Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Genetic variation in wood properties

  • Chapter
New Perspectives in Wood Anatomy

Part of the book series: Forestry Sciences ((FOSC,volume 1))

Summary

The significance of genetic variation in commercially important technological characters of wood has been realised only in the last 50 years: most of the initial studies were made by silviculturists and later by tree breeders, occasionally in cooperation with wood technologists rather than anatomists. The wood properties examined were not always those considered by taxonomic anatomists; these anatomists recognised the existence of variation in cell and tissue size, composition and distribution but accounted for it only to the extent of estimating mean values mainly at the specific level. The fundamental sources of variation (mutation, migration and selection) apply as much to anatomy as to morphology and many anatomical features are under polygenic control (metric, quantitative traits). Differences between species, populations and trees have been demonstrated for a wide range of wood properties in species, provenance and progeny trials of many species; trees also vary genetically in the extent and pattern of intra-tree variation. The type of genetic control (additive or non-additive) varies between traits. For precise estimation of population parameters many samples are required and modern techniques such as densitometry and image-analysis, coupled with computing and statistical methods, facilitate rapid processing and evaluation of large numbers for several wood traits. For many species, characters, and plantation sites, attention is now being concentrated on estimating genetic parameters including correlations between anatomical traits and utilisation characteristics.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Akachuku, A.E. and J. Burley. 1979. Variation of wood anatomy of Gmelina arborea Roxb. in Nigerian plantations. IAWA Bull. 1979 /4: 94–99.

    Google Scholar 

  • Armstrong, J.E. and D.T. Funk. 1980. Genetic variation in the wood of Fraxinus americana. Wood and Fiber 12: 112–120.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baas, P. 1973. The wood anatomical range in Ilex ( Aquifoliaceae) and its ecological and phylogenetic significance. Blumea 21: 193–258.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baas, P. 1976. Some functional and adaptive aspects of vessel member morphology. In: P. Baas, A.J. Bolton and D.M. Catling (eds.), Wood Structure in Biological and Technological Research: 157–181. Leiden Bot. Series No. 3 Leiden Univ. Press, The Hague.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bakulin, V.T. 1980. Wood anatomy of induced polyploids of poplar. Izv. Sibirsk. Otdel. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Biol. Nauk No. 1 (5): 25–30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bamber, R.K. 1978a. Wood anatomy - a fundamental branch of wood science. Pap. IUFRO Conf.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wood Quality and Utilization of Tropical Species, Laguna, Philippines, 1978: 13–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bamber, R.K. 1978b. The origin of growth stresses. Pap. IUFRO Conf. Wood Quality and Utilization of Tropical Species, Laguna, Philippines, 1978: 7 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berlyn, G.P. 1979. Physiological control of differentiation of xylem elements. Wood and Fiber 11: 109–126.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bormann, F.H. and G.P. Berlyn (eds.). 1981. Age and growth rate of tropical trees. Yale Univ. School For. Environm. Stud. Bull. No. 94: 137 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brazier, J.D. 1968. The contribution of wood anatomy to taxonomy. Proc. Linn. Soc. Lond. 179: 271–274.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buijtenen, J.P. van. 1969. Relationships between wood properties and pulp and paper properties. Pap. 2nd World Consultn. For. Tree Breed., Washington, D.C., U.S.A., FO-FBT-69–4/5, FAO, Rome, Italy.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burley, J. 1981. Time-related problems in the evaluation of forest genetic resources. Pap. FAO/ UNEP/IBPGR Techn. Conf. Crop Genetic Resources, Rome, Italy: 14 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burley, J., P.G. Adlard and P. Waters. 1970. Variances of tracheid lengths in tropical pines from central Africa. Wood Sci. Technol. 4: 36–44.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burley, J. and I.A. Andrew. 1970. Variation in wood properties of Pinus kesiya Royle ex Gordon (syn. P. khasya Royle; P. insularis Endlicher); six trees of Assam provenance grown in Zambia. Wood Sci. Technol. 4: 195–212.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burley, J. and R.B. Miller. 1982. The application of statistics and computing in wood anatomy. This volume: 223–242.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burley, J. and E.R. Palmer (principal investigators). 1979. Pulp and wood densitometric properties of Pinus caribaea from Fiji. CFI Occ. Paper No. 6: 66 pp. Oxford, England.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cannell, M.G.R. and F.T. Last. 1976. Tree physiology and yield improvement. Acad. Press, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carlquist, S. 1975. Ecological strategies of xylem evolution. Univ. California Press, Berkeley. Chafe, S.C. 1978. On the mechanisms of cell wall microfibrillar orientation. Wood Sci. Technol. 12: 203–217.

