Skip to main content

Cumulus Clouds: Numerical Models, Observations and Entrainment

  • Chapter

Part of the book series: NATO ASI Series ((ASIC,volume 114))

Abstract

The first computer simulation of the organization phase of a buoyant atmospheric thermal is described. Although crude, it showed the spontaneous development of a rounded tight-gradient “cap” and internal vortical circulation. The complexities involved in these “field of motion” models in part motivated the development of entity models, based upon laboratory thermals. These one-dimensional models and their uses with observations are briefly described as well as their limitations.

Finally, an application of Schlesinger’s three-dimensional model to a GATE cumulus situation clarifies many apparently conflicting observations and postulates, thereby raising further challenging questions to be addressed jointly by the more sophisticated measuring and modeling tools available in the 1980’s.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   259.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   329.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   329.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Malkus, J. S. and G. Witt, 1959: The evolution of a convective element: A numerical calculation. The Atmosphere and Sea in Motion. Rockefeller Institution Press, New York, 425–439.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Ogura, Y., 1962: Convection of isolated mass of buoyant fluid: A numerical calculation. J. Atmos. Sci., 19, 492–502.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Murray, F. W., and C. E. Anderson, 1965: Numerical simulation of the evolution of cumulus towers. Douglas Report, SM-49230, Douglas Missile and Space Systems, Santa Monica, CA, 97 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Murray, F. W., 1971; Humidity augmentation as an initial impulse in a numerical cloud model. Mon. Wea. Rev., 99, 37–48.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Murray, F. W. and L. R. Koenig, 1972: Numerical experiments on the relations between microphysics and dynamics in cumulus convection. Mon. Wea. Rev., 100, 717–732.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Gaynor, J. E. and P. A, Mandics, 1978: Analysis of the tropical marine boundary layer during GATE using acoustic sounder data. Mon. Wea. Rev., 106, 223–232.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Browell, E. V. and S. T. Shipley, 1982: Airborne lidar investigation of ozone and aerosols in the non-urban troposphere. Proc. of the 2nd Symposium on the Composition of the Non-urban Troposphere, Williamsburg, VA. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 296–301.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Simpson, J., 1976: Precipitation augmentation from cumulus clouds and systems: Scientific and technological foundations, 1975. Advances in Geophysics, 19, 1–72. Appendix: Summary of cumulus model simulations, 53–64.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Levine, J., 1959: Spherical vortex theory of bubble-like motion in cumulus clouds. J. Meteor., 16, 653–662.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Simpson, J., R. H. Simpson, D. A. Andrews and M. A. Eaton, 1965: Experimental cumulus dynamics. Reviews of Geophysics, 3, 387–431.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Simpson, J. and V. Wiggert, 1969: Models of precipitating cumulus towers. Mon. Wea. Rev., 97, 471–489.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Kessler, E.1 1969: On the distribution and continuity of water substance in atmospheric circulation. Meteor, Monographs. Amer. Meteor. Soc„ 10, 84 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Saunders, P. M., 1965: Some characteristics of tropical marine showers. J. Atmos. Sci., 22, 167–175.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Turner, J. S., 1963: The motion of buoyant elements in turbulent surroundings. J. Fluid. Mech. 16, 1–16.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Simpson, J., G. W. Brier and R. H. Simpson, 1967: Stormfury cumulus seeding experiment 1965: Statistical analysis and main results. J. Atmos. Sci., 24, 508–521.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Holton, J. R., 1973: A one-dimensional cumulus model including pressure perturbations. Mon. Wea. Rev., 101, 201–205.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Asai, T. and A. Kasahara, 1967: A theoretical study of the compensating downward motions associated with cumulus clouds. J. Atmos. Sci., 24, 487–496.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Cheng, C. P., 1981:. Numerical simulation of the dynamics, cloud microphysics and radar echo structures of tropical and mid-latitude convection. Ph.D. dissertation. Dept. of Atmospheric Science, University of Washington, 217 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Warner, J., 1970: On the steady-state one-dimensional models of cumulus convection. J. Atmos, Sci., 27, 1035–1040.

    Google Scholar 

  20. McCarthy, J„ 1974: Field verification of the relationship between entrainment rate and cumulus cloud diameter. J. Atmos. Sci., 31, 1028–1039.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Stommel, H., 1947: Entrainment of air into a cumulus cloud. J, Meteor., 4, 91–94.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Cotton, W. R., 1975: On parameterization of turbulent transport in clouds. J. Atmos. Sci„ 32, 548–564.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Simpson, J., G. Van Helvoirt and M. McCumber, 1982: Three-dimensional simulations of cumulus congestus clouds on GATE day 261. J. Atmos, Sci., 39, 126–145.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Warner, C. and G. L, Austin, 1978: Statistics of radar echoes on day 261 of GATE, Mon. Wea. Rev., 106, 983–994

    Google Scholar 

  25. Warner, C., J. Simpson, D. W. Martin, D. Suchman, F. R. Mosher and R, F. Reinking, 1979: Shallow convection on day 261 of GATE: Mesoscale arcs. Mon. Wea. Rev., 107, 1617–1635.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Warner, C. J. Simpson, G. Van Helvoirt, D. W, Martin, D. Suchman and G. L. Austin, 1980: Deep convection on day 261 of GATE. Mon. Wea. Rev., 108, 169–194.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Schlesinger, R. E., 1975: A three-dimensional numerical model of an isolated deep convective cloud: Preliminary results. J. Atmos. Sci., 32, 934–957.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Schlesinger, R. E., 1978: A three-dimensional model of an isolated thunderstorm. Part I. Comparative experiments for variable ambient wind shear. J. Atmos. Sci., 35, 690–713.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Takeda, T., 1966: The downdraft in the convective cloud and raindrops: A numerical simulation. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 44, 1–11.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Simpson, J. and G. Van Helvoirt, 1980: GATE cloud-subcloud interactions examined using a three-dimensional cumulus model. Contr. Atmos. Phys., 53, 106–134.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Aspliden, C. E., R. S. Hipskind, J. B. Sabine, P. Valkenaar and R. L. DeSouza, 1978: Three-dimensional wind structure around convective elements over tropical island. Tellus, 30, 252–259.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Byers, H. R. and R. R. Braham, 1949: The Thunderstorm. U. S. Gov’t Printing Office, Washington, DC, 287 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Young, J. A„ 1982: Aerosol entrainment and precipitation scaverging by convective storms, Submitted to Mon. Wea. Rev.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Jessup, E. A„ 1972: Interpretations of chaff trajectories near a severe thunderstorm. Mon. Wea, Rev., 100, 653–661.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Fankhauser, J. C., 1971: Thunderstorm-environment interactions determined from aircraft and radar operations. Mon, Wea. Rev., 99, 171–192.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1983 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Simpson, J. (1983). Cumulus Clouds: Numerical Models, Observations and Entrainment. In: Lilly, D.K., Gal-Chen, T. (eds) Mesoscale Meteorology — Theories, Observations and Models. NATO ASI Series, vol 114. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2241-4_23

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2241-4_23

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-90-481-8390-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-017-2241-4

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics