Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Physical and Chemical Properties of Fertilizers and Methods for their Determination

  • Chapter
Fertilizer Manual

Part of the book series: Developments in Plant and Soil Sciences ((DPSS,volume 15))

Abstract

The physical form in which a fertilizer is produced is of considerable importance, both agronomically and in regard to satisfactory handling, transport, storage, and finally application to the field. Most of the problems encountered with fertilizers probably are those resulting from deficiencies in physical properties; frequent problems include caking, dustiness, poor flowability, segregation, and excessive hygroscopicity. Customer acceptance or preference for a particular fertilizer over another of equal plant-food content almost always is based on physical properties of the product. Good physical condition, which is relatively easy for the customer to evaluate by simple observation, ensures him of easier, faster, more uniform, and less expensive application to the field. Also, in the various handling, transport, and storage steps that usually are involved between production and final use of fertilizers, it is essential that physical properties be such that the material remains free flowing (noncaking), that it be relatively nondusty, and that it withstand a reasonable amount of exposure to normal atmospheric humidity. Many production techniques, including various physical “conditioning” treatments, have been developed especially to provide favorable physical properties.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Secretariat International Standards Organization. Technical Committee 134, Subcommittee 3, Deutsches Institut fur Hormung c.V. Burggrafenstr. 4–7, 1000 Berlin 30, West Germany.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Khasawneh, F. E., and E. C. Doll. 1978. “The Use of Phosphate Rock for Direct Application to Soils,” Advances in Agronomy, 30: 159–206.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Ground Rock Phosphate Has Opportunities for Expansion.“ 1973. Phosphorus and Potassium No. 68, p. 19–23.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Reno Engrais et Produits Chimiques. 1973. “A French Company with World-Wide Fertilizer Interests,” Phosphorus and Potassium, No. 67, p. 19–21.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Hammond, L. L. 1978. “Phosphorus Availability from Minigranular Phosphate Rock as Compared with Conventional Size Grinding and Granulation,” Presented at the American Society of Agronomy National Meeting, Chicago, Illinois.

    Google Scholar 

  6. International Fertilizer Development Center. 1978. Progress Report 1977, Circular IFDC-S-1, Muscle Shoals, Alabama.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Terman, G. L. 1957. “Optimal Particle Sizes of Various Fertilizer Salts for Various Soil Conditions and Crops,” Proceedings of the 6th Annual Meeting of the Fertilizer Industry Round Table, p. 3–4, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Terman, G. L., W. M. Hoffman, and B. C. Wright. 1964. “Crop Response to Fertilizers in Relation to Content of ‘Available’ Phosphorus,” Advances in Agronomy, 16: 59–100.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Thorne, D. W., P. E. Johnson, and L. F. Seatz. 1955. “Crop Response to Phosphorus in Nitric Phosphates,” Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 3 (2): 136–140.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Terman, G. L. 1971. “Phosphate Fertiliser Sources: Agronomic Effectiveness in Relation to Chemical and Physical Properties,” Proceedings of the Fertiliser Society, ( London ), No. 123.

    Google Scholar 

  11. United States Department of State. 1977. “A.I.D. Fertilizer Specifications,” Small Business Memo No. 77–3, Agency for International Development, Office of Small Business, Washington, D.C. 20523.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Berquin, Y., and J. Burko. 1974. “Hot Spherodizer Processes and Complex Fertilizers: Recent Developments,” Proceedings of the 24th Annual Meeting of the Fertilizer Industry Round Table, p. 110–112, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Brook, A. T. 1957. “Developments in Granulation Techniques,” Proceedings of the Fertiliser Society, ( London ), No. 47.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Kelly, W. J. 1974. “Solids Handling and Metering in an NPK Prilling Plant,” Proceedings of the Fertiliser Society, ( London ), No. 141.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Maartensdijk, Sinte. 1976. “Direct Production of Granulated Superphosphates and PK Compounds from Sulphuric Acid, Phosphoric Acid, Rock Phosphate and Potash,” Paper No. TA/76/12, Presented at the International Superphosphate Manufacturers’ Association Technical Conference, The Hague, Netherlands.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Whyte, G. B. 1972. “Low Recycle NPK Granulation-Design and Practical Aspects,” Proceedings of the Fertiliser Society, ( London ), No. 127.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Hoffmeister, George. 1962. “Compatibility of Raw Materials in Blended Fertilizers-Segregation of Raw Materials,” Proceedings of the 12th Annual Meeting of the Fertilizer Industry Round Table, p. 83–88, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Hoffmeister, George. 1973. “Quality Control in a Bulk Blending Plant,” Proceedings of the TVA Fertilizer Bulk Blending Conference, TVA Bulletin Y-62, p. 59–70, Tennessee Valley Authority, NFDC, Muscle Shoals, Alabama 35660.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Hoffmeister, George, S. C. Watkins, and Julius Silverberg, 1964. “Bulk Blending of Fertilizer Material: Effect of Size, Shape, and Density on Segregation,” Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 12 (1): 64–69.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Russel, C. 1965. “Quality of a Blend Can Be Determined,” Farm Chemicals 128(3):86–88, 90, 92.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Van Denburg, J. R., and W. C. Bauer. 1964. “Segregation of Particles in the Storage of Materials,” Chemical Engineering 71(20):135–140, 142.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Caine, Douglas. 1975. “Product Quality Report from TFI Product Quality Committee,” Proceedings of the 25th Annual Meeting of the Fertilizer Industry Round Table, p. 105–117, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Woodis, T. C., Jr., J. H. Holmes, Jr., G. B. Hunter, and F. J. Johnson. “Can Two-Way Riffles Precisely Divide Blended Fertilizers?” Pending publication in Journal of Association of Official Analytical Chemists

    Google Scholar 

  24. American Society for Testing and Materials. “Manual on Test Sieving Methods-STP-447,” Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Mahlig, W. C. 1977. “Testing Sieves’ Particle Size Analysis and New Standards,” Proceedings of the 27th Annual Meeting of the Fertilizer Industry Round Table, p. 174–179, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  26. W. S. Tyler Incorporated. 1972. “Testing Sieves and Their Uses,” Handbook 53, Mentor, Ohio.

    Google Scholar 

  27. The Fertilizer Institute. “Fertilizer Sampling and Analytical Methods,” Third Edition, Product Quality Committee, 1015–18th Street, N.W. , Washington, D.C. 20036.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Silverberg, Julius, R. D. Young, and George Hoffmeister, Jr. 1972. “Preparation of Fertilizers Containing Micronutrients,” IN Micronutrients in Agriculture, p. 431–458, Richard C. Dinauer, Ed., Soil Science Society of America, Inc., Madison, Wisconsin (also published as TVA Circular Z-83).

    Google Scholar 

  29. Duncan, W. G., and Bruce Poundstone. 1961. “Sources of Variability in Fertilizers,” Journal of the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists, 44 (4): 783–787.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. The Sherwin-Williams Company. “Bulk Blending of Granular Zinc Sulfate,” Agricultural Chemistry Bulletin No. 3, 188 West Randolph Street, Chicago, Illinois 60601.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Smith, G. E. 1961. “Bulk Blended Fertilizers,” Proceedings of the 11th Annual Meeting of the Fertilizer Industry Round Table, p. 90–97, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  32. The Fertilizer Institute. 1975. “Bulk Blend Quality Control Manual,” 1015–18th Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Achorn, F. P., and 11. L. Kimbrough. 1975. “Uniform Application of Granular Fertilizers,” TVA Fertilizer Conference, TVA Bulletin Y-96, p. 25–34, Muscle Shoals, Alabama 35660.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Cunningham, F. M. 1962. Paper No. 62–106, Annual Meeting of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Smith, E. S. 1973. “Proper Use and Maintenance of Application Equipment,” TVA Fertilizer Bulk Blending Conference, TVA Bulletin Y-62, p. 94–100, Muscle Shoals, Alabama 35660.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Perry, R. H., C. H. Chilton, and S. D. Kirkpatrick. 1963. Perry’s Chemical Engineers Handbook, Fourth Edition, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Hoffmeister, George. 1965. “How to Avoid Segregation in Bulk Blended Fertilizer Materials,” Agricultural Chemicals, 20:42, 46, 96, 98.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Hoffmeister, George. 1976. “Designing Bulk Blend Plants To Reduce Segregation,” Proceedings of the 26th Annual. Meeting of the Fertilizer Industry Round Table, p. 67–75, Atlanta, Georgia.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Fruhstorfer, A. 1961. “Testing Granular Fertilizers for Hardness,” Paper No. LE/61/58, The International Superphosphate Manufacturers’ Association, Wiesbaden, Germany.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Hardesty, J. O., and W. H. Ross. 1938. “Factors Affecting Granulation of Fertilizer Mixtures,” Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 30 (6): 668–672.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Hoffmeister, George, and C. P. Harrison. 1975, “Physical Testing of Fertilizers,” Presented at the 170th National Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Chicago, Illinois.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Tennessee Valley Authority. 1970. “TVA Procedures for Determining Physical Properties of Fertilizers,” Special Report No. S-444, NFDC, Muscle Shoals, Alabama 35660.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Dirdak, Charles. 1969. “A Hardness Test,” Proceedings of the 19th Annual Meeting of the Fertilizer Industry Round Table, p. 33–35, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Garrett, D. E., and C. Y. Lee. 1956. “Abrasion and Shatter Tests for Granular Fertilizers,” Commercial Fertilizer, 93 (5): 28–30.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Miller, Philip, and W. C. Saeman. 1948. “Properties of Monocrystalline Ammonium Nitrate Fertilizer,” Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 40 (1): 154–160.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. American National Standards Institute. 1977. “Fertilizers and Soil Conditioners -Determination of Bulk Density (Loose),” ISO 3944, 1430 Broadway, New York, New York 10018.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Ritter, H. L., and L. C. Drake. 1945. “Pore-Size Distribution in Porous Materials,” Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Analytical Edition, 17 (12): 782–791.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Geissler, P. R. 1968. “Hygroscopicity of Complex Fertilizers-Determination of Critical Relative Humidity of Multicomponent Systems,” Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 16 (3): 378–383.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Raistrick, B. 1956. “Good Quality Granular Fertilizers-Some Research and Manufacturing Problems,” Proceedings of the Fertiliser Society, ( London ), No. 38.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Willems, M. H., and L. B. Bos. 1975. “Physical Properties of Granular Fertilizers in Relation to Transport, Handling and Climatic Conditions,” Paper No. AI/75/5, Presented at the ANDA/ISMA Technical Seminar, April 22–24, Sao Paulo, Brazil.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Adams, J. R., and A. R. Merz. 1929. “Hygroscopicity of Fertilizer Materials and Mixtures,” Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 21 (4): 305–307.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Arai, Chikao, Shuji Hosaka, Koji Murase, and Yoshiki Sano. 1976. “Measurements of the Relative Humidity of Saturated Aqueous Salt Solutions,” Journal of Chemical Engineering (Japan), 9(4):328–330.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Merz, A. R., W. H. Fry, J. O. Hardesty, and J. R. Adams. 1933. “Hygroscopicity of Fertilizer Salts,” Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 25 (2): 136–138.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Yee, J. Y., and R.O.E. Davis. 1944. “Accelerated Method for Determining Moisture Absorption,” Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Analytical Edition, 16 (8): 487–490.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Yee, J. Y. 1944. “Determining Hygroscopicity of Fertilizers,” Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Analytical Edition, 16 (6): 367–369.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Dunmore, F. W. 1939. “An Improved Electric Hygrometer,” Research Paper RP1265, Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards, 23: 701–714.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Geissler, P. R. (to Esso Research and Engineering Co.). 1967. “Method for Determining the Critical Relative Humidity of Fertilizer,” U.S. Patent 3,304, 767.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Pustil’nik, G. A., V. S. Talanova, and Y. A. Vakhrushev. 1973. “Accelerated Method for Determining Hygroscopic Points of Fertilizers and Salts,” Khim. Prom. (Moscow), 49(11):844–845 (Russ); Sov. Chem. Ind, 5 (11): 708–709.

    Google Scholar 

  59. National Research Council. 1928. International Critical Tables, 3:351–374, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  60. Roehl, E. J. 1936. “Vapor Pressures of Saturated Aqueous Solutions Monoammonium and Diammonium Acid Phosphates,” Journal of the American Chemical Society, 58: 1291–1292.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Tennessee Valley Authority. 1968. “Dehumidified Building for Storage of Fertilizer,” New Developments in Fertilizer Technology, 7th Demonstration, Special Report No. S-433, p. 37–39, NFDC, Muscle Shoals, Alabama 35660.

    Google Scholar 

  62. Mehring, A. L. 1929. “Factors Affecting the Drillability of Fertilizers,” Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 21 (12): 1219–1223.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Mehring, A. L. 1931. “Measurement of Drillability of Fertilizers,” Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Analytical Edition, 3 (1): 34–38.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Mehring, A. L., and G. A. Cumings. 1930. “Factors Affecting the Mechanical Application of Fertilizers to the Soil,” U.S. Department of Agriculture, Technical Bulletin No. 182, Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  65. Rapp, H. F., and J. O. Hardesty. 1957. “Granulation of Mixed Fertilizers in Experimental Equipment and Determination of Storage and Drilling Characteristics of the Products,” Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 5 (6): 426–433.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Gantt, C. W., W. C. Hulburt, H. F. Rapp, and J. O. Hardesty. 1958. “Determining the Drill-ability of Fertilizers,” U.S. Department of Agriculture, Production Research Report No. 17, Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  67. Hoffineister, George, and C. P. Harrison. 1977. “Physical Properties of Granular Urea-Based NP and NPK Fertilizers,” Proceedings of the 27th Annual Meeting of the Fertilizer Industry Round Table, p. 162–170, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  68. Bookey, J. B., and B. Raistrick. 1965. “Caking of Mixed Fertilizers,” IN Chemistry and Technology of Fertilizers, p. 454–479, Vincent Sauchelli, Ed., Reinhold Publishing Corporation, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  69. Silverberg, Julius, J. R. Lehr, and George Hoffineister, Jr. 1958. “Microscopic Study of the Mechanism of Caking and Its Prevention in Some Granular Fertilizers,” Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 6 (6): 442–448.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  70. Thompson, D. C. 1972. “Fertiliser Caking and Its Prevention,” Proceedings of the Fertiliser Society ( London ), No. 125.

    Google Scholar 

  71. Adams, J. R., and W. H. Ross. 1941. “Relative Caking Industrial and Tendency of Fertilizers,” Engineering Chemistry 33(1):121–127.

    Google Scholar 

  72. Whynes, A. L., and T. P. Dee. 1957. “The Caking of Granular Fertilizers: An Investigation on a Laboratory Scale, ” Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 8: 577–591.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Geertsema, B.J.H., and M. H. Willems. 1970. “Procedure for the Handling of Urea Granules,” German Patent Document 2,002, 824.

    Google Scholar 

  74. Hanle, G., and J. W. Hoogendonk. 1957. “Preparation of Urea in Granular Form,” U.S. Patent 2,793, 398.

    Google Scholar 

  75. Tennessee Valley Authority. 1972. “Treating Urea To Improve Moisture • Resistance,” New Developments in Fertilizer Technology, 9th Demonstration, TVA Bulletin, Y-50, p. 43–45, NFDC, Muscle Shoals, Alabama 35660.

    Google Scholar 

  76. Brown, M. L., A. W. Green, and Ladelle Blanton. 1968. “Stabilizing Ammonium Nitrate Against Crystalline Change,” Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 16 (3): 373–377.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. C*I Girdler Corporation. 1967. “The Stabilization of Ammonium Nitrate Prills,” Nitrogen, No. 46, 33–35.

    Google Scholar 

  78. Griffith, E. J. 1963. “Phase Transitions of the Ammonium Nitrate-Magnesium Nitrate System,” Journal of Chemical Engineering Data8(1):22–25.

    Google Scholar 

  79. Allgeuer, Kurt, and Ferdinand Weinrotter. 1963. “Free-flowing, Storage-Stable Granular or Pelletized Urea,” U.S. Patent 3,112, 343.

    Google Scholar 

  80. Tennessee Valley Authority. 1976. “Physical Properties of TVA Granular Urea,” New Developments in Fertilizer Technology, 11th Demonstration, TVA Bulletin Y-107, p. 35–36, NFDC, Muscle Shoals, Alabama 35660.

    Google Scholar 

  81. Van Hijfte, Willy, and R. Goethals. 1973. “Improvements in or Relating to Urea Crystals, Pellets, Prills, and the Like,” British Patent Specification 1,334, 871.

    Google Scholar 

  82. Tennessee Valley Authority. 1970. “Effect of Aluminum and Iron on the Physical Properties of Ammonium Phosphate Fertilizers,” New Developments in Fertilizer Technology, 8th Demonstration, TVA Bulletin Y-12, p. 14, NFDC, Muscle Shoals, Alabama 35660.

    Google Scholar 

  83. Ando, Jumpei, Mitsuhiko Omura, and Takashi Akiyama. 1965. “Precipitates from the Ammoniation of Wet-Process Phosphoric Acid and the Viscosity of the Product Slurry,” Kogyo Kagaku Zashi, 68: 2327–2331.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Tennessee Valley Authority. 1968. “Conditioning and Storage of Fertilizer,” New Developments in Fertilizer Technology, 7th Demonstration, Special Report No. 5–433, p. 31–36, NFDC, Muscle Shoals, Alabama 35660.

    Google Scholar 

  85. Young, R. D. 1969. “Providing Micronutrients in Bulk-Blended, Granular Fertilizers,” Commercial Fertilizer, 118 (1): 21–24.

    Google Scholar 

  86. Iannicelli, Joseph. 1966. “Factors Affecting Performance of Organo Clay Coating Agents in Fertilizers,” Proceedings of the 16th Annual Meeting of the Fertilizer Industry Round Table, p. 89–94, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  87. Mischel, P. B. 1966. “Use of Liquid Conditioners in Fertilizer Production,” Proceedings of the 16th Annual Meeting of the Fertilizer Industry Round Table, p. 85–88, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  88. Breiss, J. 1970. “Use of Amines Against Caking of Fertilizers,” Paper No. LTE/70/20, Presented at the International Superphosphate Manufacturers’ Association (ISMA) Technical Conference, Sandefjord, Norway.

    Google Scholar 

  89. Parks, J. R., and Jerrold Granok. 1967. “Fertilizer Conditioning Problems Solved with Those Versatile Amines,” Farm Chemicals 130(10):50–51, 54–55, 57–58, 60–62.

    Google Scholar 

  90. United States Department of Agriculture and Tennessee Valley Authority. 1964. Superphosphate: Its History, Chemistry, and Manufacture, Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.

    Google Scholar 

  91. Bloom, M.S., and M. R. Sharpe. 1963. (ICI). British Patent 1, 005, 288.

    Google Scholar 

  92. Russow, J., G. Langhans, and H. R. Kohlhaas. 1968. “Test Methods for Determination of the Caking Tendency of Solids,” Chemie-IngenieurTechnik, 40 (4): 191–192.

    Google Scholar 

  93. Tucker, G. L., and L. F. Roy. 1969. “Caking in Ammonium Phosphate Fertilizers, ” Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 17 (6): 1279–1283.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Turbett, F. L., and J. G. MacArthur. 1954. “Influence of Formulation on the Physical Properties of Fertilizers,” Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2 (10): 506–513.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Wilson, J. F., J. C. Hillyer, V. C. Vives, and R. E. Reusser. 1962. “Testing the Caking Tendencies of Ammonium Nitrate Fertilizers,” Agricultural Chemicals 17(9):42, 44–45, 116–117.

    Google Scholar 

  96. Hoffineister, George, and G. H. Megar. 1975. “Use of Urea in Bulk Blends,” Proceedings of the 25th Annual Meeting of the Fertilizer Industry Round Table, p. 212–226, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  97. Frick, J. O. 1977. “Petroleum Based DCA’s To Control Fugitive Dust,” Proceedings of the 27th Annual Meeting of the Fertilizer Industry Round Table, p. 94–96, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  98. Achorn, F. P., and J. C. Barber. 1972. “Bulk Blender Equipment for Environmental Control and OSHA,” Fertilizer Progress, 3 (6): 10–13.

    Google Scholar 

  99. Hignett, T. P. 1967. “The Use of Urea in Compound Fertilizers,” Phosphorus in Agriculture, 48: 7–27.

    Google Scholar 

  100. Pierre, W. H. 1933. “Determination of Equivalent Acidity and Basicity of Fertilizers,” Industrial and Engineering Chemistry (Analytical Edition), Vol. 5, p. 229–234.

    Google Scholar 

  101. Pierre, W. H. 1928. “Nitrogenous Fertilizers and Soil Acidity,” Part I-“Effect of Various Nitrogenous Fertilizers on Soil Reaction,” Journal of the American Society of Agronomy, 20:254–269. Part 1I-“The Use of Fertilizer Combinations, Lime, and Basic Slag in Correcting the Acidity Formed by Various Nitrogenous Fertilizers,” Journal of the American Society of Agronomy, 20: 270–279.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Official Method of Analysis,“ (12th Edition). 1975. Association of Official Agricultural Chemists, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  103. Rader, L. F., L. M. White, and C. W. Whittaker. 1943. “The Salt Index-A Measure of the Effect of Fertilizers on Concentration of the Soil Solution,” Soil Science, 55: 201–208.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Hardesty, J. O. 1977. “Watch That Salt Content, ” Farm Chemicals, 41: 36–41.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. International Fertilizer Development Center (IFDC), Muscle Shoals, Alabama, USA

    Travis P. Hignett

Authors
  1. Travis P. Hignett
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. International Fertilizer Development Center (IFDC), Muscle Shoals, Alabama, USA

    Travis P. Hignett

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1985 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Hignett, T.P. (1985). Physical and Chemical Properties of Fertilizers and Methods for their Determination. In: Hignett, T.P. (eds) Fertilizer Manual. Developments in Plant and Soil Sciences, vol 15. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1538-6_22

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1538-6_22

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-90-481-8290-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-017-1538-6

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation