Summary
In published anatomical research up to the 1960 decade there has been little application of statistical method other than presentation of mean values. With the recent expansion of statistical teaching and the wider availability of computers, statistical treatment of anatomical data should increase. This paper presents a checklist of univariate and multivariate statistical techniques relevant to identifying and characterising sources and patterns of variation of anatomical features within and between trees and geographic locations. Non-statistical applications of computers are described including the curatorial management of wood collections (xylaria) and the identification of wood samples. Attention is drawn to the IAWA ‘Standard list of characters suitable for computerized hardwood identification’.
This paper is a much enlarged version of a chapter in the second edition of ‘Anatomy of the Dicotyledons’ (Metcalfe and Chalk, 1982).
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Anderson, T.W. 1958. Introduction to multivariate statistical analysis. John Wiley & Sons, New York.
Andrew, I.A. & J. Burley. 1972. Variation of wood quality of Pinus merkusii Jungh. and de Vriese; five trees of Burma provenance grown in Zambia Rhod. J. Agric. Res. 10: 183–202.
Bailey, I.W. & H.B. Shephard. 1915. Sanio’s laws for the variation in size of coniferous tracheids. Bot. Gaz. 60: 66–71.
Balan Menon, P.K. 1957. Microscopic key for the identification of commercial timbers. Malay Forester 20: 162–164.
Beversluis, J.R. 1943. De micrografische identificatie van conifere houtsoorten. Meded. Landb. Hogesch. Wageningen 47 /2: 39 pp.
Bliss, C.I. 1967. Statistics in biology. McGraw-Hill, New York.
Brazier, J.D. & G.L. Franklin. 1961. Identification of hardwoods. For. Prod. Res. Bull. No. 46: 96 pp.
Burley, J. 1969. Tracheid length variation in a single tree of Pinus kesiya Royle ex Gord. Wood Sci. Technol. 3: 109–116.
Burley, J. 1970. Variation in wood properties of Pinus kesiya Royle ex Gordon (syn. P. khasya Royle; P. insularis Endlicher): eighteen trees of Burma provenance grown in Zambia. Wood Sci. Technol. 4: 255–266.
Burley, J. & I.A. Andrew. 1970. Variation in wood properties of Pinus kesiya Royle ex Gordon (syn. P. khasya Royle; P. insularis Endlicher): six trees of Assam provenance grown in Zambia. Wood Sci. Technol. 4: 195–212.
Burley, J. & P.M. Burrows. 1972. Multivariate analysis of provenance variation in needles of Pinus kesiya Royle ex Gordon (syn. P. khasya Royle; P. insularis Endlicher ). Silvae Genetica 21: 69–77.
Burley, J., T. Posner & P. Waters. 1970. Sampling techniques for measurement of fibre length in Eucalyptus species. Wood Sci. Technol. 4: 240–245.
Cailliez, F. & P. Gueneau. 1972. Principal component analysis of technological properties of Malaysian timbers. Cahier Scientifique No. 2, Suppl. Bois For. Trop.: 51 pp.; and Ann. Sci. For. 29: 215–265.
Clarke, S.H. 1938. A multiple-entry perforated-card key with special reference to the identification of hardwoods. New Phytol. 38: 369–374.
Corothie, H. 1948. Maderas de Venezuela. Min. Agric. y Cria, Caracas.
Cutler, D.F. 1979. The scanning electron microscope in recent systematic plant anatomy. In C.R. Metcalfe & L. Chalk (eds.), Anatomy of the Dicotyledons. Vol. 1 (2nd Ed.). Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford.
Dadswell, H.E. & A.M. Eckersley. 1941. The card sorting method applied to the identification of the commercial timbers of the genus Eucalyptus. J. Counc. Sci. & Ind. Res. 14: 266–280.
Dancik, B.P. & B.V. Barnes. 1975. Leaf variability in yellow birch in relation to environment. Canad. J. For. Res. 5: 395–399.
Davidson, J. 1972. Variation, association and inheritance in Eucalyptus deglupta Blume. Ph.D. Thesis. Austr. National Univ., Canberra.
Falkenhagen, E.R. & N. Nash. 1978. Multivariate classification in provenance research. Silvae Genetica 27: 14–23.
Freese, F. 1967. Elementary statistical methods for foresters. U.S.D.A. Agric. Handbook 317: 87 pp.
Gottwald, H. 1958. Handelshölzer. Ihre Benennung, Bestimmung und Beschreibung. F. Holzmann, Hamburg.
Gower, J.C. 1975. Relating classification to identification. In: R.J. Pankhurst (ed.), Biological Identification with Computers: 251–263. Acad. Press. London.
Graaff, N.A. van der, & P. Baas. 1974. Wood anatomical variation in relation to latitude and altitude. Blumea 22: 101–121.
Hans, A.S. & J. Burley. 1972. Wood quality of eight Eucalyptus species in Zambia. Experientia 28: 1378–1380.
Hans, A.S., J. Burley & J.G. Williamson 1972a. Wood quality of Eucalyptus grandis ( Hill) Maiden in a fertilizer trial at Siamambo, Zambia. E. Afr. Agric. For. J. 38: 157–161.
Hans, A.S., J. Burley & P. Williamson. 1972b. Wood quality in Eucalyptus grandis ( Hill) Maiden, grown in Zambia. Holzforschung 26: 138–141.
Hogeweg, P. & J. Koek-Noorman. 1975. Wood anatomical classification using iterative character weighing. Acta Bot. Neerl. 24: 269–283.
Hopp, H. 1941. Methods of distinguishing between ship-mast and common forms of black locust on Long Island. N.Y. USDA Techn. Bull. 742: 24 pp.
IAWA Committee. 1981. Standard list of characters suitable for computerized hardwood identification. IAWA Bull. n.s. 2: 99–145 (also separately: IAWA, Leiden).
Jeffers, J.N.R. 1959. Experimental design and analysis in forest research. Almqvist & Wiksell, Stockholm.
Jeffers, J.N.R. 1962. Principal components analysis of designed experiments. The Statistician 12: 230–241.
Jeffers, J.N.R. 1967a. The study of variation in taxonomic research. The Statistician 17: 29–43.
Jeffers, J.N.R. 1967b. Two case studies in the application of PCA. Appl. Stat. 16: 225–236.
Kendall, M.G. 1975. Multivariate analysis. Charles Griffin, London.
Kettenring, J.R. 1971. Canonical analysis of several sets of variables. Biometrika 58: 433–451.
Koek-Noorman, J. & P. Hogeweg. 1974. The wood anatomy of Vanguerieae, Cinchoneae, Condamineae, and Rondeletieae (Rubiaceae). Acta Bot. Neerl. 23: 627–653.
Kribs, D.A. 1959. Commercial foreign woods on the American market. Pennsylvania State Univ. Kukachka, B.F. 1960. Identification of coniferous woods. TAPPI 43: 887–896.
Mariaux, A. & A. Vitalis-Brun. 1979. A tentative statistical method for wood identification in 20 genera of Sapotaceae. IAWA Bull. 1979 /2: 39.
Mergen, F., D.T. Lester, G.M. Furnival & J. Burley. 1966. Discriminant analysis of Eucalyptus cinerea x Eucalyptus maculosa hybrids. Silvae Genetica 15: 148–154.
Metcalfe, C.R. & L. Chalk. 1950. Anatomy of the Dicotyledons. Vol. 1 & 2. Clarendon Press, Oxford.
Metcalfe, C.R. & L. Chalk. 1979. Anatomy of the Dicotyledons. Vol. 1 ( 2nd Ed. ). Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford.
Metcalfe, C.R. & L. Chalk. 1982. Anatomy of the Dicotyledons. Vol. 2 ( 2nd Ed. ). Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford.
Miller, R.B. 1980. Wood identification via computer. IAWA Bull. n.s. 1: 154–160.
Morse, L.E. 1974. Computer programs for specimen identification, key construction and description printing using taxonomic data matrices. Michigan State Univ., Publ. Mus. Biol. Ser. 5: 1–128.
Morse, L.E. 1975. Recent advances in the theory and practice of biological specimen identification. In: R.J. Pankhurst (ed.), Biological Identification with Computers. Acad. Press, London.
Morse, L.E., J.A. Peters & P.B. Hamel. 1971. A general data format for summarising taxonomic information. Bioscience 21: 174–180, 186.
Normand, D. 1946. Les clefs pour l’identification des bois et le système des fiches perforées. L’Agron. Trop. 1: 162–172.
Normand, D. 1972. Manuel d’identification des bois commerciaux. I. Généralités. Centre Techn. For. Trop., Nogent-sur-Marne, France.
Dever, L. van den, P. Baas & M. Zandee. 1981. Comparative wood anatomy of Symplocos and latitude and altitude of provenance. IAWA Bull. n.s. 2: 3–24.
Pankhurst, R.J. 1975. Biological identification with computers. Syst. Assoc. Spec. Vol. 7. Acad. Press, London.
Pearson, R.G. & E.A. Wheeler. 1981. Computer identification of hardwood species. IAWA Bull. n.s. 2: 37–40.
Pfeiffer, J.P. & W.W. Varossieau. 1945. Classification of the structural elements of the secondary wood of dicotyledons using decimal indices for classification and identification of wood species. Blumea 5: 437–489.
Phillips, E.W.J. 1941. The identification of coniferous woods by their microscopic structure. J. Linn. Soc. 52: 259–320.
Reyment, R.A. 1969. Biometrical techniques in systematics. Systematic Biology, Proc. Intern. Conf., National Acad. Sci. Washington, D.C.; repr. Publ. Palaeo. Inst. Univ. Uppsala No. 87: 542–587.
Ross, J.H. & J.W. Morris. 1971. Principal components analysis of Acacia burkei and A. nigrescens in Natal. Bothalia 10: 437–450.
Rouvier, R. 1966. L’analyse en composantes principales: son utilisation en génétique et ses rapport avec l’analyse discriminatoire. Biometrics 22: 343–357.
Sanio, K. 1872. Über die Grösse der Holzzellen bei der gemeinen Kiefer (Pinus silvestris). Jahrb. Wiss. Bot. 8: 401–420.
Scheffé, H. 1959. The analysis of variance. John Wiley & Sons, New York.
Seal, H.L. 1964. Multivariate statistical analysis for biologists. Methuen & Co., London. Snedecor, G.W. & W.G. Cochran. 1967. Statistical methods. 6th Ed. Iowa State Univ. Press, Ames, Iowa.
Sokal, R.R. & P.H.A. Sneath. 1963. Principles of numerical taxonomy. Freeman, San Francisco. Steele, J.H., G. Ifju & J.A. Johnson. 1975. Application of stereological techniques to the quantitative characterization of wood microstructure. Proc. 4th Intern. Congr. Stereology, Nat. Bur. Standards Special Publ. 431: 245–256.
Steele, J.H., G. Ifju & J.A. Johnson. 1976. Quantitative characterization of wood microstructure. J. Microscopy 107: 297–311.
Sudo, S. 1963. Identification of tropical woods. Bull. Govt. For. Exp. Sta. Meguro 157: 1–262.
Thunell, B. & E. Perem. 1947. Identifiering av träslag. Meddelanden Svenska Träforskning insti-tutet. Trätekniska Avdelning 12: 1–12.
Varossieau, W.W. 1948. The identification of wood species with the aid of the Hollerith system. Blumea 6: 229–242.
Varossieau, W.W. & B.F. Kukachka. 1950. Suggestions for a standardized method of identification with mechanically punched cards. Proc. IAWA Meeting, Stockholm: 1–5.
Zobel, B.J., R.C. Kellison, M.F. Matthias & W.V. Hatcher. 1972. Wood density of the southern pines. North Carolina Agric. Exp. Sta. Techn. Bull. No. 208: 56 pp.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1982 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Burley, J., Miller, R.B. (1982). The application of statistics and computing in wood anatomy. In: Baas, P. (eds) New Perspectives in Wood Anatomy. Forestry Sciences, vol 1. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2418-0_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2418-0_9
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-90-481-8269-5
Online ISBN: 978-94-017-2418-0
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive