — Residential Energy Efficiency Database)
Richmond upon Tham — Richmond LA21 — “Building Responsibly” [on—line]: http://www.wlfoe.demon.co.uk/rut_la21/building.html
http://starsky.djc.com/firms/get/ae/Penv4Ose0.html (DJC on—line, Environmental Works)
http://www.enermodal.com/sbdesign_index.html (Enermodal)
http://www.ecodesign.bc.ca/res/ecpo/index.html (EcoDesign)
http://members.planet.it/freewww/arch.nat/English_text.html (Architettura*Natura)
http://www.eaue.de (European Academy of Urban Environment)
http://www.ciwmb.ca.gov/calmax (California Integrated Waste Management Board’s)
http://www.maui.net/—mrghimex (Maui Recycling Group’s HIMEX)
http://www.aud.ucla.edu/energy—design—tools (UCLA School of the Arts and Architecture)
http://www.enermodal.com/index.html (ENERPASS, Enermodal Engineering)
http://eande.lbl.gov/CBS/NEWSLETTER/NL3/EDA.html (POWERDOE)
http://gaia.lbl.gov/bda (BDA — Building Design Advisor)
http:// www.nrel.gov (NREL — National Renewable Energy Laboratory)
http://www.enermodal.com/catalognew.html (CATALOGUE, Enermodal Engineering)
http://www.eren.doe.gov/buildings/codes_ standards/buildings/index.html (MecCHECK)
http://www.eren.doe.gov/buildings/tools_directory (U.S. DOE, Building Energy Software, Tools Directory)
http://www.epa.gov/opptintr/acctg/rev/toc.htm (U.S. EPA — Environmental Protection Agency)
http://www.energyideas.org/energy_solutions/
The complete LCA method has 5 steps: definition of the objectives of the study, inventory (quantification of mass and energy balances of the system), classification (quantification of environmental indicators e.g. global warming potential), evaluation (comparison of results with a reference case) and improvement (identification of the possibilities of reducing impacts).
LCA was mainly developed for industrial products with current life times of weeks and months; on the contrary, buildings are produced as one-of—a—kind products, their lifetime may be up to hundreds of years, they include a large and still growing number of materials, and their design process is complex, involving many actors with often contradicting targets.
See, for example: — ISO 14040 1997 Environmental management life cycle assessment principles and framework — ISO 15686 1998 Buildings—Service life planning Part 1 General Principles
http://www.ivambv.uva.nl/uk/producten/product7.htm
http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/mms/pubs/eco/trusty.pdf
http://ekolserv.vo.slu.se/(sv)/Docs/www/Subject/Intemet_Resources/600-649/607_GreenClips.50_06.19.96
Ten Basic Concepts for Architects and other Building Designers [on—line]: http://www.sakura.net/green/IAQ/Halpaper.html
http://www.bmg.kth.se/Bob/ecoeffect/hemengel.html
http://www.bfrl.nist.gov/oae/software/bees/registration.html
Sustainable Construction in the United States of America. A perspective to the year 2010. CIB—W82 Report, June 1998 [on—line]: http://www.arch.gatech.edu/crc/CIBW82Survey.htm
http://greenbuilding.ca/GBIC.htm
http://www.bre.co.uk/sustainable/servicel.html
http://www.usgbc.org/programs/leed.htm
Service life is defined as: “that period of time at which the building, parts or elements components and services of a building reach a state of performance which is unacceptable” (ISO 15686 1998 ).
http://www.hers-council.org/index.htm (Home Energy Rating Systems Council)
http://www.glo.state.tx.us/vlb/vhap/gb.html
Top Ten’s — Information for Consumers, Building Environmental Science and Technology, Howard Ass.tes [on—line]: http://nahbrc.org/builders/green/index.html
http://www.nexusenergy.com/001.htm
Home Energy Checkup (http://www.ase.org/checkup/home/main.html) was produced by the Alliance to Save Energy (http://www.ase.org) and the Center for Renewable Energy and Sustainable Technology (http://www.crest.org) with Howard Associates (http://nrg-builder.com)
http://nrn3.nrcan.gc.ca/cbipscreen/
http://www.iclei.org/iclei/co2calc.htm
http://www.oml.gov/roofs+walls/calculators/index.html
http://urbanoptions.org/index.htm
http://crest.org/environmentlgotwh/general/indoor-water/index.html
Global Knowledge 97:Knowledge for Development in the Information Age Conference took place from 2225 June 1997 in Toronto, Canada.
www.iris.ba.cnr.it/sustain
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Lerario, A., Maiellaro, N. (2001). Support Measures for Sustainable Building. In: Maiellaro, N. (eds) Towards Sustainable Building. The GeoJournal Library, vol 61. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-3563-6_11
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-3563-6_11
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