    Google Scholar 

  • Champion, H.G. 1925. Contributions towards a knowledge of twisted fibre in trees. Indian For. Rec. (Silvic. Series) 11 (2): 11–80.

    Google Scholar 

  • Champion, H.G. 1933. Importance of the origin of seed used in forestry. Indian For. Rec. (Silvic. Series) 17 (5): 11, 14–18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cleaveland, M.K. and T.E. Wooten. 1974. Annotated bibliography on the effects of fertilization on wood quality. For. Res. Series, Clemson Univ., South Carolina, No. 29: 53 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crist, J.B. 1980. Anatomical characteristics of nine Populus clones grown under short rotation in-

    Google Scholar 

  • tensive culture. Abstr. Pap. 34th Ann. Mtg. For. Prod. Res. Soc., Boston, U.S.A.: 6–7. Crooks, J.R. 1966. Geographic variation of tangential tracheid diameter in Idaho western red

    Google Scholar 

  • cedar. Abstr. of thesis in For. Prod. J. 16 (11): 55.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dadswell, H.E., J.M. Fielding, J.W.P. Nicholls and A.G. Brown. 1961. Tree-to-tree variation and the gross heritability of wood characteristics of Pinus radiata. TAPPI 44: 174–179.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dadswell, H.E. and J.W.P. Nicholls. 1959. Assessment of wood qualities for tree breeding. 1. In Pinus elliottii var. elliottii from Queensland. Div. For. Prod. CSIRO Melbourne, Australia, Techn. Pap. 4: 66 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Denne, M.P. 1979. Wood structure and production within the trunk and branches of Picea sitchensis in relation to canopy formation. Canad. J. For. Res. 9: 406–427.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dickison, W.C., R.M. Rury and G.L. Stebbins. 1978. Xylem anatomy of Hibbertia (Dilleniaceae) in relation to ecology and evolution. J. Am. Arbor. 59: 32–49.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dickson, R.E., P.R. Larson and J.G. Isebrands. 1974. Differences in cell-wall chemical composition among eighteen three-year-old Populus hybrid clones. In: Proc. 9th Central States For. Tree Impr. Conf., Ames, Iowa, U.S.A.: 21–34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dinwoodie, J.M. 1961. Tracheid and fibre length in timber–a review of literature. Forestry 34: 125–144.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dinwoodie, J.M. 1965. The relationship between fiber morphology and paper properties–a review of literature. TAPPI 48: 440–447.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dinwoodie, J.M. 1966. Growth stress in timber - a review of literature. Forestry 39: 162–170. Echols, R.M. 1955. Linear relation of fibrillar angle to tracheid length, and genetic control of tracheid length in slash pine. Trop. Woods 102: 11–22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Echols, R.M. 1958. Variation in tracheid length and wood density in geographic races of Scotch Pine. Yale Univ. School For. Bull. No. 64: 52 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Echols, R.M. 1973. Effects of elevation and seed source on tracheid length in young ponderosa pine. For. Sci. 19: 46–49.

    Google Scholar 

  • Einspahr, D.W. 1972. Forest tree improvement and the pulp and paper industry. TAPPI 55: 1660 1669.

    Google Scholar 

  • Einspahr, D.W., M.K. Benson and J.R. Peckham. 1968. Wood and pulp properties of 5-year-old diploid and triploid hybrid aspen. TAPPI 51: 72–75.

    Google Scholar 

  • Elliott, G.K. 1970. Wood density in conifers. Techn. Commun. Commonw. For. Bur. No. 8: 44 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ezell, A.W. 1979. Variation of cellular proportions in sweetgums and their relation to other wood properties. Wood and Fiber 11: 136–143.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fahn, A., J. Burley, K.A. Longman, A. Mariaux and P.B. Tomlinson. 1981. Possible contributions of wood anatomy to the determination of age of tropical trees. In: F.H. Bormann and G.P. Berlyn (eds.), Age and Growth Rate of Tropical Trees: 31–54. Yale Univ. School For. Environm. Stud. No. 94.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fielding, J.M. 1967. The influence of silvicultural practices on wood properties. Int. Rev. For. Res. 2: 95–126.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fletcher, J.M. and J.F. Hughes. 1970. Uses of X-rays for density determinations and dendrochronology. Bull. Fac. For. U.B.C. 7: 41–54.

    Google Scholar 

  • Forest Biology Subcommittee No. 2. 1968. New methods of measuring wood and fiber properties in small samples. TAPPI 51: 75A - 80A.

    Google Scholar 

  • Forest Products Laboratory. 1965a. Southern wood density survey - 1965 status report. U.S. For. Serv. Pap. F.P.L. 26: 38 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Forest Products Laboratory. 1965b. Western wood density survey report No. 1. U.S. For. Serv. Res. Pap. F.P.L. 27: 58 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gilmore, A.R. 1968. Geographic variations in specific gravity of white pine and red pine in Illinois. For. Prod. J. 18 (11): 49–51.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goddard, R.E. and R.K. Strickland. 1962. Geographic variation in wood specific gravity of slash pine. TAPPI 45: 606–608.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goggans, J.F. 1961. The interplay of environment and heredity as factors controlling wood properties in conifers. N.C. State Coll. Techn. Rep. 11: 56 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goggans, J.F. 1964. Correlation and heritability of certain wood properties in loblolly pine ( Pinus taeda L. ). TAPPI 47: 318–322.

    Google Scholar 

  • Graaff, N.A. van der, and P. Baas. 1974. Wood anatomical variation in relation to latitude and altitude. Blumea 22: 101–121.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamilton, T. 1761. Treatise on the manner of raising forest trees, in a letter from the Right Honourable, the Earl of Haddington to his grandson. To which are added two memoirs; the one on preserving and repairing forests; the other on the culture of forests. Both translated from the French of M. Buffon. Printed for G. Hamilton, Edinburgh: 129 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harrington, C.A. and D.S. DeBell. 1980. Variation in specific gravity of red alder (Alnus rubra Bong.). Canad. J. For. Res. 10: 293–299.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harris, J.M. and H. Polge. 1967. A comparison of X-ray and beta-ray techniques for measuring wood density. J. Inst. Wood Sci. 19: 34–42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hattemer, H.H. 1963. Estimates of heritability published in forest tree breeding research. Pap. FAO World Consultn. For. Genet., Stockholm, FAO/FORGEN 63/2a/3: 14 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heywood, V.H. (ed.). 1973. Taxonomy and ecology. Proceedings of an international symposium held at the Department of Botany, University of Reading. Spec. Vol. Syst. Assoc. Acad. Press, London, No. 5: 370 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hughes, J.F. 1965. Tension wood: a review of literature. Part I. Occurrence and development of tension wood. Part II. The properties and use characteristics of tension wood. For. Abstr. 26: 29; 179–186.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hughes, J.F. and R.M. de A. Sardinha. 1975. The application of optical densitometry in the study of wood structures and properties. J. Microscopy 104: 91–103.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jett, J.B., R.J. Weir and J.A. Barker. 1977. The inheritance of cellulose in loblolly pine. In: Proc. TAPPI For. Biol. Conf.: 159–162.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kandeel, E.S.A. 1971. Polynomial models to study and present within-tree variation of wood properties. Wood and Fiber 3: 106–111.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kedharnath, S., V.J. Chacko, S.K. Gupta and J.D. Matthews. 1963. Geographic and individual tree variation in some wood characters of teak (Tectona grandis L. f.) Silvae Genetica 12: 181–186.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kennedy, R.W. 1971. Influence of provenance and test location on wood formation in Pinus banksiana Lamb. seedlings. Silvae Genetica 20: 60–63.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koehler, A. 1939. Heredity versus environment in improving wood in forest trees. J. For. 37: 683687.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koo, K.H. and S.H. Hong. 1966. Tracheid length and compression strength of x Pinus rigitaeda and its back-cross hybrid. Res. Reports, Office of Rural Devel., Suwon 9: 117–123.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kouris, M. (ed.). 1962. The influence of environment and genetics on pulpwood quality. TAPPI Monograph 24: 316 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lambeth, C.C. 1980. Juvenile-mature correlations in Pinaceae and implications for early selection. For. Sci. 26: 571–580.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee, C.H. 1979. Absence of growth-wood property correlation in twenty-seven black pine seed sources. Wood and Fiber 11: 22–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Low, A.J. 1964. Compression wood in conifers. A literature review. Parts I and II. For. Abstr. 25 (3): xxxv-xliii and 25 (4): xlv-li.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maeglin, R.R. 1976. Natural variation of tissue proportions and vessel and fiber length in mature red oak. Silvae Genetica 25: 122–126.

    Google Scholar 

  • McKimmy, M.D. 1966. A variation and heritability study of wood specific gravity in 46-year old Douglas Fir from known seed sources. TAPPI 49: 542–549.

    Google Scholar 

  • McKimmy, M.D. and D.D. Nicholas. 1971. Genetic differences in wood traits among half-centuryold families of Douglas Fir. Wood and Fiber 2: 347–355.

    Google Scholar 

  • Metcalfe, C.R. and L. Chalk. 1950. Anatomy of the Dicotyledons. Vol. 1 and 2. Clarendon Press, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miler, Z., A. Miler and P. Pasternak. 1979. Wood fibre length in pine provenance samples. Peace Kom. Nauk Roln. i Korn. Nauk Lesnych No. 48: 95–101.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, R.B. 1976. Wood anatomy of the species of Juglans. Bot. Gaz. 137: 368–377. Mitchell, H.L. 1958. Wood quality evaluation from increment cores. TAPPI 41: 150–156.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell, H.L. 1964. Patterns of variation in specific gravity of southern pines and other conife-

    Google Scholar 

  • rous species. TAPPI 47: 216–283.

    Google Scholar 

  • Namkoong, G., A.C. Barefoot and R.G. Hitchings. 1969. Evaluating control of wood quality through breeding. TAPPI 52: 1935–1938.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nicholls, J.W.P. 1967a. Assessment of wood qualities for tree breeding. IV. Pinus pinaster Ait. grown in Western Australia. Silvae Genetica 16: 21–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nicholls, J.W.P. 1967b. Preliminary observations on the change with age of the heritability of certain wood characters in Pinus radiata clones. Silvae Genetica 16: 18–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nicholls, J.W.P. 1978. A review of the genetic parameters of some wood characteristics of Pinus radiata. Pap. 6th Meet. Res. Work Group 1, Aust. For. Counc., Coff’s Harbour, Australia: 14 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nicholls, J.W.P. and A.G. Brown. 1974. The inheritance of heartwood formation in Pinus radiata D. Don. Silvae Genetica 23: 138–141.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nicholls, J.W.P. and K.G. Eldridge. 1980. Variation in some wood and bark characteristics in provenances of Pinus radiata D Don. Austr. For. Res. 10: 321–335.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nicholls, J.W.P. and A.C. Matheson. 1980. Variation in wood characteristics in thinnings from a field trial of Eucalyptus obliqua. Austr. For. Res. 10: 239–247.

    Google Scholar 

  • Noshowiak, A.F. 1963. Spiral grain in trees - a review. For. Prod. J. 13: 266–275.

    Google Scholar 

  • Novruzova, Z.A. 1968. The water-conducting system of trees and shrubs in relation to ecology. Izv. Akad. Nauk. Azerb. SSR, Baku: 230 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oever, L. van den, P. Baas and M. Zandee. 1980. Quantitative wood anatomy and provenance in the genus Symplocos. Pap. Proc. IUFRO Wkg. Pty. S5.01–02, Oxford, U.K.; Mitt. Bundesforschungsanst. f. Forst-u. Holzwirtschaft, Hamburg, Germany, No. 131: 49–60.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oever, L. van den, P. Baas and M. Zandee. 1981. Comparative wood anatomy of Symplocos and latitude and altitude of provenance. IAWA Bull. n.s. 2: 3–24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Otegbeye, G.O. and R.C. Kellison. 1980. Genetics of wood and bark characteristics of Eucalyptus viminalis Silvae Genetica 29: 27–31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Otsuka, M., S. Toyama and M. Yonemochi. 1964. On the characteristics of tetraploid Pinus thunbergii. Bull. Fac. Agric. Univ. Miyazaki 10: 153–161.

    Google Scholar 

  • Outer, R.W. den, and W.L.H. van Veenendaal. 1976. Variation in wood anatomy of species with a distribution covering both rain forest and savanna areas of the Ivory Coast, West-Africa. In: P. Baas, A.J. Bolton and D.M. Catling (eds.), Wood Structure in Biological and Technological Research: 182–195. Leiden Bot. Series No. 3. Leiden Univ. Press, The Hague.

    Google Scholar 

  • Paterson, D.N. 1968. Control of wood quality and quantity in the east African exotic softwood tree breeding programme E Afr. Ag. and For. J. 33: 302–315.

    Google Scholar 

  • Paul, B.H. 1957. Juvenile wood in conifers. U.S. Forest Serv., For. Prod. Lab. Report 2094: 6 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Phillips, E.W.J. 1966. The use of beta-particle radiation methods in timber research. News Bull. IAWA 1966 /2: 17–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Polge, H. 1964. Le bois juvenile des conifères. Rev. For. Franc. 16: 474–505.

    Google Scholar 

  • Polge, H., M. Lemoine and E. Deret. 1977. A study of specific and infraspecific variability in the structure of juvenile wood of oak by means of an image analyser. Ann. Sci. For. 34: 285–292.

    Google Scholar 

  • Polge, H. and J.W.P. Nicholls. 1972. Quantitative radiography and the densitometric analysis of wood. Wood Science 5: 51–59.

    Google Scholar 

  • Posey, C.E., F.E. Bridgwater and J.A. Buxton. 1969. Natural variation in specific gravity, fiber length, and growth rate of eastern cottonwood in the southern Great Plains. TAPPI 52: 1508–1511.

    Google Scholar 

  • Posey, C.E., F.E. Bridgwater and N. Walker. 1970. Effect of seed origin on tracheid length, specific gravity, and volume of shortleaf pine in Oklahoma. For. Sci. 16: 66–70.

    Google Scholar 

  • Purkayastha, S.K. and K.R. Satyamurthi. 1975. Relative importance of locality and seed origin in determining wood quality in teak. Indian For. 101: 606–607.

    Google Scholar 

  • Purkayastha, S.K., R.D. Tandon and K.R. Rao. 1973. A note on the variation in wood density in some 36-year-old teak trees from different seed origins. Indian For. 99: 215–217.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reck, S. 1980. Analysis of the wood of hybrid larches. Allg. Forst-u. Jagdzeitung 151: 117–120.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rudman, P. 1970. The influence of genotype and environment on wood properties of juvenile Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehn. Silvae Genetica 19: 49–54.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sacré, E. 1977. Caractéristiques anatomiques et physiques du bois des peupliers `I. 214’, `robusta’ et `gelrica’ aux stades prócoce et adulte. Bull. Soc. Roy. For. Belgique 84: 321–338 (French, with Dutch summary, 4 refs.).

    Google Scholar 

  • Sanio, K. 1872. Ãœber die Grösse der Holzzellen bei der gemeinen Kiefer (Pinus sylvestris). Jahrb. Wiss. Bot. 8: 401–420.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saucier, J.R. and M.A. Taras. 1966. Wood density variation among six longleaf pine seed sources grown in Virginia. J. For. 64: 463–465.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schreiner, E.J. 1935. Possibilities of improving pulping characteristics of pulpwoods by controlled hybridization of forest trees. Pap. Trade J. Techn. Sect. C: 105–109.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shelbourne, C.J.A., B.J. Zobel and R.W. Stonecypher. 1969. The inheritance of compression wood and its genetic and phenotypic correlations with six other traits in five-year-old Loblolly pine. Silvae Genetica 18: 43–47.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sijde, H.A. van der. 1979. Wood density assessment of selected trees from breast height samples. South Afr. For. J. 108: 42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sluder, E.R. 1972. Variation in specific gravity of yellow-poplar in the Southern Appalachians. Wood Science 5: 132–138.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, W.J. 1967. The heritability of fibre characteristics and its application to wood quality improvement in forest trees. Silvae Genetica 16: 41–49.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spears, J. 1979. Can the wet tropical forest survive? Commonw. For. Rev. 58: 165–180.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spurr, S.H. and W.Y. Hsiung. 1954. Growth rate and specific gravity in conifers. J. For. 52: 191–200.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spurr, S.H. and M.J. Hyvarinen. 1954. Wood fiber length as related to position in tree and growth. Bot. Rev. 20: 561–575.

    Google Scholar 

  • Strickland, R.K. and R.E. Goddard. 1966. Correlation studies of slash pine tracheid length. For. Sci. 12: 54–62.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, F.W. 1968. Variations in the size and proportions of wood elements in yellow-poplar trees. Wood Sci. Technol. 2: 153–165.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, F.W. 1969. The effect of ray tissue on the specific gravity of wood. Wood and Fiber 1: 14 2145.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, F.W. 1977. Variation in specific gravity and fiber length of selected hardwoods throughout the mid-south. For. Sci. 23: 190–194.

    Google Scholar 

  • Teissier du Cros, E., J. Kleinschmit, P. Azoeuf and R. Hoslin. 1980. Spiral grain in beech, variability and heredity. Silvae Genetica 29: 5–13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Theophrastus. 300 BC. Enquiry into plants. Transi. Sir Arthur Hart. 1966. Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thor, E. 1964. Variation in Virginia pine. Part I. Natural variation in wood properties. J. For. 62: 258–262.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wahlgren, H.E., D.R. Schumann, B.A. Bendtsen, R.L. Ethington and W.L. Galligan. 1975. Properties of major southern pines. I and II. U.S.D.A. For. Serv. Res. Pap. F.P.L. 176 /177: 76 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Webb, C.D. 1965. Variation in the wood of Sweetgum. Forest Farmer 24 (12): 9, 16–18. Weiner, J. and L. Roth. 1966. The influence of environment and genetics on pulpwood quality. Inst. Paper Chem. Bibl. Ser. No. 224: 176 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Westing, A.H. 1965. Formation and function of compression wood in gymnosperms. Bot. Rev. 31: 381–480.

    Google Scholar 

  • Westing, A.H. 1968. Formation and function of compression wood in gymnosperms. II. Bot. Rev. 34: 51–78.

    Google Scholar 

  • Winstead, J.E. 1967. Tracheid length as an ecotypic character in Liquidambar styraciflua L. under controlled conditions. Abstr. in Bull. Ecol. Soc. Amer. 48: 74.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zobel, B. 1961. Inheritance of wood properties in Conifers. Silvae Genetica 10: 65–70.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zobel, B. 1964. Breeding for wood properties in forest trees. Unasylva 18 (2–3), Nos. 73–74: 89–103.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zobel, B. 1965a. Inheritance of spiral grain. In: Proc. Meet. Sect. 41, IUFRO, Melbourne, Vol. 1: 8 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zobel, B. 1965b. Inheritance of fiber characteristics and specific gravity in hardwoods - a review. Pap. Proc. IUFRO Sect. 41, CSIRO, Melbourne: 10 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zobel, B. 1970. Developing trees in the southeastern United States with wood qualities most desirable for paper. TAPPI 53: 2320–2325.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zobel, B. 1971. Genetic manipulation of wood of southern pines including chemical characteristics. Wood Sci. Technol. 5: 255–271.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zobel, B. 1976. Wood properties as affected by changes in the wood supply of southern pines. TAPPI 59: 126–128.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zobel, B. 1980. Inherent differences affecting wood quality in fast-grown plantations. In: Proc. Symp. IUFRO Div. 5, Oxford, England: 169–188.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zobel, B., J.B. Jett and R. Hutto. 1978. Improving wood density of short-rotation southern pine. TAPPI 61: 41–44.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zobel, B., R.W. Stonecypher and C. Browne. 1968. Inheritance of spiral grain in young loblolly pine. For. Sci. 14: 376–379.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zobel, B., R. Stonecypher, C. Browne and R.C. Kellison. 1966. Variation and inheritance of cellulose in the southern pines. TAPPI 49: 383–387.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zobel, B., E. Thorbjornsen and F. Henson. 1960. Geographic, site and individual tree variation in wood properties of loblolly pine. Silvae Genetica 9: 149–158.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Agricultural and Forest Sciences, Oxford University, Commonwealth Forestry Institute, South Parks Road, Oxford, England

    J. Burley

Authors
  1. J. Burley
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Rijksherbarium, Leiden, The Netherlands

    P. Baas

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1982 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Burley, J. (1982). Genetic variation in wood properties. In: Baas, P. (eds) New Perspectives in Wood Anatomy. Forestry Sciences, vol 1. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2418-0_7

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2418-0_7

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-90-481-8269-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-017-2418-0

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation