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Preparation and Crystal Growth of Materials with Layered Structures

Part of the book series: Physics and Chemistry of Materials with Layered Structures ((PCMA,volume 1))

Abstract

This article will, for the most part, deal with graphite and its intercalation compounds. This is because much more is known about the layered form of carbon than about the layered forms of all the other elements. Furthermore, much of that information is about the intercalation properties of graphite. Thus, it has been known since 1860 that certain elements and compounds would cause graphite to swell and to increase in weight. It is generally agreed that the adduct or reactant diffuses from the periphery of the layer planes into some or all of the interlayer spaces and leaves by the same route on pressure reduction. The other characteristics of layer structures are associated with the anisotropy of their physical properties but again, graphite is the one that has been most studied. Before dealing with graphite, however, this introductory section will discuss the bonding factors that lead to the existence of solids with layer structures in the cases of C, P, As, Sb and Bi. Boron nitride BN is included here because it is isoelectronic with carbon and has a form with a layer structure. Then the many forms of graphite will be described which differ in the size, the degree of perfection and the relative orientation of the layers of hexagonally arranged carbon atoms. Then a detailed description of the intercalation of graphite by halogens and by metal chlorides will serve to introduce and to support a theory of intercalation. This qualitative theory will try to explain the existence of a threshold pressure below which intercalation is not observed and the existence of stages, the stage number being the number of carbon layer planes between layers of reactant in the compound. Following this, the intercalation of graphite by other reactants such as metals, acids, etc. will be described in detail Finally, contradictory reports of the behavior of the layered form of BN with various reactants will be discussed. These reports, along with some of the work on graphite, illustrate the experimental difficulty of deciding whether or not intercalation does take place with a given reactant. Two of the best criteria are the form of the isotherm of composition against pressure and the direct observation of the expansion of a single flake of graphite.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Dept. of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada

    J. G. Hooley

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Technische Hogeschool, Eindhoven, The Netherlands

    R. M. A. Lieth

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Hooley, J.G. (1977). Elements. In: Lieth, R.M.A. (eds) Preparation and Crystal Growth of Materials with Layered Structures. Physics and Chemistry of Materials with Layered Structures, vol 1. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2750-1_1

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2750-1_1

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

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