Abstract
European and American scholars of law and society apparently have problems in communicating with each other. To invoke Lewis Carroll’s authority on a piece of legal theory indicates how serious the problems are. After all, traced to its true origins, “Jabberwocky”, the famous “Stanza of Anglo-Saxon Poetry”1 means “weeks of woe” in its original German version.2 And inextricably involved in the interpretation of the poetry is a certain Hermann von Schwindel...
»Twas bryllig, and the slythy toves did gyre and gymble in the wabe: all mimsy were the borogoves; and the morne raths outgrabe.«
American law professor commenting on Niklas Luhmann, »The Unity of the Legal System«.
This is a revised version of an article which appeared in Law and Society Review 1989. For helpful criticism I would like to thank Michael Donnelly, Reiner Grundmann, Christian Joerges, Wolfgang Krohn, Giandomenico Majone, David Nelken, Helga Nowotny, Alessandro Pizzorno, Joyce Reese, Sean Smith.
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Notes and References
L. Carroll, Stanza of Anglo-Saxon Poetry, Misch-Masch, 1855; Through the Looking Glass and What Alice Found There, London: Macmillian, 1871, (cited after the edition of 1960, Bramhall House, New York, p. 191 ).
R. Scott (alias Chatterton), »The Jabberwock Traced to its True Source«, Macmillan’s Magazine, February 1872.
Collective actors, corporate personality; see N. Luhmann, Soziale Systeme. Grundriß einer allgemeinen Theorie, Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 1984, p. 270ff; G. Teubner, Enterprise Corporatism: New Industrial Policy and the Essence of the Legal Person, The American Journal of Comparative Law 36 (1988), 130–155, 130ff; D. zu Knyphausen, Untemehmungen als evolutionsfähige Systeme: Überlegungen zu einem evolutionären Konzept für die Organisationstheorie, Herrsching: Kirsch, 1988, p. 120ff; G. Vardaro, “Before and Beyond the Legal Personality: Group Enterprises and Industrial Relations”, in D. Sugarman, G. Teubner (ed.), Regulating Corporate Groups in Europe, Berlin: de Gruyter, 1989; M. Hutter, Die Produktion von Recht: Eine selbstreferentielle Theorie und der Fall des Arzneimittelpatentrechts, Tübingen: Mohr and Siebeck, 1989, ch. 4; K.H. Ladeur, Zu einer Grundrechtstheorie der Selbstorganisation des Unternehmens: Festschrift für Helmut Ridder, Neuwied: Luchterhand, 1989.
M. Weber, Economy and Society, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1978, p. 4.
For the ongoing discussion in terms of those classical theories, see M. Horwitz, “Santa Clara Revisited”, West Virginia Law Review 88 (1985), 173; M. Dan-Cohen, Rights, Persons, and Organizations. A Legal Theory for Bureaucratic Society, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986; SA. Schane, “The Corporation is a Person: The Language of a Legal Fiction”, Tulane Law Review 61 (1987), 563; C.M. Roos, Corporate Personality and Contractual Structure: Legal Aspects on the Firm as a Naxus of Treaties, Uppsala: Ms., 1988.
A. Pizzorno, “Individualismo metodologico: Prediche e ragionamenti”, in L. Sciolla, L. Ricolfi (eds.), Il soggetto dell’azione: Paradigmi sociologichi e immagini dell’attore sociale, Milano: Angeli, 1989.
Given the humanistic orientation of critical theory, it might sound strange to characterize this theory as anti-individualistic. However, we are not talking about moral-political options, but theory constructions. In a threefold sense, this theory is anti-individualistic: (1) in its critique of methodological individualism in economic and rational actor theories, (2) in its replacement of monological theories of norm formation by dialogical ones, (3) in locating the discourse in the center of cognition, and not the classical epistemological subject (see “communicative versus subject-centered reason” in J. Habermas, The Philosophical Discourse of Modernity, Boston: Beacon Press, 1987, ch. 11; and J. Habermas, The Theory of Communicative Action, Vol. 1: Reason and the Rationalization of Society, Boston: Beacon Press, 1984. ch. 3 in general).
