Skip to main content

Abstract

A mature embryo within the seed represents a young plant before germination (Mauseth 1988). Since the pattern of the adult plant is formed during the course of embryo development, the study of embryos provides “essential information on the inception of the varied form and structure of plants” (Wardlaw, 1955). In recent years, especially through the use of Arabidopsis embryo mutants, plant embryologists have gained new insights into the molecular and genetic aspects of embryo development. Many excellent reviews are available dealing with different aspects of embryo development (for examples see Natesh and Rau, 1984; Johri et al., 1992; Meinke, 1995; Yadegari and Goldberg, 1997).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

Literature Cited

  • Afzelius, K. 1916. Zur Embryosackentwicklung de orchideen. Svensk Bot. Tidskr. 10: 183–227.

    Google Scholar 

  • Afzelius, K. 1928. Die Embryobildung bei Nigritella nigra. Svensk Bot. Tidskr. 22: 83–91.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alvarez, M. R. 1969. Cytophotometric study of nuclear proteins and nucleic acids in parenchymatous tissue of the orchid embryo. Exp. Cell Res. 57: 79–184.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alvarez, R. 1970. Microfluorometric comparison of Feulgen-deoxyribonucleic acid hydrolysis in meristematic and differentiated cells of the orchid embryo. Exp. Cell Res. 61: 191–198.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alvarez, M. R., and J. P. Reyniers. 1970. Microspectrofluorometric comparison of acridine orange dye binding in meristematic and parenchymal nuclei of the orchid embryo. Exp. Cell Res. 61: 326–332.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Amici, G. B. 1822. Osservazioni microscopiche sopra varie piante. Atti Soc. Italiana 19: 234286.

    Google Scholar 

  • Amici, J. B. 1824. Observations microscopiques sur diverses espèces de plantes. Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. Ser. 1, Vol. 2: 41–70, 211–248.

    Google Scholar 

  • Amici, J. B. 1830. Note sue le mode d’action sur le stigmate. Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. Ser. 1, Vol. 21: 329–332.

    Google Scholar 

  • Amici, J. B. 1840. Die Befruchtung der Pflanzen. Alg. Bot. Ztng. 1: 359–360.

    Google Scholar 

  • Amici, J. B. 1842. Memoria. Atti Cong. Sci. Italiani 4: 279–281.

    Google Scholar 

  • Amici, J. B. 1847. Sur la fècondation des orchidées. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. 7/8: 193–205, pl. 10. Anonymous. 1922. Orchid mycorrhiza. Orchid Rev. 30: 78–81 (probably by Gurney Wilson). Anonymous. 1970. Botanische Grundlagen der Orchideenforschung. Pages 1–41 in F. G.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brieger, R. Maatsch and K. Senghas (ed.), Rudolf Schlechter: Die Orchideen, 3 edition.

    Google Scholar 

  • Verlag Paul Parey, Berlin and Hamburg (Nuernbergk, 1980 attributed this article to F. G Brieger).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ansari, R. 1977. Observation on the occurrence of polyembryony in two species of orchids. Curr. Sci. 46: 607.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arditti, J. 1992. Fundamentals of orchid biology. John Wiley and Sons, Inc. New York Arditti, J., and A. K. Abdul Ghani. 2000. Numerical and physical properties of orchid seeds and their biological implications. New Phytol. 145: 367–421.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baranow, P. A. 1915. Recerches sur le Developpement du sac embryonaire chez les Spiranthes australis Lindl. et Serapias pseudocordigera Moric. Biuletin Moskovskoe Obshtestvo N. S. 29: 74–92.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baranow, P. A. 1917. Materialyi po embriologyi orhidnyih (Materials on the embryology of orchids). Bot. Zh. 2: 20–29.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baranow, P. A. 1923. Materialii po embriologii orhidnyih. II. Herminium monorchis. R. Br. Bot. Zh. 9: 5–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baranow, P. A. 1925. 0 reduktsyi zhenskogo polovogo pokolenya v semeystvo Orchidaceae. Bull. Sredne Aziatskii Gosudarstvenyi Universitet, Tashkent 10: 181–195.

    Google Scholar 

  • Batygina, T. B., and E. V. Andronova. 1988. Is there are cotyledon in orchids? Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR, Botanical Sciences Sections 302: 1017–1019 (translation in Doklady Botanical Sciences 301/302/303, 51–114, pp. 85–88, Consultants Bureau, New York, Plenum Publishing Corporation ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Batygina, T. B., and V. E. Vasailyeva. 1980. Experimental study of embryo differentiation in angiosperms. Acta Soc. Bot. Pol. 50: 257–263.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beer, J. G. (1863) Beitrage zur Morphologie und Biologie der Familie der Orchideen. Carl Gerold’s Sohn, Wien.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boyle, S. A., and E. C. Yeung. 1983. Embryogeny of Phaseolus: developmental pattern of lactate and alcohol dehydrogenases. Phytochemistry 22: 2413–2416.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brady, T., and E. D. Walthall. 1985. The effect of the suspensor and gibberellic acid on Phaseolus vulgaris embryo protein content. Devel. Biol. 107: 531–536.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, W. H. 1909. The embryo sac of Habenaria. Bot. Gaz. 48: 241–250.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burgeff, H. 1932. Saprophytismus und Symbiose. Studien an tropischer Orchideen. Verlag von Gustav Fischer, Jena.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burgeff, H. 1936. Samenkeimung der Orchideen und Entwicklung ihrer Keimpflanzen. Verlag von Gustav Fischer, Jena.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carlson, M. C. 1940. Formation of the seed of Cypripedium parviflorum. Bot. Gaz. 102: 295301

    Google Scholar 

  • Chua, L. G., and A. N. Rao. 1978. Polyembryony and suspensor characteristics in Spathoglottis. Flora 167: 399–402.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clements, M. A. 1999. Embrology. In, P. J. Cribb, M. W. Chase, and F. N. Rasmussen (eds.) Genera Orchidacearum. Vol. 1 General introduction, Apotasioideae, Cypripedioideae, pp. 38–66, Oxford University Press, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cocucci, A. E. 1964. The life history of Aa achalensis Schlechter (Orchidaceae). Trabajos del Museo Botanico, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional dxe Cordoba (Argentina) 3: 588–597.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cribb, P. J. 1999. Morphology. In, P. J. Cribb, M. W. Chase, and F. N. Rasmussen (eds.) Genera Orchidacearum. Vol. 1 General introduction, Apotasioideae, Cypripedioideae, pp. 13–23, Oxford University Press, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cyr, R. J. 1994. Microtubules in plant morphogenesis: the role of the cortical array. Annu. Rev. Cell Biol. 10: 153–180.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis, A. 1948. Studies on orchid seeds. Amer. Orchid Soc. Bull. 17: 589–592.

    Google Scholar 

  • Derksen, J., F. H. A. Wilm, E. S. Pierson. 1990. The plant cytoskeleton: its significance in plant development. Acta Bot. Neerl. 39: 1–18.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dixon, K. W., J. S. Pate, and J. Kuo. 1990. The Western Australian fully subterranean orchid, Rhizanthella gardneri. Pages 37–62 in J. Arditti (ed.), Orchid biology, reviews and perspectives V. Timber Press, Portland, Oregon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dressler, R.L. 1993. Phylogeny and classification of the orchid family. Dioscorides Press, Portland, Oregon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dumée, M. R. 1910. Quelques observations sur l’embryon des orchidées. Bull. Soc. Bot. France 57: 83–87.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duthie, A. V. 1915/1917. Note on apparent apogamy in Pterigodium newdidatae. Trans. Roy. l Soc. South Africa 5: 593–598, Plates XLII, XLIII.

    Google Scholar 

  • Evans, M. S. and M. K. Barton. 1998. Genetics of Angiosperm shoot apical meristem. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 48: 673–701.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fleischer, E. 1874. Beiträge zur Embryologie der Monokotylen und Dicotylen. Flora 57: 369375, 385–394, 401–411, 417–448, Plates VI-VIII.

    Google Scholar 

  • Francini, E. 1932. Lo svilupo del systema conduttore nelle plantule di alcune Orchidaceae. Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Italiano N. S. 39: 226–242.

    Google Scholar 

  • Geitler, L. 1956. Zur Fortpflanzungsbiologie, Embryologie und mechanistischen Deutung der Embryogenese von Epipogium aphyllum. Osterr. Bot. Ztschr. 103: 312–335.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldberg, R. B., G. R. de Paiva, and R. Yadegari. (1994) Plant embryogenesis: zygote to seed.Science 266: 605–614.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gilliland, H. B. 1960. On the symmetry of the orchid embryo. Pages 277–279 in R. D. Purchon (ed.), Proceedings of the centenary and bicentenary congress of biology, Singapore, December 2–9, 1958. University of Malaya Press, Singapore.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guignard, L. 1886. Sur la polinisation et ses effets ches les ordchdées. Ann. Sei. Nat. Bot. 4: 202–240, pl. IX, X.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hagerup, O. 1944. On fertilization, polyploidy and haploidy in Orchis latifolia L. sens. lat. Dansk Bot. Arkiv 11: 1–25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hagerup, O. 1945. Facultative parthenogenesis and haploidy in Epipactis latifolia. Konningliche Danske Videnskabernes Selskab Biologiske Meddelelser 19: 1–14

    Google Scholar 

  • Harrison, C. 1973. Physiology and ultrastructure of Cattleya aurantiaca (Orchidaceae) germination. Ph. D. Dissertation. University of California, Irvine.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harrison, C. 1977. Ultrastructural and histochemical changes during the germination of Cattleya aurantiaca (Orchidaceae). Bot. Gaz. 138: 41–45.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harvais, G. 1974. Notes on the biology of some native orchids of Thunder Bay, their endophytes and symbionts. Can. J. Bot. 52: 451–460.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hildebrand, F. 1863a. On the impregnation in orchids as a proof of the two different effects of pollen. Mag. Nat. Hist. Ser. III, Vol. 12: 169–174.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hilderbrand, F. 1863b. Die Fruchtbildung der Orchideen, ein Beweis fur die doppelte Wirkung des Pollen. Bot. Ztng. 21: 329–333, 337–345.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hofmeister, W 1861. Neue Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Embryobildung der Phanerogamen. II. Monocotyledonen. Abh. Sächs. Ges. Wiss. 7: 629–760.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huang, B.-Q., X.-L. Ye, E. C. Yeung, ands. Y. Zee. 1998. Embryology of Cymbidium sinense: the microtubule organization of early embryos. Ann. Bot. 81: 741–750.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hull, E. D. 1935. The orchid embryo. Amer. J. Bot. 41: 112–113.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jeyanayaghy, S., and A. N. Rao. 1966. Flower and seed development in Bromheadia finlaysoniana. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 93: 97–103.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johansen, D.A. 1950. Plant embryology. Waltham, Massachusettes.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johri, B. M., K. B. Ambegaokar, and P. S. Srivastava. 1992. Comparative Embryology of Angiosperms, Springer-Verlag, Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Karanth, K. A., B. G. L. Swamy, and G. D. Arekal. 1981. Embryogenesis in sexual and asexual species of Zeuxine (Orchidaceae). Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. (Plant Sci.) 90: 1–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kimura, C. 1971. Embryological studies of Galeola septentrionalis Reichb. Fil. (Orchidaceae). Sci. Rprts. Tohoku Univ., Ser. 4, Vol. 35: 253–258.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krishnamurthy, K. V. 1994. The angiosperm embryo: correlative controls in development, differentiation, and maturation. In: M. lqbal (ed) Growth patterns in vascular plants, pp. 372–404, Dioscorides Press, Portland, Oregon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Knudson, L. 1929. Physiological investigations on orchid seed germination. Pages 1183–1189 in B. M. Duggar (ed.), Proceedings of the International Congress of Plant Sciences, Ithaca New York, 16–23 August, 1926. Gearge Banta Publishing Co., Menasha, Wisconsin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kusano, S. 1915. Experimental studies on the embryonic development in angiosperms. J. Coll. Agric. 6: 8–115.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lagutova, O. I., and A. A. Chebotaru. 1992. Isledovanie embriogenesa Orchis purpurea i Orchis provincialis [Orchidaceae; The study of the embryogenesis in Orchis purpurea and Orchis provinciales (Orchidaceae)]. Bot. Zh., USSR 77: 53–57.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leavitt, R. G. 1901. Notes on the embryology of some New England orchids. Rhodora 3: 6163: 202–203.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liang, H.-X. 1985. On the fertilization of Gastrodia elata Bl. (Orchidaceae). Acta Bot. Sinica: 27: 589–593.

    Google Scholar 

  • Long, J. A., E. I. Moan, J. I. Medford, M. K. Barton. 1996. A member of the KNOTTED class of homeodomain proteins encoded by the STM gene of Arabidopsis. Nature 379: 66–69.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maheshwari, P. 1950. An introduction to the embryogeny of angiosperms. McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maheshwari, P., and S. Narayanaswami. 1952. Embryological studies on Spiranthes australis Lindl. Trans. Linnean Soc. London 53: 474–486.

    Google Scholar 

  • Manning, J. C., and J. van Staden. 1987. The development and mobilization of seed reserves in some African orchids. Austral. J. Bot. 35: 343–353.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mauseth, J. D. 1988. Plant Anatomy. Benjamin Cummings Publishing Co. Menlo Park, California.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mayer, K. F. X., H. Schoof, A. Haecker, M. Lenhard, G. Jurgens, T. Laux. 1998. Role of WUSCHEL in regulating stem cell fate in Arabidopsis shoot meristem. Cell 95: 805–815.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meinke, D. W. 1995. Molecular genetics of plant embryogenesis. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 46: 369–394.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miyoshi, K., and M. Mii. 1988. Ultrasonic treatment for enhancing seed germination of terrestrial orchid, CalantheError! Bookmark not defined discolor, in asymbiotic culture. Scientia Horticulturae 35: 127–130.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mohana Rao, P. R., and S. Sood. 1979a. Life history of Satyrium nepalense (Orchidaceae). Norwegian J. Bot. 26: 285–294.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mohana Rao, P. R., and S. Sood. 1979b. Development of the embryo in Herminium angustifolium Benth. Ann. Bot. 43: 661–663.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mohana Rao, P. R., and S. Sood. 1979c. Embryology of Habenaria densa (Orchidaceae). Bot. Notiser 132: 145–148.

    Google Scholar 

  • Monnier, M. 1995. Culture of zygotic embryos. In: T. A. Thorpe (ed) In vitro Embryogenesis in Plants, pp. 117–153 Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.

    Google Scholar 

  • Montéverdé, M. 1880. Recherches embryologiques sur l’Orchis maculata. Bull. Acad. Impér. Scie. St.-Pétersbourg 26: 326–336 plus two plates.

    Google Scholar 

  • Müller, K. 1847. Beitrage zur Entwiklugsgeschichte des Pflanzen Embryos. Bot. Z. 5: 737742, 753–762, 769–778, Plate V II.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nagashima, T. 1984. On the seed germination and embryogenesis in the Calanthe aristulifera Rchb. f., Calanthe izu-insularis Ohwi et Satomi and Calanthe amamiana Fukuyama. J Japan. Soc. Hort. Sci. 53: 176–186.

    Google Scholar 

  • Natesh, S. and Rau, M.A. 1984. The embryo. In: B. M. Johri (ed.) Embryology of Angiosperms, pp. 377–443. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Navashin, S. 1900. Ob oplodotborenyi u sloznotsvetnyih i orhidei. Izvestya Akad. Nauk (cited by Baranov, 1915.)

    Google Scholar 

  • Nishimura, G. 1981. Comparative morphology of Cattleya and Phalaenopsis (Orchidaceae) seedlings. Bot. Gaz. 142: 360–365.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nishimura, G. 1991. Comparative anatomy of cotyledonous orchid seedlings. Lindleyana 6, 140–146.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nishimura, G., and M. Tamura. 1993. Comparative seedling morphology in three Cymbidium species. J. Japan. Bot. 68: 1–7

    Google Scholar 

  • Nuernbergk, E. L. 1980. Biologie der Orchideen. Pages 13–81 in G. Fast (ed.), Orchideen kultur. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart.

    Google Scholar 

  • Olsson, O. 1967. Embryological studies in the Orchidaceae. The genus Hetaeria. Svensk Bot. Tdskr. 61: 33–42 and Plate I.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pace, L. 1907. Fertilization in Cypripedium. Bot. Gaz. 44, 353–374.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pastrana, M. D., and J. K. Santos. 1931. A contribution to the life history of Dendrobium anosmum Lindley. Nat. Applied Sci. Bull. University of the Philippines 1, 133–144, plates: 1–3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pfitzer, E. 1899. The Orchidaceae in Engler’s and Prantl’s Die natürliche Pflanzenfamilien (cited by Swamy, 1949).

    Google Scholar 

  • Poddubnaya-Arnoldi, V. A. 1954. Uskorenye priemyi embryologiskogo isledovanya na fixirovanom materiale (An accelerated method for embryological research on fixed material). Buil. Glavnyi Bot. Sad, Moscow 18: 81–91.

    Google Scholar 

  • Poddubnaya-Amoldi, V. A. 1960a. Study of fertilization in the living material of some Angiosperms. Phytomorphology 10: 185–198.

    Google Scholar 

  • Poddubnaya-Amoldi, V. A. 1960b. O podvesochnyix gaustoryah zarodyishei v semenah orhidei (On the suspensor-haustorium of embryos in orchid seeds). Buil. Glavnyi Bot. Sad, Moscow 37: 47–52.

    Google Scholar 

  • Poddubnaya-Arnoldi, V. A., 1960c. Poliembrionia u orhidei (Polyembryoni in orchids). Buil. Glavnyi Bot. Sad, Moscow 36: 56–61.

    Google Scholar 

  • Poddubnaya-Arnoldi, V. A. 1964a. Obshtaya embriologia pokritosemenyih rastenyi (General embryology of angiosperms). Nauka, Moscow.

    Google Scholar 

  • Poddubnaya-Arnoldi, V. A. 1964b. Sravnitelno-embriologicheskoe isledovanie predstaviteley semeistva orhidnyih. Buil.Glavnogo Bot. Sad, Moscow 54: 51–62.

    Google Scholar 

  • Poddubnaya-Arnoldi, V. A. 1964c. The culture of some orchid ovules on an artificial nutritive medium. J Indian Bot. Soc. 42A (Maheshwari Commemorative Volume): 180–184.

    Google Scholar 

  • Poddubnaya-Arnoldi, V. A. 1967. Comparative embryology of the Orchidaceae. Phytomorphology 17: 312–320.

    Google Scholar 

  • Poddubnaya-Arnoldi, V. A. 1976. Tsitoembriologia pokritosmeny ih rastenyi (Cytoembryology of angiosperms, principles and perspectives). Nauka, Moscow.

    Google Scholar 

  • Poddubnaya-Arnoldi, V. A. 1980. Tsitoembriologicheskaya harakteristica semeystva Orchidaceae (Cytoembryological characteristics of the family Orchidaceae). Buil. Glavnogo Bot. Sada, Moscow 116: 79–86.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prosina, M. N. 1931. Über die vom Cypripedilum-typus abweichende

    Google Scholar 

  • Embryosackentwicklung von Cypripedilum guttatum Sw. Planta 12: 532–544.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raghavan, V. 1997. Molecular embryology of flowering plants. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raghavan, V., and C. J. Goh. 1994. DNA synthesis and mRNA accumulation during germination of embryos of the orchid Spathoglottis plicata. Protoplasma 183: 137–147.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rasmussen, H. N. 1990. Cell differentiation and mycorrhizal infection in Dactylorhiza majalis (Rchb. f.) Hunt and Summerh (Orchidaceae) during germination in vitro. New Phytol. 116: 137–147.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rasmussen, H. N. 1995. Terrestrial orchids: from seed to mycotrophic plant. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rao, A. N. 1964. Occurrence of polyembryony in Vanda during in vivo and in vitro conditions. Experientia 20: 388–390 (a reprint ispaginated I-3).

    Google Scholar 

  • Rao, A. N. 1967. Flower and seed development in Arundina graminifolia. Phytomorphology 17: 291–300.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rao, A. N., and P. N. Avadhani. 1963a. Effect of Clorox on the germination of Vanda seeds. Curr. Sci. 32: 467–468.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rao, A. N., and P. N. Avadhani. 1963b. Some aspects of in vitro culture of Vanda seeds. Proc. Fourth World Orchid Conf. Singapore, pp. 194–202.

    Google Scholar 

  • Razmologov, V. P. 1958. Embriologiskoe isledovanie orhidei (embryological investigations on the orchid) Phalaenopsis schilleriana. Buil. Glavnyi Bot. Sad Pushkinskoye 32: 67–72.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ren, L., and F.- X. Wang. 1987. Embryological studies of Paphiopedilum godefroyae Stein. Acta Bot. Sinica 29: 14–21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rendle, A. B. 1930. The classification of flowering plants, vol. 1. Monocotyledons. London (cited by Swamy, 1949 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Richardson, K. A., R. L. Peterson, and R. S. Currah. 1992. Seed reserves and early symbiotic protocorm development of Platanthera hyperborea (Orchidaceae). Canad. J Bot. 70: 291300.

    Google Scholar 

  • Savina, G. I. 1972. Razvitie zarodyishevogo meshka u Ophrys insectifera L. (Development of embryo sac in Ophrys insectiferra L.). Bot. Zh. 57: 118–123.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schnarf, K. 1929. Embryologie der Angiospermen in Handbuch der Pflanzenanatomie Part II, Vol. 2. K. Linsbauer Verlag, Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schnarf, K.,Vernon, D. M., and Meinke, D.W. 1997. Development of the suspensor: differentiation, communication, and programmed cell death during plant embryogenesis. In B. A. Larkins and I. K. Vasil (eds.) Cellular and molecular biology of plant seed development, pp. 53–72, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht.

    Google Scholar 

  • Senianinova, M. 1925. K embriologyi orhideih (about orchid embryology). Ophrys myodes Jacq. Bot. Zh., USSR 10: 10–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seshagiriah, K. N. 1941. Morphological studies in the Orchidaceae I. Zeuxine sulcata Lindley. J. Indian Bot. Soc. 20: 357–365.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shamrov, I. I., and Z. I. Nikiticheva. 1992. Morfogenez semyapochki i semeni u Gymnadenia conopsea (Orchidaceae): Struktyrnoe i gistohimicheskoe isledovanie [The ovule and seed morphogenesis in Gymnadenia conopsea (Orchidaceae): The structural and histochemical study]. Bot. Zh. 77: 45–60.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sharma, M., and S. P. Vij. 1981. Embryological studies on Spiranthes sinensis (Pers.) Ames. (Orchidaceae). Res. Bull. (Sci.) Panjab Univ. 32: 111–123.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sharma, M., and S. P. Vij. 1984. Embryological studies in Orchidaceae III. Goodyera repens R. Be Res. Bull. (Sci.) Panjab Univ. 35: 11–64.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sharma, M., and S. R. Vij. 1987. Embryological studies in Orchidaceae VI: Habenaria Willd. Phytomorphology 37: 327–335.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sharp, L. W. 1912. The orchid embryo sac. Bot. Gaz. 54: 373–384.

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh, F., and M. Thimmappaiah. 1982. Polyembryony in orchid seeds. Seed Sci. Technol. 10: 29–33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, J. E. 1808. An inquiry into the structure of seeds and especially into the true nature of that part called by Gærtner the vitellus. Trans. Linn. Soc. London 9: 204–217.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sood, S. K. 1983. Development of the embryo in Oreorchis foliosa Lindl. Cure. Sci. 52: 890–891

    Google Scholar 

  • Sood, S. K. 1984a. Embryo development in Goodyera bora Hook. F. (Orchidaceae). Cure. Sci. 53: 1247–1249.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sood, S. K. 1984b. An embryological study of Neottia listeroides, a saprophytic orchid in India. J Plant Anat. Morph. 1: 69–75.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sood, S. K. 1985. Gametophytes, integuments initiation and embryogeny in Microstylis cylindrostachya. (Orchidaceae, Epidendreae). Proc. Indian Acad. Sci., Plant Sci. 95: 379387.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sood, S. K. 1986. Gametogenesis, integuments initiation and embryogeny in three species of Habenaria (Orchidaceae, Orchideae).). Proc. Indian Acad. Sci., Plant Sci. 96: 487–494.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sood, S. K. 1988a. Co-existence of two types of embryogeny in Satyrium nepalense (Orchidaceae) J Japan. Bot. 63: 224–227.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sood, S. K. 1988b. Development of gametophytes, embryogeny and pericarp in Goodyera repens (Orchidaceae, Neotttieae). Proc. Indian Acad. Sci., Plant Sci. 98: 149–156.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sood, S. K. 1989. Embryology and systematic position of Liparis (Orchidaceae). Plant Syst. Evol. 166: 1–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sood, S. K., and P. R. Mohana Rao. 1988. Studies in the embryology of the diandrous orchid Cypripedium cordigerum (Cypripedieae, Orchidaceae). Plant Syst. Evol. 160: 159–168.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sood, S. K., and N. Sham. 1987. Gametophytes, embryogeny and pericarp of Rhynchostylis retusa Blume (Epidendreae, Orchidaceae). Phytomorphology 37: 307–316.

    Google Scholar 

  • Steeves, T. A., and I. M. Sussex. 1989. Patterns in plant development. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Strasburger, E. 1878. Über polyembryonie. Jenaische Ztschr. 12: 647–670.

    Google Scholar 

  • Strasburger, E. 1900. Einige Bemerkungen zur Frage nach der doppelten Befruchtung bei Angiospermen. Bot. Ztng 58: 293–316.

    Google Scholar 

  • Suessenguth, K. 1923. Über die pseudogamie bei Zygopetalum mackayi Hook. Ber. Deut. Bot. Ges. 41: 16–23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Swamy, B. G L. 1942a. Morphological studies in three species of Vanda. Cure Sci. 11: 285286.

    Google Scholar 

  • Swamy, B. G L. 1942b. Female gametophyte and embryogeny in Cymbidium bicolor Lindl. Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. 15: 194–201.

    Google Scholar 

  • Swamy, B. G L. 1943a. Embryology of Orchidaceae. Curr. Sci. 12: 13–17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Swamy, B. G. L. 1943b. Gametogenesis and embryogeny of Eulophia epidendraea Fischer. Proc. Nat. Inst. Sci. (India) 9: 59–65.

    Google Scholar 

  • Swamy, B. G. L. 1944. The embryo-sac and the embryo of Satyrium nepalense Don. J. Indian Bot. Soc. 23: 66–70.

    Google Scholar 

  • Swamy, B. G. L. 1946a. The embryology of Zeuxine sulcata. New Phytol. 45: 132–136.

    Google Scholar 

  • Swamy, B.G. L. 1946b. Embryology of Habenaria. Proc. Indian Nat. Inst. Sci. 12: 413–426.

    Google Scholar 

  • Swamy, B. G. L. 1947. On the life-history of Vanilla planifolia. Bot. Gaz. 108: 449–456.

    Google Scholar 

  • Swamy, B. G L. 1948. The embryology of Epidendrum prismatocarpum. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 75: 245–249.

    Google Scholar 

  • Swamy, B. G. L. 1949. Embryological studies in the Orchidaceae, II. Embryogeny. Amer. Midl. Nat. 41: 202–232.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tang, Y. J., X. L. Ye, and Z. L. Chen. 1998. The studies of the female gametophyte development and the embryogenesis in Doritis pulcherrima Lindl. J. Trop. Subtrop. Bot. 6: 289–292 (in Chinese, with English summary).

    Google Scholar 

  • Teryokhin, E. S., and O. P. Kamelina. 1969. Endosperm Orchidaceae [K voprosi o reduktsii; The endosperm of Orchidaceae ( On the problem of its reduction) Bot. Zh. 54: 657–666.

    Google Scholar 

  • Teryokhin, E. S., and O. P. Kamelina. 1972. Endosperm Habenaria linearifolia Maxim. i Neottia nidus-avis (L.) Rich. K voprosi ob evolutsia endosperma u orhideyih [The endosperm of Habenaria linearifolia Maxim. and Neottia nidus-avis (L.) Rich. (To the problem of endosperm evolution in Orchidaceae)]. Bot. Zh. 57: 1373–1383.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thorne, J. H. 1987. Phloem unloading of C and N assimulate in developing seeds. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol. 36: 317–343.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tohda, H. 1967. An embryological study of Hetaeria shikokiana, a saprophytic orchid in Japan. Sci. Rpts. Tohoku Univ., 4th Ser., Biol. 33: 83–95.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tohda, H. 1969. Development of the embryo of Bletilla striata. Sci. Rpts. Tohoku Univ., 4th Ser., Biol. 34: 125–131.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tohda, H. 1971a. Development of the embryo of Orchis aristata. Science Rpts Tohoku Univ., 4th Ser., Biol. 35: 239–243.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tohda, H. 1971b. Development of the embryo of Lecanorchis japonica. Science Rpts Tohoku Univ., 4th Ser., Biol. 35: 245–251.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tohda, H. 1971c. Embryology of Galeola septentrionales Science Rpts Tohoku Univ., 4th Ser., Biol. 35: 252–260.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tohda, H. 1974a. Development of the embryo of Gymnadenia cuculata. Sci. Rpts. Tohoku Univ., 4th Ser., Biol. 37: 71–77.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tohda, H. 1974b. Embryological study of Gymnadenia camtschatica. Sci. Rprts. Tohoku Univ., 4th Ser., Biol. 37: 79–87.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tohda, H. 1974c. Development of the embryo of Pogonia (Orchidaceae). Sci. Rprts. Tohoku Univ., 4th Ser., Bio1. 37: 89–93.

    Google Scholar 

  • Treub, M. 1879. Notes sur l’embryogenie de quelques Orchidees. Verh. Kon. Nederl. Akad. Wetensch. Afdl. Natuurk. 19: 1–50.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tykarska, T. 1976. Rape embryogenesis. 1. The proembryo development. Acta Soc. Bot. Pol. 45: 3–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Veyret, Y. 1965. Embryogénie comparée et blastogénie chez les Orchidaceae-Monandrae. Office de la Recherche Scientifique et Technique Outre-Mer Mémoire No. 12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Veyret, Y. 1967. L’apomixie chez le Cynosorchis lilacina Ridley (Orchidacées). Compt. Rend.Acad. Sci. Paris 265: 1713–1716.

    Google Scholar 

  • Veyret, Y. 1969. La structure des semences des Orchidaceae et leur aptitude a_ la germination in vitro en cultures pures. Travaux du Laboratoire de «La Jaysinia», Muséum Nationale D’Histroire Naturelle, Paris Fascicle 3: 89–98, Plates III, IV.

    Google Scholar 

  • Veyret, Y. 1974. Development of the embryo and the young seedling stages of orchids. In C.L. Withner (ed), The orchids: scientific studies, pp. 223–265. John Wiley and Sons, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vij, S. P., P. Pathak, and K. C. Mahant. 1995. Green pod culture of a therapeutically important species Dactylorhiza hatagirea (D. Don) Soo. J. Orchid Soc. India 9: 7–12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vij, S. P., M. Sharma and N. Shekhar. 1982. Embryological studies in Orchidaceae. II: Zeuxine strateumatica complex. Phytomorphology 32: 257–264.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vij, S. P., A. Sood, and K. K. Plaha. 1981. In vitro seed germination of some epiphytic orchids. Pages 473–481 in S. C. Verma (ed.), Contemporary Trends in Plant Sciences. Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi, India.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vijayaraghavan, M. R., and K. Prabhakar. 1984. The endosperm. In B.M. John (ed.) Embryology of Angiosperms, pp. 319–376. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

  • von Mohl, H. 1847. Ueber die Entwicklung des Embryo von Orchis morio. Bot. Ztng 5: 465473.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walthal, E.D., and T. Brady. 1986. The effect of suspensor and gibberellic acid on Phaseolus vulgaris embryo protein synthesis. Cell Di 18: 37–44.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang, F. H. 1993. Selected works of Wang Fuhsiung. World Language Publishers. Beijing, China.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ward, H. M. 1880. On the embryo-sac and development of Gymnadenia conopsea. J. Microscop. Sci. 20 (NS): 1–18, Plates I-III.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wardlaw, C. W. 1955. Embryogenesis in plants. Methuen, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weatherhead, M. A., S. Y. Zee and G. Barretto. 1986. Some observations on the early stages of development of Eulophia yushuiana. Mem. Hong Kong Nat. Hist. Soc. 17: 85–90.

    Google Scholar 

  • Xu, Z., C. Yang, and M. Yang. 1995. Studies on the double fertilization and embryogeny in Dendrobium candidum Wall. Ex Lindl. J. Trop. Subtrop. Bot. 3: 60–64.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yadegari, R., and Goldberg, R.B. 1997. Embryogenesis in Dicotyledonous plants. In B.A. Larkins and I.K. Vasil (eds.) Cellular and molecular biology of plant seed development, pp. 3–52, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yamashita, T., and K. Nishikawa. 1991. Zur Entwicklungs und Anatomie der pilzfrei kultivierten Keimpflanze und der unterirdischen Organe von Habenaria radiata (Orchidaceae). Beitr. Biol. Pflanz. 66: 351–370.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yasugi, S. 1983. Ovule and embryo development in Doritis pulcherrima (Orchidaceae). Amer. J Bot. 70: 555–560

    Google Scholar 

  • Yasugi, S., Y. Kawamoto, and D. Karita. 1987. Ovule culture in Calanthe (Orchidaceae). Bull. Fac. Hort. Minamikyusyu Univ. 17: 89–103.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ye, X., S. Cheng, F. Wang, and N. Qian. 1988. Morphology of immature seed and

    Google Scholar 

  • development in vitro of Dendrobium candidum. Acta Bot. Yunnanica 10: 285–290.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ye, X. L., S. Y. Zee, and E. C. Yeung. 1997. Suspensor development in the nun orchid, Phaius

    Google Scholar 

  • tankervilliae. Int. J. Plant Sci. 158: 704–712.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yeung, E. C. 1983. Developmental changes in the branched parenchyma cells of bean seed coat. Protoplasma 118: 225–229.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yeung, E.C. 1995. Structural and developmental patterns in somatic embryogenesis. In T.A. Thorpe (ed) In vitro Embryogenesis in Plants, pp. 205–247, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yeung, E. C., and M. E. Clutter. 1979. Embryology of Phaseolus coccineus: The ultrastructure and development of the suspensor. Can. J Bot. 57, 120–136.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yeung, E. C. and S. J. Blackman, S J. 1987. Histochemical localization of alcohol dehydrogenease in developing bean seeds. Amer. J Bot. 74, 1461–1465.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yeung, E. C., and S. K. Law. 1992. Embryology of Calypso bulbosa. II. Embryo development. Can. J Bot. 70: 461–468.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yeung, E. C., and S. K. Law. 1997. Ovule and megagametophyte development in orchids. In: J. Arditti and A. M. Pridgeon (eds.), Orchid biology: Reviews and perspectives, VII, pp. 31–73. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yeung, E. C., and D. W. Meinke. 1993. Embryogenesis in angiosperms: Development of the suspensor. Plant Cell 5: 1371–1381.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yeung, E. C., and I. M. Sussex. 1979. Embryogeny of Phaseolus coccineus: The suspensor and the growth of the embryo in vitro. Z Pflanzenphysiol. 91: 423–433.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yeung, E. C., S. Y. Zee, and X. L. Ye. 1996. Embryology of Cymbidium sinense: Embryo development. Ann. Bot. 78: 105–110.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhukova, G Y., and G. I. Savina. 1978. Elektronomikroskopicheskoe isledovanie zarodisha Epipactis atrorubens (Hoffm.) Schult. (Orchidaceae) na ranih fazah ego rasvitya [Electron microscope study of early embryo in Epipactis atrorubens (Hoffm.) Schult. (Orchidaceae)]. Bot. Zh. 63: 1241–1246.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zinger, N. V., and V. A Poddubnaya-Arnoldi. 1958. Gistohimitcheskaya harakteristika belkov zarodishei nekotoryih prestaviteley orhideih (Histochemical characteristics of embryo proteins of some representative orchids). Dokladi Akad. Nauki USSR N. S. 118: 607–610.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zinger, N. V., and V. A. Poddubnaya-Arnoldi. 1966. Application of histochemical techniques to the study of embryonic processes in certain orchids. Phytomorphology 16: 111–124 (although dated June 1966 this paper was actually published in March 1967).

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2002 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Yam, T.W., Yeung, E.C., Ye, XL., Zee, SY., Arditti, J. (2002). Embryology-Seeds. In: Kull, T., Arditti, J. (eds) Orchid Biology: Reviews and Perspectives, VIII. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2500-2_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2500-2_6

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-90-481-6002-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-017-2500-2

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics