Interchanges of a Common Pest Guild Between Orchards and the Surrounding Ecosystems

Abstract

In orchards, insect pests are increasingly controlled using integrated pest management (IPM) (Blommers, 1994). Among insect pests, tortricids (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) are frequent all around the world and sometimes are very abundant (e.g. Dickler, 1991), including the codling moth (Cydia pomonella L.), the summer fruit tortrix (Adoxophyes orana F.v.R.), the eyespotted budmoth (Spilonota ocellana E), Pandemis heparana Den. & Schiff., the green budmoth (Hedya nubiferana Haw.), the European leafroller (Archips rosana L.), the fruit tree tortrix (A. podana Scop.), the brown oak tortrix (A. xylosteana L.), A. crataegana Hbn., and the small fruit tortrix (Grapholita lobarzewskii Nowicki). The bionomics of these species are usually very well known (Balachowsky, 1966; Chambon, 1986; Dickler, 1991). Distribution and movement patterns into and from the orchard have been investigated with marking-recapture methods, using pheromone traps or alimentary baits (Mani & Wildbolz, 1977; Sziraki, 1984; Brunner et al., 1988; Fassotte et al.,1992). Similarly, movements between agroecosystems and their surroundings have been studied for surface-dwelling carabids, spiders, etc. and aerial plankton (Altieri & Schmidt, 1986; Duelli et al., 1989; Duelli et al., 1990).