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The Orange-Vaal River system

  • Chapter
The Ecology of River Systems

Part of the book series: Monographiae Biologicae ((MOBI,volume 60))

Abstract

The Khoi (Hottentots) knew the Orange River as the “Gariep”, or Great River. In 1779 it was named Orange River by Colonel Robert J. Gordon, in honour of the Dutch Prince of Orange. It rises at 3200 m AMSL in the Drakensberg Mountains and high plateau of Lesotho, where it is called the Senqu, and flows W with an average gradient of 1.4 m km−1 for c. 2300 km to the Atlantic Ocean at Alexander Bay (Figs 1 & 2). Taking the Vaal as the mainstream, the river is 2500 km in longitudinal profile (Werger 1980). The system is the only one in southern Africa to rise on the edge of the African Plateau and flow W (Wellington 1955). In doing so, it passes from cool-temperate and moist alpine regions (Plate lb) to progressively more arid terrain of the W Atlantic coast. The Orange is the largest river system in Africa south of the Zambezi, with a catchment of 650 000 km2 and two major tributaries: the Caledon, forming the western border of Lesotho, and the Vaal (Fig. 1). The Vaal, as the third largest river in South Africa, drains most of the Orange Free State and the southern Transvaal (Fig. 1).

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  1. J. A. Cambray
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Freshwater Research Group, Dept of Zoology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7700, Cape Town, South Africa

    Bryan R. Davies

  2. River Murray Research Unit, Dept of Zoology, University of Adelaide, 5000, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia

    Keith F. Walker

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Cambray, J.A., Davies, B.R., Ashton, P.J., Agnew, J.D., De Moor, F.C., Skelton, P.H. (1986). The Orange-Vaal River system. In: Davies, B.R., Walker, K.F. (eds) The Ecology of River Systems. Monographiae Biologicae, vol 60. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-3290-1_4

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