P.L. Berger, T. Luckmann, The Social Construction of Reality: A Treatise in the Sociology of Knowledge, New York: Doubleday, 1966. See, for example, D. Bloor, Knowledge and Social Imagery, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1976; B. Latour, S. Woolgar, Laboratory Life: The Construction of Scientific Facts, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1979; K Knorr-Cetina, Die Fabrikation von Erkenntnis: Zur Anthropologie der Naturwissenschaften, Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 1984; N. Gilbert, M. Mulkay, Opening Pandora’s Box, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984; H. Collins, Changing Order: Replication and Induction in Scientific Practice, Beverly Hills: Sage, 1985; S. Fuller, Social Epistemology, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1988.
M Foucault, The Order of Things: An Archaeology of the Human Science, London: Travistock, 1974, radii.
FA. Hayek, Individualism and Economic Order, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1948; Law, Legislation and Liberty. Vol.1 Rules and Order, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1973.
K. Popper, The Poverty of Historicism, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1953.
E.R. Weintraub, Microfoundations. The Compatibility of Microeconomics and Macroeconomics, Cambridge University Press, 1979; A. Nelson, “Some Issues Surrounding the Reduction of Macroeconomics to Microeconomics”, Philosophy of Science 51 (1984), 573.
J. Elster, Explaining Technical Change, Cambridge University Press, 1983; Making Sense of Marx, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985.
G.C. Homans, Social Behavior: Its Elementary Forms, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1961.
V. Aubert, In Search of Law. Sociological Approaches to Law, Oxford: Robertson, 1983, p. 119.
For example, M. Crozier, E. Friedberg, L’acteur et le system. Les contraintes de l’action collective, Paris: Seuil, 1977; A. Giddens, Social Theory and Modem Sociology, 1987, p. 98ff; for the legal system, A. Febbrajo, “The Rules of the Game in the Welfare State”, in G. Teubner (ed.), Dilemmas of Law in the Welfare State, Berlin, New York: de Gruyter, 1985, p. 136; M. van de Kerchove, F. Ost, Le systeme juridique entre ordre et desordre, Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1988, 157ff; F. Ost, “Between Order and Disorder: The Game of Law”, in G. Teubner, Autopoietic Law. A New Approach to Law and Society, Berlin, New York: de Gruyter, 1988, p. 87.
Duncan Kennedy, “Freedom and Constraint in Adjudication: A Critical Phenomenology”, Journal of Legal Education 36 (1986), 518.
R. Gordon, “Critical Legal Histories”, Stanford Law Review 36 (1984), 57, 117f.
It is true, there are important exceptions among the critical scholars, who develop serious alternatives to the prevailing individualism, above all Thomas Heller, “Structuralism and Critique”, Stanford Law Review 36 (1984), 127, and “Accounting for Law”, in Teubner (ed.), op. cit., 1988, note 16; and David Kennedy, “Critical Theory, Structuralism, and Contemporary Scholarship”, New England Law Review 21 (1985), 209. But these exceptions confirm our rule: it is their language, even in their own intellectual circles, that has to struggle with the Jabberwocky syndrome.
Gordon, op. cit., 1984, note 18, p. 117.
J. Habermas, Knowledge and Human Interest, Boston: Beacon Press, 1971; “Vorbereitende Bemerkungen zu einer Theorie der kommunikativen Kompetenz”, in J. Habermas, N.Luhmann, Theorie der Gesellschaft oder Sozialtechnologie - Was leistet die Systemforschung, Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 1971; Communication and the Evolution of Society, Boston: Beacon Press, 1974; Legitimation Crisis, Boston: Beacon Press, 1975; op. cit., 1984, note 7; op. cit., 1987, note 7; The Theory of Communicative Action. Vol.2, Boston: Beacon Press, 1987; Nachmetaphysisches Denken: Philosophische Aufsätze, Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 1988.
Habermas, op. cit., 1971, note 21, p. 123; “Wahrheitstheorien”, in H. Fahrenbach (ed.), Wirklichkeit und Reflexion, Pfullingen, 1973.
Habermas, op. cit., 1984, note 6, ch. 3.
See, for example, R. Alexy, Theorie der juristischen Argumentation. Die Theorie des rationalen Diskurses als Theorie der juristischen Begründung, Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 1978; K. Günther, Der Sinn für Angemessenheit: Anwendungsdiskurse in Moral und Recht, Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 1988.
Habermas, op. cit., 1984, note 6, ch. 3.
J. Habermas, “Law as Medium and Law as Institution”, in Teubner (ed.), op. cit., 1985, note 16, p. 215f; “Wie ist Legitimation durch Legalität möglich?”, 20 Kritische Justiz, 1987c, p. 1; R. Wiethölter, “Materialisation and Proceduralization in Modern Law”, in Teubner (ed.), op. cit., 1985, note 16; “Social Science Models in Economic Law”, in T. Daintith, G. Teubner (ed.), Contract and Organization. Economic Analysis in the Light of Economic and Social Theory, Berlin: de Gruyter, 1986; Günther, op. cit., 1988, note 24; Ch. Joerges, “Politische Rechtstheorie and Critical Legal Studies”, in Ch. Joerges
D. Trubek (ed.), Critical Legal Thought: An American-German Debate, Baden-Baden: Nomos, 1989; K.H. Ladeur, “The Law of Uncertainty”, in Joerges, Trubek (eds.), op. cit., 1989, note 26; U.K. Preuss, “Rationality Potentials of Law: Allocative, Distributive and Communicative Rationality”, in Joerges, Trubek (ed.), op. cit., 1989, note 26.
J. Habermas, Moralbewufitsein und kommunikatives Handeln, Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 1983, p. 26; op. cit., 1988, note 21, p. 63ff, 80.
Habermas, op. cit., 1971, note 21, p. 136; op. cit., 1983, note 27, p. 53; op. cit., 1984, note 6, ch. 3.
K.O. Apel, “Das Apriori der Kommunikationsgemeinschaft und die Grundlagen der Ethik”, in K.O. Apel, Transformation der Philosophy, Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 1973; D. Boehler, Rekonstruktive Pragmatik: Von der Bewuitseinsphilosophie zur Kommunikationsreflexion: Neubegriindung der praktischen Wissenschaft und Philosophy, Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 1985.
C.P. Wormell, “On the Paradoxes of Self-Reference”, Mind 67 (1958), 267; W.V. Quine, The Ways of Paradox, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1976; K. Krippendorff, “Paradox and Information”, in B. Dervin, M. Voigt (eds.), Progress in Communication, 1984; J. Barwise, J. Etchemendy, The Liar. An Essay in Truth and Circularity, New York: Oxford University Press, 1987.
The problem of infmite regression/circularity in Habermas’ theory of discursive justification is perhaps most clearly expressed in Habermas, op. cit., 1971, note 21, p. 123ff, and op. cit., 1973, note 22, p. 255ff. Any one of those independent criteria that are supposed to distinguish true from false consensus, to judge the competence of the speakers, or to decide on the authenticity of their utterances, has to be subjected to consensus again And even the cognitive schemes that guide the universalization of needs within the discourse have to be examined in a metadiscourse that in its turn is guided by cognitive schemes…
For the controversy on intersubjective versus communication, see Habermas, op. cit., 1987, note 6, ch. 12; op. cit., 1988, note 21, 95ff; N. Luhmann, “Intersubjektivität oder Kommunikation: Unterschiedliche Ausgangspunkte soziologischer Theoriebildung”, Archivio di Filosofia 41 (1986), 41, 41ff.
M. Foucault, The Archaeology of Knowledge, New York: Harper Colophon, 1972, ch. 2.
See H.L. Dreyfus, P. Rabinow, Michel Foucault: Beyond Structuralism and Hermeneutics, Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1982, p. 44ff.
Foucault, op. cit., 1972, note 33, p. 49.
A. Honneth, Kritik der Macht: Reflexionsstufen einer kritischen Gesellschaftstheorie, Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 1985, p. 164.
Foucault, op. cit., 1974, note 9, ch. 2,3,7, for the sciences; Discipline and Punish, New York: Vintage/Random House, 1979, for law.
Foucault, op. cit., 1974, note 9, ch. 9.
H.L. Dreyfus, P. Rabinow, 1982, note 34, p. 84.
For a critique, see Honneth, op. cit., 1985, note 36, p. 168ff.; Habermas, op. cit., 1987, note 26, ch. 10.
H.R. Maturana, F.J. Varela,Autopoiesis and Cognition, Boston: Reidel, 1980; H. von Foerster, Observing Systems, Seaside, California: Intersystem Publication, 1981; Luhmann, op cit., 1984, note 3.
N. Luhmann, “The Autopoiesis of Social systems”, in F. Geyer, J. van der Zouwen (eds.), Sociocybemetic Paradoxes: Observation, Control and Evolution of Self-Steering Systems, London, Berverly Hills: Sage, 1986, p. 172; “The Theory of Social Systems and its Epistemology Reply to Danilo Zolo’s Critical Comments”, Philosophy of the Social Sciences 16 (1986), 129; “The Third Question: The Creative Use of Paradoxes in Law and Legal History”, Journal of Law and Society 15 (1988), 153.
von Foerster, op. cit., 1981, note 41, p. 274; “Entdecken oder erfmden? Wie läßt sich verstehen verstehen?”, in H.Gumin, A. Mohler (eds.), Einführung in den Konstruktivismus, Munich: Oldenbourg, 1985, p. 36.
For an elaboration of these somewhat jabberwocky remarks, see G. Teubner, “And God Laughed…: Indeterminacy, Self-Reference and Paradox in Law”, in Joerges, Trubek (eds.), op. cit., 1989, note 26.
J. Piaget, The Construction of Reality in the Child, New York: Ballantine, 1971; E. Glasersfeld, “Radical Constructivism and Piaget’s Concept of Knowledge”, in F.B. Murray (ed.), Input of Piagetian Theory, Baltimore: University Pask Press, 1975; “An Epistemology for Cognitive Systems”, in G. Roth, H. Schwegler (eds.), Self-Organizing Systems. An Interdisciplinary Approach, Frankfurt am Main: Campus, 1981; “Konstruktion der Wirklichkeit und des Begriffs der Objektivität”, in Gumin, Mohler (eds.), op. cit., 1985, note 43; Maturana, Varela, op. cit., 1980, note 41; von Foerster, op. cit., 1981, note 41; Luhmann, op. cit., 1984, note 3, p. 647ff; MA. Arbib, M.B. Hesse, The Construction of Reality, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986; S. Schmidt (ed.), Der Diskurs des Radikalen Konstruktivismus, Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 1987.
For the relation of individual and social observation, see N. Luhmann, “Individuum und Gesellschaft”, Universitas 39 (1983), 1; “Die Autopoiese des Bewußtseins”, in A. Hahn, V. Kapp (eds.), Selbstthematisierung und Selbstzeugnis: Bekenntnis und Geständnis, Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp,1986, p. 25; “The Individuality of the Individual: Historical Meaning and Contemporary Problems”, in T.C. Heller, M. Sosna, D.E. Wellbery (ed.), Reconstruction Individualism: Autonomy, Individuality, and the Self in Western Thought, Palo Alto: Stanford University Press, 1986, p. 313.
Luhmann, op. cit., 1984, note 3, p. 193ff; op. cit., 1986, note 42, p. 172ff.
Luhmann, op. cit., 1984, note 3, p. 158ff, op. cit., 1986, note 46, p. 313ff.
N Luhmann, “Closure and Openness: On Reality in the World of Law”, in Teubner (ed.), op. cit., 1988, note 16, p. 335ff.
Foucault, op. cit., 1974, note 9, ch. 9f; op. cit., 1979, note 37, ch. 4.
Luhmann, op. cit., 1984, note 3, p. 155ff.
J. Elster (ed.), The Multiple Self, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986; A. Etzioni, I and We, New York: Free Press, 1989, 11ff.
For a more detailed critique, see G. Teubner, “Social Order from Legislative Noise? Autopoietic Closure as a Problem for Legal Regulation”, in G. Teubner (ed.), State, Law, Economy as Autopoietic Systems, Milano: Giuffre, 1990.
Luhmann, op. cit., 1988, note 42.
For first steps in this direction, see Luhmann, op. cit., 1988, note 49; “The Coding of the Legal System”, in Teubner, op. cit., 1989, note 53.
See below VII. and VIII.
M. Douglas, How Institutions Think, Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1986.
P. Selznick, “Law: The Sociology of Law”, International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences 9 (1968), 50.
For an elaborate discussion of the characteristics of autopoietic law, see G. Teubner, “Evolution of Autopoietic Law”, in Teubner (ed.), op. cit., 1988, note 16; “Hypercyde in Law and Organization- The Relationship between Self-Observation, Self-Constitution and Autopoiesis”, European Yearbook in the Sociology of Law 43 (1988); “Social Order from Legislative Noise? Autopoietic Closure as a Problem for Legal Regulation”, in Teubner (ed.), op. cit., 1989, note 53.
JA. Fodor, “Methodological Solipsism Considered as a Research Strategy in Cognitive Psychology”, Behavioral Brain Science 3 (1980), 63.
F.J. Varela, “Living Ways of Sense-Making: A Middle Path for Neuro-Science”, in P. Livingstone (ed.), Disorder and Order: Proceedings of the Stanford International Symposium, Saratoga, California: Anma Libri, 1984, p. 217.
See the actor-based objections against an autopoietic law by Febbrajo, op. cit., 1985, note 16, p. 134ff; Kerchove and Ost, op. cit., 1988, note 16, p. 157ff and Ost, op. cit., 1988, note 16, p. 87ff.
Kerchove and Ost, op. cit., 1988, note 16, p. 159.
See von Foerster, op. cit., 1981, note 41; Teubner, op. cit., 1989, note 53.
Pizzomo, op. cit., 1989, note 6.
For an elaboration on collective actors, see Teubner, op. cit., 1988, note 3, p. 133ff.
H. Grünberger, “Dehumanisierung der Gesellschaft und Verabschiedung staatlicher Souveränität: das Politische System in der Gesellschaftstheorie Niklas Luhmanns”, in I. Fetscher, H. Münkler (ed.), - Pipers Handbuch der politischen Ideen, Munich: Piper, 1987.
U. Schimank, “Der mangelnde Akteurbezug systemtheoretischer Erklärungen gesellschaftlicher Differenzierung - Ein Diskussionsvorschlag”, Zeitschrift für Soziologie 14 (1985), 421; R. Mayntz, “Steuerung, Steuerungsakteure und Steuerungsinstrumente: Zur Präzisierung des Problems”, HiMon-DB 70, Siegen: Universität, 1986; Ost, op. cit., 1988, note 16, p. 87ff; H. Rottleuthner, “Biological Metaphors in Legal Thought”, in Teubner (ed.), op. cit., 1988, note 16, p. 122.
K. Podak, Ohne Subjekt, ohne Vernunft. Bei der Lektüre von Niklas Luhmanns Hauptwerk Soziale Systeme, Merlatr7 (1984), 734; G. Frankenberg, “Der Ernst im Recht”, Kritische Justiz 20 (1987), 296.
Foucault, op. cit., 1972, note 33, ch. 2; op. cit., 1974, note 9, ch. 9.
Foucault, op. cit., 1979, note 37, ch. 4.
Luhmann, op. cit., 1988, note 49, p. 335ff; “The Coding of the Legal System”, in Teubner, op. cit., 1989, note 53.
For two types of epistemic conflict between social systems, see Teubner, op. cit., 1989, note 44, op. cit., 1989, note 53.
For elaboration, see H.G. Deggau, “The Communicative Autonomy of the Legal System”, in Teubner (ed.), op. cit., 1988, note 16 p. 128; Heller, op. cit., 1988, note 19, p. 283; K.H. Ladeur, “Perspectives on a Post-Modern Theory of Law”, in Teubner (ed.), op. cit., 1988, note 16, p. 242; Teubner, op. cit., 1988, note 53, p. 217; op. cit., 1988, note 59, p. 60.
See L. Mengoni, “La questione del diritto giusto” nella Societa’ post-liberale, Fenomenologia e Societa’ 11 (1988), 15.
For an elaboration on the facts of law, see P. Nerhot, “The Fact of Law”, in Teubner (ed.), op. cit., 1988, note 16.
J. Baudrillard, L’echange symbolique et la mort, Paris: Gallimard, 1976.
P. Bourdieu, “La force du droit: Elements pour une sociologie du champ juridique”, Actes de la recherche en sciences sociales (1986), 13.
R. Cotterell, “Law and Sociology: Notes on the Constitution and Confrontation of Disciplines”, Journal of Law and Society 13 (1986), 15.
R. von Jhering, Scherz und Ernst in derJurisprudenz, Leipzig: Breitkopf and Haertel, 1884.
F.S. Cohen, Transcendental Nonsense and the Functional Approach, Columbia Law Review 35 (1935), 809–849.
See, for example, Aubert, op. cit., 1983, note 15, p. 98ff; H. Rottleuthner, “Diskussionsvotum zum vorstehenden Beitrag”, in E. Blankenburg, E. Klausa, H. Rottleuthner (ed.), Alternative Rechtsformen und Alternativen zum Recht, Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag, 1980, p. 137ff, for sociology; M. Adams, Ökonomische Analyse derGefdhrdungs-und Verschuldungshaftung, Heidelberg: Decker and Schenk, 1985, for economics.
Bloor, op. cit., 1976, note 8; B. Barnes, Scientific Knowledge and Sociological Theory, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1974.
Arbib, Hesse, op. cit., 1986, note 45, p. 10.
N. Luhmann, Wissenschaft, Bielefeld: Ms., 1988, p. 2, 9.
K.D. Opp, Soziologie im Recht, Reinbek: Rowohlt, 1973.
Thus, the resulting relativism of different social discourses is not “anything goes” relativism. It is a relativism that invites to “raise the status of the other mythologies by a more careful investigation of their methodological and cognitive credentials” and to examine “the various kinds of criteria of acceptability that apply to different kinds of constructed models and myths”, Arbib, Hesse, op. cit., 1986, note 45, p. 10.
B. Windscheid, “Die Aufgaben der Rechtswissenschaft”, in B. Winscheid, Gesammelte Reden und Abhandlungen, Leipzig. Duncker, 1904.
See Mengoni, op. cit., 1988, note 75, p. 23.
See above V.
For details, see Teubner, op. cit., 1989, note 44, op. cit., 1989, note 53.
For an elaboration of the mutual constraints exerted among different internal models of the outside world, see G. Teubner, “Generalklauseln als sozio-normative Modelle”, in H. Stachowiak (ed.), Bedürfnisse, Werte und Normen im Wandel Bd.1., Munich: Fink and Schöningh, 1982, p. 96ff.
Luhmann, op. cit., 1988, note 49, p. 340.
See for the German situation, H. Kitschelt, Der ökologische Diskurs. Eine Analyse von Gesellschaftskonzeptionen in der Energiedebatte, Frankfurt am Main: Campus, 1984; R. Wolf, Der Stand der Technik, Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag, 1986; G. Winter, “Die Angst des Richters bei der Technikbewertung”, Zeitschrift für Rechtspolitik 20 (1987), 425.
See, for example, R. Cotterell, The Sociology of Law: An Introduction, London: Butterworths, 1984, p. 253ff.
For a recent analysis of the German and French practice in administrative law and its sophisticated interpretation, see K.H. Ladeur, “Abwägung” - Ein neues Paradigma des Verwaltungsrechts. Von der Einheit der Rechtsordnung zum Rechtspluralismus, Frankfurt am Main: Campus, 1984, p. 11ff, p. 57ff.
For example, the legal concerns of creditors, debtors, neighbors, corporations, regions, states.
In terms of flexibility, openness and learning capacity, see Ladeur, op. cit., 1984, note 96, p. 216ff.
For a recent statement, see H. Albert, “Law as an Instrument of Rational Practice”, in Daintith, Teubner (ed.), op. cit., 1986, note 26, p. 34ff.
In Germany, see the lively debate on “Folgenkontrolle”, N. Luhmann, Rechtssystem und Rechtsdogmatik, Stuttgart: Kohlhammer, 1974; H. Rottleuthner, “Zur Methode einer folgenorientierten Rechtsanwendung”, Archiv für Rechts-und Sozialphilosophie, Beiheft 13 (1979); G. Lübbe-Wolf, Rechtsfolgen und Realfolgen, Freiburg: Alber, 1981.
For example H. Prins, Offenders, Deviants or Patients? An Introduction to the Study of Socio-Forensic Problems, 1980, ch. 2.
See A.M. Weinberg, “Science and Trans-science”, Minerva 10 (1972); G. Majone, “Process and Outcome in Regulatory Decision-Making”, in C.H. Weiss, A.Barton (eds.), Making Bureaucracies Work, Beverly Hills: Sage, 1979.
AA. Alchian, H Demsetz, “Production, Information Costs, and Economic Organizationy American Economic Review 62 (1972); E. Fama, M. Jensen, “Agency Problems and Residual Claims”, Journal of Law and Economics 88 (1983); R.C. Clark, “Agency Costs Versus Fiduciary Duties”, in J.W. Pratt, R.J. Zeckhauser (eds.), Principals and Agents: The Structure of Business, Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 1985; E. Schanze, “Potential and Limits of Economic Analysis: The Constitution of the Firm”, in T.Daintith, G Teubner (eds.), Contract and Organization: Legal Analysis in the Light of Economic and Social Theory, Berlin: de Gruyter, 1986; Contract, Agency, and the Delegation of Decision Making”, in G. Bamberg, K. Spreman (eds.), Agency Theory, Information, and Incentives, Berlin: Springer, 1987; Roos, op. cit., 1988, note 5.
O.E. Williamson, The Contractual Logic of Internal Organization, Firenze: EUI Conference Paper, 1987. 105.F. Easterbrook, Corporations as Contracts, Stanford: Conference paper, 1988.
Much depends on noticing that law’s autonomy lies not in its freedom from being influenced by external causes and influences but in the way in which it incorporates and responds to them, D. Nelken, “Criminal Law and Criminal Justice: Some Notes on Their Irrelation”, in I. Dennis (ed.), Criminal Law and Justice, London: Sweet and Maxwell, 1987, p. 139.
V. Aubert, “On the Relationship between Legal and Sociological Concepts”, in E. Blankenburg, Klausa, Rottleuthner, op. cit., 1980, note 82; op. cit., 1983, note 15, p. 98ff; Rottleuthner, op. cit., 1980, note 82, p. 137ff.
For a constructivist account of the conflict between science and religion, see Arbib, Hesse, op. cit., 1986, note 45, p. 16ff, 197ff.
Winter, op. cit., 1987, note 94.
Bundesverfassungsgericht, BVerfGE 50, 290.
See P. Badura et. al., Mitbestimmungsgesetz 1976 und Grundgesetz: Gemeinschaftsgutachten, Munich: Beck, 1977, p. 137ff, p. 246ff; F. Kübler et. al., Mitbestimmung als gesetzgebungspolitische Aufgabe: Zur Verfassungsmäßigkeit des Mitbestimmungsgesetzes, Baden-Baden: Nomos, 1978, p. 35ff, p. 99ff, p. 145ff, p. 197ff.
For an in-depth analysis of such a “proceduralization” of institutional cognition, see Wiethölter, op. cit., 1985, note 26; op. cit., 1986, note 26; “Proceduralization of the Category of Law”, in Joerges, Trubek (eds.), op. cit., 1989, note 26; Majone, op. cit., 1979, note 102; Evidence, Argument and Persuasion in the Policy Process, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1989.
See for environmental law, BVerfGE 49, 89; for corporation law, BVerfGE 72, 155; for the law or property BVerfGE 74, 264.
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Teubner, G. (1990). How the Law Thinks: Toward a Constructivist Epistemology of Law. In: Krohn, W., Küppers, G., Nowotny, H. (eds) Selforganization. Sociology of the Sciences, vol 14. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2975-8_6
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