Abstract
Some features of three-host exophilic ticks important for their survival differ at the generic level in relation to the types of their habitat. Ixodes and Haemaphysalis are typical forest genera, Hyalomma is an open country genus, whereas Dermacentor and Rhipicephalus, having some features of forest ticks, are closer to the ticks of open country. Forest ticks encounter rather stable and favorable temperature, humidity and illumination conditions as compared with open country ticks. A few differences determining every-day survival, host-seeking, and reproduction of ticks are considered. (1) Tolerance to desiccation is very low in forest ticks and much greater in ticks of open country. (2) Lack of eyes in forest ticks (having, however, epithelial photoreceptor cells) and formation of eyes as special morphological structures in ticks of open country. (3) Capability of mating and insemination of unfed specimens both on and off hosts in forest ticks (Ixodes) and insemination of partially engorged females only on hosts by fed males in open country ticks. (4) Reciprocal sexual dimorphism where in forest ticks females have a larger body than males and in open country ticks this correlation is opposite. (5) Linear dependence between female weight and number of eggs laid is established in forest ticks after the female weight becomes higher than 50% of mean engorgement weight whereas in open country ticks linear dependence begins to reveal itself much earlier. (6) In forest ticks the compensatory growth occurs only during adult feeding whereas in open country ticks such a growth occurs both during nymphal and adult feeding. The adaptive nature of the above differences and their evolutionary trends have been hypothesized.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Arthur, D.R. 1948. On the egg of the tick, Lvodes ricinus L. Parasitology 39: 53–60.
Balashov, Yu.S. 1972. Bloodsucking ticks (Ixodoidea) — vectors of diseases of man and animals. Misc. Publ. Entomol. Soc. Am. 8: 163–376.
Balashov, Yu.S. 1989. Coevolution of ixodid ticks and terrestrial vertebrates. Parazitologiya 23: 457–468 (in Russia).
Balashov, Yu.S. 1998. Ixodid Ticks — Parasites and Vectors of Infections. Nauka, St.-Petersburg (in Russia).
Binnington, K.C. 1972. The distribution and morphology of probable photoreceptors in eight species of ticks. Zeitschrift für Parasitenkunde 40: 321–332.
Filippova, N.A. 1997. Ixodid ticks of the subfamily Amblyomminae. Fauna of Russia and adjacent countries. Paukoobraznye 5 (5) (in Russian).
Graf, J.-F. 1976. Ecologie et éthologie d’Ix - odes ricinus en Suisse (Ixodoidea: Ixodidae). Cinquième note: mise en évidence d’une phéromone sexuelle chez Ixodes ricinus. Acarologia 17: 436–441.
Grenacher, S., Kröber, T., Guerin, P.M. and Vlimant, M. 2001. Behavioural and chemoreceptor cell responses of the tick, Ixodes ricinus. to its own faeces and faecal constituents. Exp. Appl. Acarol. 25: 641–660.
Hajkova, Z. and Leahy, M.G. 1982. Pheromone-regulated aggregation in larvae, nymphs and adults of Ixodes ricinus (L.) (Acarina: Ixodidae). Folia Parasitol. 29: 61–67.
Hoogstraal, H. and Aeschlimann. A. 1982. Tick-host specificity. Bulletin de la Société Entomologique de Suisse 55: 5–32.
Ioffe, I.D. 1976. On the size of olfactory and visual centres in three species of ixodid ticks (Parasitiformes: Ixodidae). Zoologicheskii Zhurnal 55: 526–530 (in Russia).
Keirans, J.E. 1994. Systematics of the Ixodida (Argasidae. Ixodidae, Nuttalliellidae): an overview and some problems. In: Tick Vector Biology. Medical and Veterinary Aspects, B. Fivaz, T. Petney and I. Horak (eds), pp. 1–21. Springer. Heidelberg.
Leonovich, S.A. 1999. Sensory system of bloodsucking parasitic ticks. Abstract of Doctoral Dissertation. Zoologicheskii Institut, St. Petersburg.
Panfilova, I.M. 1976. Attitude of ixodid ticks (Ixodes persulcatus. Derntacentor silvarum, Haemaphvsalis concinna) to light. Zoologicheskii Zhurnal 55: 371–377 (in Russia).
Pomerantsev, B.I. 1948. On the structure of the Ixodoidea (Acarina, Parasitiformes) system. Parazitologicheskii Sbornik 9: 13–38 (in Russian) (English translation NAMRU-3, T55 ).
Rechav, Y. and von Maltzahn, H.C. 1977. Hatching and weight changes in eggs of two species of ticks in relation to saturation deficit. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 70: 768–770.
Saito, Y. 1960. Studies on ixodid ticks. Part II. On the rearing and life history of three tick species (Haemaphssalis faeca, Ixodes japonensis and Lx - odes persulcatus persulcatus) in Japan. Acta Medica et Biologica, Niigata 7: 303–321.
Shashina, N.I. and Ioffe, I.D. 1980. Egg development in several species of ixodid ticks (Ixodidae) under different humidity conditions. Meditsinskaya Parazitologiya i Parazitarnye Bolezni 5: 79–85 (in Russia).
Sonenshine, D.E. 1970. Current studies on tick biology in relation to disease in the Americas. Misc. Publ. Entomol. Soc. Am. 6: 352–358.
Sonenshine, D.E. 1991. Biology of Ticks, Vol. 1. Oxford University Press, New York.
Sonenshine, D.E. 1993. Biology of Ticks, Vol. 2. Oxford University Press, New York.
Treverrow, N.L., Stone, B.F. and Cowie, M. 1977. Aggregation pheromone in two Australian hard ticks, Ixodes holoc_xclus and Apononmia concolor. Experientia 33: 680–682.
Uspensky, I.V. 1977. Changes in the weight of batches of Dern acentor sawmill ticks during the egg development. Zoologicheskii Zhurnal 56: 786–788 (in Russia).
Uspensky, I.V. and Emel’yanova, O.Yu. 1980. On the existence of pheromone associations in ticks of the genus Ixodes. Zoologicheskii Zhumal 59: 699–704 (in Russia) (English translation NAMRU-3, T1447 ).
Uspensky, I. and Ioffe-Uspensky. 1. 1999. The relationship between engorged female weight and egg number in ixodid ticks: a biological interpretation of linear regression parameters. Acarologia 40: 9–17.
Uspensky, I.V. and Repkina, L.V. 1978. Observations on mating and insemination of Ixodes persulcatus. Zoologicheskii Zhurnal 57: 1092–1095 (in Russia).
Uspensky, I.V., Kachanko, N.I. and Repkina. L.V. 1978. Materials on ecology of ixodid ticks in the northern part of the Amur Region. Zoologicheskii Zhurnal 57: 391–397 (in Russia).
Uspensky, I., Ioffe-Uspensky, I., Mumcuoglu, K.Y. and Galun, R. 1999. Body weight char- acteristics of some ixodid ticks: reflecting adaptations to conditions of their habitats? In: Ecology and Evolution of the Acari, J. Bruin, L.P.S. van der Geest and M.W. Sabelis (eds), pp. 657–665. Kluwer Academic Publishers. Dordrecht.
Walker, J.B., Keirans, J.E. and Horac, I.G. 2000. The genus Rhipicephalus (Acari, Ixodidae). A Guide to the Brown Ticks of the World. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Yuval, B. and Spielman, A. 1990. Duration and regulation of the developmental cycle of Ixodes dammini (Acari: lxodidae). J. Med. Entomol. 27: 196–201.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2003 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Uspensky, I. (2003). Preliminary observations on specific adaptations of exophilic ixodid ticks to forests or open country habitats. In: Jongejan, F., Kaufman, W.R. (eds) Ticks and Tick-Borne Pathogens. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-3526-1_12
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-3526-1_12
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-90-481-6355-7
Online ISBN: 978-94-017-3526-1
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive